by Georges Roux
(309–379)
Constantius II (337–361) 338–350: Wars, then peace between Constantius and Shapur II.
350 The Romans invade Mesopotamia, then withdraw because of starvation.
Julian the Apostate
(361–363)
Jovian (363–364) Jovian evacuates Roman strongholds in Northern Mesopotamia.
Theodosus (379–395) Bahram IV
(388–399) Floruit of Christian literature in Syriac at Edessa, Nisibin and Arbela (Erbil)
400 BYZANTINE EMPIRE
(395–1453) Yezdegerd I
(399–420) Intermittent wars between Byzantines and Sassanids. Economic decline of Mesopotamia.
651 637: Beginning of the conquest of Mesopotamia by Moslem Arabs.
* * *
MAPS
INDEX
Modern geographical names are in italic.
The names of deities are followed by an asterisk.
A-annepadda, 123
‘Abd-el-Aziz, Jabal, 10
Abdi-Milkuti, 326
Abi-eshuh, 244
Abi-sare, 183
Abiate, 334
Abraham, 104, 107, 239, 268
Abu-Kemal, 14
Abu-Salabikh, 31, 124, 131
Abu-Shahrain, 59, see also Eridu
Achaeans, 261
Achaemenes, 383
Achaemenians, 249, 364, 383, 406 – 12
Adab (Bismaya), 131, 143
Adad*, 115, 188, 198, 278, 391
Adad-idri, 297
Adad-narâri I, 262
Adad-nirâri II, 25, 280, 283
Adad-nirâri III, 24, 283, 301 – 2, 309
Adadapal-iddina, 281
Adana (Ataniya), 272
Adapa, 100, 105 – 7, 357
Adasi, 243, 254
‘Adhem river, 11
Adiabene, 419, 420
Adumatu, 328
Aeolians, 266
‘Afar, Tell, 51
Afghanistan, 13, 83, 266, 385
Agade, 3, 152, 154, 158, 161
Agga 115, 123, 140
Agum II (Kakrime), 246
Ahab, 303
Ahaz, 309 – 10
Ahlamû, 263, 267, 274, 278, 279, 286
Ahmar, Tell, 272, 297, 352 – 3, see also Til-Barsip
Ahuni, 289
Ahuramazda*, 411
Akalamdug, 136, 137, 140
Akkad culture, 124, 127, 133, 147, 151, 153, 174, 186, 195, 196, 212, 231, 251, 276, 355, 359, 417
history, 80, 122, 144, 145, 146 – 60, 161, 162, 180, 184, 281, 332, 334, 387
religion and ruling system, 15, 88, 107, 130, 171, 382, 420
Akshak, 131, 142
Akum Kakrime, 248
Alaja, 230, 231
Alalah, 234, 236, 238, 245, 256, 258, 272
Alam, 200 – 201
Aleppo (Iamhad), 14, 56, 157, 190, 193, 198, 223, 245, 256, 257, 260, 272, 275
Alexander IV, 413
Alexander the Great, 25, 301, 410, 412 – 13, 414, 421, 423
Alexandria-Charax, 412, 415, 416
Ali Kosh, Tepe, 41, 42, 44, 46
Alisar, 78, 230
Allat*, 420
Alshe, 260
Alyattes, 380
Amalekites, 291
Amanus mountains, 13, 153 – 4, 157, 272, 290
Amar-Sin, 60, 170, 172, 174, 175, 176, 182
Amarna, el-, 247, 257, 258, 269, 274
Amasis, 380
Amêl-Marduk, 380 – 81
Amenophis I, 256
Amenophis II, 257
Amenophis III, 256, 257, 258, 368
