by Greg Marley
18 . David W. Rose, “The Poisoning of Count Achilles de Vecchj and the Origins of American Amateur Mycology,” McIlvainea 16, no. 1 (2006), pp. 37–55.
19 . Dennis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms, Poisons and Panaceas (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995).
20 . Michael W. Beug, M. Shaw, and K.W. Cochran, “Thirty Plus Years of Mushroom Poisoning: Summary of the Approximately 2,000 Reports in the NAMA Case Registry,” McIlvania 16, no. 2 (2006), pp. 47–68.
21 . G. Geml, A. Laursen, K. O’Neill, H. Nusbaum, and D. L. Taylor, “Beringian Origins and Cryptib Speciation Events in the Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria),” Molecular Ecology 15 (2006), pp. 225–39.
22 . I. A. Dickie and P. Johnston, “Invasive Fungi Research Priorities with a Focus on Amanita muscaria,” Landcare Research Contract Report LC0809/027 (2008).
23 . Rodham Tulloss and Zhu-Liang Yang, “Studies in the Genus Amanita Pers. (Agaricales, Fungi)” (2009). Accessed at: www.pluto.njcc.com/~ret/amanita/mainaman.html
24 . Dennis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms, Poisons and Panaceas (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995).
25 . D. Michelot and L. M. Melendez-Howell, “Amanita muscaria: Chemistry, Biology, Toxicology, and Ethnomycology,” Mycological Research 107, no. 2 (2003), pp. 131–146.
26 . Dennis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms, Poisons and Panaceas (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995).
Chapter 13
1 . R. Gordon Wasson, “Seeking the Magic Mushroom,” Life, May 5, 1957.
2 . R. Gordon Wasson and Valentina P. Wasson, Mushrooms, Russia and History (New York: Pantheon Books, 1957). R. Gordon Wasson, ”Seeking the Magic Mushroom,” Life, May 5, 1957.
3 . Ibid.
4 . Albert Hofmann, LSD—My Problem Child. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980).
5 . Ibid.
6 . Albert Hofman, 1996, “ LSD; Completely Personal.” MAPS Newsletter 6 no. 3 (Summer,1996).
7 . Ibid.
8 . Walter N. Pahnke, “Drugs and Mysticism,” International Journal of Parapsychology 3, no. 2 (1966), pp. 295–313.
9 . Ibid.
10 . Rick Doblin, “Pahnke’s Good Friday Experiment: A Long-Term Follow-up and Methodological Critique,” in Psychoactive Sacramentals: Essays on Entheogens and Religion (San Francisco: Council on Spiritual Practices, 2001).
11 . Walter N. Pahnke, “Drugs and Mysticism,” International Journal of Parapsychology 3, no. 2 (1966), pp. 295–313.
12 . M. W. Johnson, W. A. Richards, and R. R. Griffiths, “Human Hallucinogen Research: Guidelines for Safety.” Journal of Psychopharmacology 22, no. 6 (2008), pp. 603–20.
13 . Ibid.
14 . John Marks, The Search for the Manchurian Candidate: The CIA and Mind Control. Times Books, 1978.
15 . Gaston Guzmán, J. W. Allen, and J. Garrtz, “A Worldwide Geographical Distribution of the Neurotropic Fungi, An Analysis and Discussion” (2000), Annali dei Museo Civico, Rovereto, Italy, vol. 14:1890280.
16 . Paul Stamets, Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World (Berkeley, Calif.: Ten Speed Press, 1996).
17 . Ibid.
18 . Dennis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms, Poisons and Panaceas (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995).
19 . Paul Stamets, Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World (Berkeley, Calif.: Ten Speed Press, 1996).
20 . Dennis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms, Poisons and Panaceas (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995).
21 . R. A. Griffiths, W. A. Richards, U. McCann, and R. Jesse, “Psilocybin Can Occasion Mystical-Type Experiences Having Substantial and Sustained Personal Meaning and Spiritual Significance,” Psychopharmacology 187 (2006), pp. 268–83.
22 . Dennis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms, Poisons and Panaceas (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995).
23 . Paul Stamets, Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World. (Berkeley, Calif.: Ten Speed Press, 1996).
24 . Ibid.
25 . M. D. Abraham, “Places of Drug Purchase in the Netherlands,” Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference on Drug Use and Drug Policy, September 1999.
26 . R. A. Griffiths, W. A. Richards, U. McCann, and R. Jesse, “Psilocybin Can Occasion Mystical-Type Experiences Having Substantial and Sustained Personal Meaning and Spiritual Significance,” Psychopharmacology 187 (2006), pp. 268–83.
27 . Ibid.
28 . Ibid.