Amenophis IV, 257, 258 – 9, 260
Ammi-ditana, 244
Ammi-saduqa, 244
Amon, 268, 282, 309
Amorites, 10, 85, 116, 124, 148, 157, 175 – 7, 179 – 94, passim, 190, 238, 423
Amosis I, 254
‘Amuq, 50, 230, 272
Amurrum (Tidnum), 175, 343 – 4
Amytis, 376, 394
An*, Anum*, see Anu*
‘Anah (Hana), 274
‘Anat* (Atta), 275
Anatolia culture, 46, 53, 58, 59, 127, 228, 232, 351
geography, 13, 14, 143, 156, 237, 346
history, 83, 154, 225, 227, 230, 233, 245, 254, 256, 266, 282, 331
Anittas, 233
Annubanini, 158
Anshan, 168, 169, 383
Anshar*, 96, 97
Antasurra, 144
Antigonus, 413
Antioch, 272, 275, 414, 415, 420
Antiochus I, 415, 416, 418
Antiochus III, 414
Antiochus IV, 416
Anu* (An) legend, 88, 93, 96, 106, 115, 117, 119
worship, 68, 70, 99, 202, 398, 417, 420
Anu-uballit Kephalon, 417
Anu-uballit Nicarachus, 417
Anunit*, 216
Anunnaki*, 110, 112 – 13
Anzu*, 196
Apil-Sin, 24
Aplahanda, 193
Appuashu, 381
Apsu*, 95 – 6
‘Aqar Quf, Tell, 30, 249
‘Aqrab, Tell, 126
Arabia, 9, 148 – 50, 269, 273, 385 – 6, 415
Arabs, 9, 147, 148, 150, 276, 308, 333, 334, 347, 379, 411, 420, 421
Arad-Nanna, 370
Arahtu canal, 322
Arakha, 407 – 8,
Aram-Bêt-Rehob, 275
Aram-Ma'akah, 275
Aram-Sôbah, 275
Aramaeans culture, 147, 150, 273 – 7, 287, 307, 347, 411, 417, 420
history (to 11th C. B.C.), 10, 147, 148, 265, 267 – 8, 269 – 70, 274 – 5, 279 – 80, 423
(from 11th ith C. B.C.), 282, 283, 289 – 90, 296 – 7, 298, 303, 308, 311, 321, 327, 335, 377, 402
Arame, 296
Ararat, Mt, 5, 304, 336
Aratta, 116
Arax river, 304
Arba‘il, 299, 410, see also Erbil; Urbêl
Arbela, 420
Ardys, 335
Arennum, 143
Argistus I, 303
Aria, 385
Ariaramnes, 383, 407
Arik-dên-ilu, 262
Aristarchos, 366
Arman, 157
Armenia culture, 42, 226, 234, 304, 353
geography, 5, 7, 13, 14, 157, 304
history, 225, 279, 282, 296, 303, 326, 380
Arpachiyah, Tell, 30, 55 – 6, 58
Arpad, 24, 272, 303, 304
Arrapha, 299, 302, 375, 377, see also Kirkup
Arsaces, 418 – 19
Arslan Tash, 353, 416, see also Hadâtu
Artabanus II, 418
Artatama, 259
Artatama I, 256
Artaxerxes I, 411
Artaxerxes II, 301
Arunasil* (Varuna), 235
Aruru*, 117
Arvad (Ruâd Island), 269, 270, 279, 331, 335
Aryans, see Indo-Aryans
Arzani, 327
Ascalon, 309, 320
Ashdod, 312, 332
Ashnan*, 99
Ashur* (Assur), 85, 95, 188, 262, 313, 338, 341, 351, 421
Ashur-bêl-kala, 280, 340
Ashur-bêl-nisheshu, 248
Ashur-dân I, 278
Ashur-dân II, 280
Ashur-dân III, 25, 302
Ashur-etil-ilâni, 373, 374
Ashur-nirâri V, 303, 304
Ashur-rêsh-ishi, 278
Ashur-taklak, 24
Ashur-uballit I, 257, 260, 262, 376
Ashur-uballit II, 376
Ashurbanipal culture, 109, 135, 295 – 6, 339 – 40, 343 – 4, 350, 355 – 6, 357, 370
reign, 25, 243, 318, 319, 326, 329 – 36, 373
Ashurdaninaplu, 299
Ashur-nadin-shumi, 321, 322
Ashurnasirpal II, 284, 286, 288 – 94, 298, 300, 340, 348
Asmar, Tell, 79, 126, 127, 208, see also Eshunna
Assur (city) archaeology, 86, 125, 337
culture, 232, 326, 340, 345, 353, 356, 358
geography, 5, 187
history, 3, 79, 170, 1
79, 187 – 8, 190 – 91, 254, 256, 299, 302, 375, 376, 419, 421
Assur (god), see Ashur
Assyria archaeology, 28, 30, 79, 287
culture, 23, 80, 117, 147, 263 – 4, 276, 292 – 6, 304, 309, 315 – 17, 323 – 4, 340 – 41, 350 – 54, 355 – 71, passim, 427
geography, 11, 12, 262, 274, 283 – 5, 345 – 6
history (to 12th C. B.C.), 15, 147, 198, 199 – 200, 231, 235, 241, 248, 257, 260 – 63, 427
history (from 12th C. B.C.), 267 – 9, 277 – 90, 296 – 315, 318 – 36, 372 – 7, passim, 410, 419
religion, 85 – 6, 95, 99, 156, 340 – 43, 351, 359, 366 – 7, 387
system of government and army, 187 – 8, 285 – 8, 290 – 91, 306 – 8, 338 – 50, 300, 402 – 3, 425
Astyages, 383, 384
Aswad, Tell, 56
Ataniya (Adana), 272
Atar'at*, 420
Atrahasis, 111, 112 – 13, 196
‘Atta* (‘Anat), 275
‘Attar*, 275, see also Ishtar
Awan, 141, 169
Azerbaijan, 13, 14, 156, 232, 304, 312 – 13
Azitawandas (Kara Tepe), 271, 272
Azriyau, 308
Ba'alu, 331
Bab-Salimeti, 322
Baba*, 131, 134
Babylon archaeology, 18, 21, 27, 28, 30, 31, 208, 337, 390 – 96, 419
culture, 23, 95, 101 – 3, 117, 147, 192, 195, 202 – 6, 214 – 24, 251 – 2, 351, 358 – 67, passim, 372, 389 – 96, 423 – 8
dynasties, 23 – 4, 184, 195, 212, 228, 243, 251, 254, 277, 278, 281, 298, 374
geography and economy, 6, 9, 199, 401 – 4, 410, 411, 416
history (to 12th C. B.C.), 3, 27, 79 – 80, 179, 184 – 5, 186 – 7, 194, 195 – 202, 225, 241 – 6, 248, 253, 254, 260, 263 – 5
(c. 12th-7th C. B.C.), 30, 277 – 9, 281, 282, 283, 284, 298, 303, 308, 310 – 12, 314, 318, 321, 322 – 3
(from 7th C. B.C.), 325 – 6, 329, 333 – 4, 372, 373 – 80, passim, 385 – 8, 406 – 9, 412 – 16, passim, 418
religion, 86, 88, 93 – 103, passim, 202, 209 – 14, 223, 248, 325, 342, 382, 389, 395 – 400, 411, 416 – 17, 420 – 21
Bactria, 385, 415
Bad-tibira, 108
Badrah, 186, see also Dêr
Badtibira, 131
Baghdad, 30, 186, 223
Baghuz, 54
Bahdi-Lim, 220
Bahrain, 15, 160, see also Dilmun
Bakhtiari mountains, 303
Balawat, 295, 348
Ba'il, 24
Balikh*, 115, 235
Balikh river, 10, 56, 125
Baluchistan, 83
Baradost mountains, 37, 38 – 9