29 . M. W. Johnson, W. A. Richards, and R. R. Griffiths, “Human Hallucinogen Research: Guidelines for Safety,” Journal of Psychopharmacology 22, no. 6 (2008), pp. 603–20.
30 . F. A. Moreno, C. B. Weigand, E. K. Taitano, and P. L. Delgado, “Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Psilocybin in Nine Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 67, no. 11 (November 2006), pp. 1735–40.
31 . Benjamin St John Sessa, “Are Psychedelic Drug Treatments Seeing a Comeback in Psychiatry?” Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry (2008), accessed at www.progressnp.com
32 . Ralph Metzner, “Hallucinogenic Drugs and Plants in Psychotherapy and Shamanism,” Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 30, no. 4 (1998), pp. 1–10.
33 . T. Leary, G. H. Litwin, and R. Metzner, “Reactions to Psilocybin Administered in a Supportive Environment,” Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 137 (1963), pp. 561–73.
Chapter 14
1 . Natalie Angier, “Twin Crowns for 30-Acre Fungus: World’s Biggest, Oldest Organism,” New York Times, April 2, 1992.
2 . Myron L. Smith, Johann N. Bruhn, and James B. Anderson, “The fungus Armillaria bulbosa Is among the Largest and Oldest Living Organisms,” Nature 356 (April 2, 1992), pp. 428–431.
3 . Tom Volk, “The Humongous Fungus—Ten Years Later,” Inoculum 53, no. 2 (2002), pp. 4–8.
4 . Ibid.
5 . C. L. Schmidt and M. L. Tatum, “The Malheur National Forest; Location of the World’s Largest Living Organism,” MAL 08-04.
6 . Tom Volk, “Key to North American Armillaria Species Using Macroscopic, Microscopic and Distributional Characteristics” (2008). Accessed at http://tomvolkfungi.net/ on April 3, 2008.
7 . Susan Hagle, “Armillaria Root Disease: Ecology and Management.” Forest Health Protection and State Forestry Organizations 11-1, February 2006.
Chapter 15
1 . F. M. Dugan, “Fungi, Folkways, and Fairy Tales: Mushrooms and Mildews in Stories, Remedies and Rituals, from Oberon to the Internet.” North American Fungi 3, no. 27 (2008), pp. 23–72.
2 . J. Ramsbottom, “Mushrooms and Toadstools,” New Naturalist 7 (London: Collins, 1953).
3 . W. P. K. Findlay, Fungi: Fiction, Folklore and Fact (Surrey, England: Richmond, 1982).
4 . R. T. Rolfe and F. W. Rolfe, The Romance of the Fungus World (London: Chapman & Hall, 1925).
5 . Erasmus Darwin, The Botanic Garden, Part I, The Economy of Vegetation (London: J. Johnson, 1791).
6 . Stephen G. Saupe, “The Biology of Ressurection; Life after Death in Fungi” (2004). Accessed at: www.employees.csbsju.edu/SSAUPE/essays/anhydriobiosis.htm
Chapter 16
1 . D. E. Desjardin, M. Capelari, and C. Stevani, “Bioluminescent Mycena Species from São Paulo, Brazil,” Mycologia, 99, no. 2 (2007), pp. 317–31.
2 . David Rose, “Bioluminescence and Fungi,” Spores Illustrated, Connecticut-Westchester Mycological Association, Summer 1999.
3 . J. R. Potts, “Bushnell Turtle (1775).” Accessed February 18, 2010 online at http://www.military-factory.com/ships/detail.asp?ship_id=Bushnell-Turtle-1775
4 . Central Intelligence Agency. “Intelligence Techniques” (2007). Accessed February 18, 2010 online at
https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/intelligence/intelltech.html
5 . V. Pieribone and D. Gruber, Aglow in the Dark: The Revolutionary Science of Biofluorescence (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2005).
6 . Ibid.
7 . J. Sivinski, “Arthropods Attracted to Luminous Fungi,” Psyche 88, nos. 3-4 (1981), pp. 383–90.
8 . O. Shimomura, “The Role of Superoxide Dismutase in Regulating the Light Emission of Luminescent Fungi,” Jo
urnal of Experimental Botany 43 (1992), pp. 1519–25.
9 . D. E. Desjardin, M. Capelari, and C. Stevani, “Bioluminescent Mycena species from São Paulo, Brazil,” Mycologia, 99, no. 2 (2007), pp. 317–31.
Chapter 17
1 . Arthur H. Howell, U.S. Biological Survey: North American Fauna, no. 44, Revision of the American Flying Squirrels, June 13, 1918.