Barak, 39
Barda-Balka, 33, 35, 36
Bardiya, 407
Barsippa, 298, 333, 399, 408, 410, 421
Bartatua, 326
Basrah, 5
Bavian, 324
Beaker Folk, 227
Behistun, 29, 407
Beirut, 239
Bêl*, 281, 310, 314, 399, see also Marduk
Bêl-daian, 24
Bêl-ibni, 321
Bêl-shalti-Nannar, 383
Bêl-shimanni, 408
Bêl-ushezib, 343
Bêlit-ilâni*, 313
Belshazzar (Bêlshar-usur), 386 – 7
Beluchistan, 232
Ben-Hadad II, 297, 302
Beq'a, 275
Berossus, 418
Beycesultan, 230
Biknî, Mt, 309
Bilalama, 186, 202
Billa, Tell, 235
Birs-Nimrud, see Barsippa
Bishri, Jabal, 176, 279
Bisitun, 39
Bismaya, 143, see also Adab
Bit-Adini, 275, 280, 289, 297
Bit-Agushi, 275, 303, see also Aleppo
Bit-Bahiâni, 275, 280
Bit-Bazi, 281
Bît-Hadipê, 280
Bit-Halupe, 289
Bît-Iakin, 311, 321
Bocchoris, 312
Boghazköy, 231, 257, 265, 267, see also Hattusas
Brak, Tell, 58, 76, 79, 157, 170
Bunnu-Eshtar, 194
Buqras, 53
Buriash*, 247
Burnaburiash I, 248
Burnaburiash II, 258 – 9, 260
Burushanda, 154
Byblos 50, 53, 93, 238, 239, 269, 270, 279
Cambyses I, 383
Cambyses II, 406, 407
Canaanites, 124, 147, 148, 150, 259, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 275, 427
Cappadocia, 231, 232, 233, 380
Carians, 332
Carmania, 387
Carmel, Mt, 39, 297 – 8
Carthage, 271
Caspian Sea, 336
Çatal Hüyük, 53, 230
Caucasus mountains, 13, 34, 304
Chagar Bazar, Tell, 30, 54, 55, 58, 234, 236
Chaldaeans, 3, 85, 203, 249, 281, 298, 302, 333, 334, 358, 372, 377 – 9, 418, 424
Characene, 419
Chemchemal, 36, 38, 44
China, 428
Choga Mami, 31, 54, 60, 62, 83, 425
Chogha-Zambil, 263
Chosroes I, 421
Christians, 420
Cidenas, 365 – 6, see also Kidunnu
Cilicia, 14, 58, 230, 271, 272, 314, 320, 335, 380, 381, 385, 403
Cimmerians, 304, 319, 326 – 7, 331, 332, 335, 347, 374
Commagene, 245, 272, 304, see also Kummuhu
Crete, 154, 227, 228, 238 – 9, 270, 271
Croesus, 385
Ctesias, 301, 302, 409
Ctesiphon, 418, 421
Cyaxares, 373, 374, 375 – 6, 380
Cyprus, 13, 93, 154, 270, 322, see also Iatnana
Cyrus I, 383
Cyrus II, 372, 383 – 5, 386 – 8, 406, 409, 411
Dadusha, 193 – 4, 197
Dagan*, 153, 182
Daiakku, 327
Daiân-Ashur, 296, 300
Damascus, 14, 223, 275, 297 – 8, 302, 303, 310, 379
Damiq-ilishu, 25, 243
Damkina*, 97
Damqui, 343
Danuna-folk, 272
Darband-i-Gawr, 157
Darius I, 29, 301, 403, 407 – 8, 409, 410, 411
David, 268, 274 – 5
Dead Sea, 34, 334, 336
Deh Luran, see Luristan
Deir-ez-Zor, 14
Demavend, Mt (Biknî), 309
Demetrius (4th C. B.C.), 413
Demetrius II, 418
Dêr, 15, 186, 311, 374
Der, Tell ed-, 31
Diarbakr, 14