2 . Daniel K. Rosenberg and Robert G. Anthony, “Characteristics of Northern Flying Squirrel Populations in Young Second- and Old Growth Forests in Western Oregon,” Canadian Journal of Botany 70 (1991), pp. 161–66.
3 . R. S. Currah, E. A. Smreciu, T. Lehesvirta, M. Neimi, and K. W. Larsen, “Fungi in the Winter Diets of Northern Flying Squirrels and Red Squirrels in the Boreal Forest of Northeastern Alberta,” Canadian Journal of Botany 78 (2000), pp. 1514–20.
4 . K. Vernes, S. Blois, and F. Barlocher, “Seasonal and Yearly Changes in Consumption of Hypogeous Fungi by Northern Flying Squirrels and Red Squirrels in Old-Growth Forest, New Brunswick,” Canadian Journal of Zoology 82 (2004), pp. 110–17.
5 . Daniel K. Rosenberg and Robert G. Anthony, “Characteristics of Northern Flying Squirrel Populations in Young Second- and Old Growth Forests in Western Oregon,” Canadian Journal of Botany 70 (1991), pp. 161–66.
6 . Andrew Carey, W. Colgan, J. M. Trappe, and R. Molina, “Effects of Forest Management on Truffle Abundance and Squirrel Diet,” Northwest Science 76, no. 2 (2002), pp. 148–57.
7 . Chris Masser, A. W. Claridge, and J. M. Trappe, Trees, Truffles, and Beasts: How Forests Function (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2008).
8 . Karen Hansen, “Ascomycota Truffles: Cup Fungi Go Underground,” Newsletter of the Friends of the Farlow, no. 47 (2006).
9 . Chris Masser, A. W. Claridge, and J. M. Trappe, Trees, Truffles, and Beasts: How Forests Function (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2008).
10 . J. M. Trappe and D. L. Luomo, “The Ties that Bind: Fungi in the Ecosystem,” in The Fungal Community: Its Organization and Role in the Ecosystem, G. C. Carrol and D. T. Wicklow, eds. (New York: Marcel Decker, 1992).
11 . Chris Masser, A. W. Claridge, and J. M. Trappe, Trees, Truffles, and Beasts: How Forests Function (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2008).
Chapter 18
1 . David Lonsdale, M. Pautasso, and O. Holdenrieder, “Wood-Decaying Fungi in the Forest: Conservation Needs and Management Options,” European Journal of Forest Research 127 (2008), pp. 1–22.
2 . J. H. Hart and D. L. Hart, “Heartrot Fungi’s Role in Creating Picid Nesting Sites in Living Aspen,” USDA Forest Service Proceedings, RMRS-P-18 (2001).
3 . K. B. Aubry and C. M. Raley, “The Pileated Woodpecker as a Keystone Habitat Modifier in the Pacific Northwest,” USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-181 (2002).
4 . J. H. Hart and D. L. Hart, “Heartrot Fungi’s Role in Creating Picid Nesting Sites in Living Aspen,” USDA Forest Service Proceedings, RMRS-P-18 (2001).
5 . David Lonsdale, M. Pautasso, and O. Holdenrieder, “Wood-Decaying Fungi in the Forest: Conservation Needs and Management Options,” European Journal of Forest Research 127 (2008), pp. 1–22.
6 . M. C. Kalcounis and R. M. Brigham, “Secondary Use of Aspen Cavities by Tree-Roosting Big Brown Bats,” The Journal of Wildlife Management (1998).
7 . M. J. Vonhof and J. C. Gwilliam, “A Summary of Bat Research in the Pend D’Oreille Valley in Southern British Colombia” (2000), Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife Compensation Program. Accessed online at www.cbfishwildlife.org
8 . Ibid.
9 . G. M. Filip, C. G. Parks, F. A. Baker, and S. E. Daniels, “Artificial Inoculation of Decay Fungi into Douglas-Fir with Rifle or Shotgun to Produce Wildlife Trees in Western Oregon,” Western Journal of Applied Forestry 19 (2004), pp. 211–15.
10 . S. B. Jack, C. G. Parks, J. M. Stober, and R. T. Engstrom, “Inoculating Red Heart Fungus (Phellinus pini) to Create Nesting Habitat for the Red-Cockaded Woodpecker,” in Proceedings of the Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Symposium (2003), pp. 1–18.
11 . J. Huss, J. Martin, J. C. Bednarz, D. M. Juliano, and D. E. Varland 2002. “The Efficacy of Inoculating Fungi into Conifer Trees to Promote Cavity Excavation by Woodpeckers in Managed Forests in Western Washington,” USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-181 (2002).
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the politics and practicse of sustainable living
CHELSEA GREEN PUBLISHING
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