Open Veins of Latin America

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Open Veins of Latin America Page 40

by Eduardo Galeano


  Bandeira, Manuel, 136

  Bank for International Development, 273

  Banking: international, 223-36

  Bank of England, 198

  Banzer, Hugo, 271

  Baran, Paul, 29-30, 226

  Barba, Alvaro Alonso, 32-33

  Barbados, 59, 60, 62, 65, 82

  Barbosa, Horta, 161

  Barrientos, Rene, 136

  Batista, Fulgencio, 70, 75, 77, 136

  Bauxite, 134, 136, 137. See also Aluminum Beet sugar, 71

  Belaunde Terry, Fernando, 136

  309

  Belgium, 6

  Betancourt, Romulo, 169

  Bethlehem Steel Company, 57, 135, 153-54, 156

  Birth control. See Family planning

  Black, Eugene, 235

  Blacks, 28-31, 38; Brazil, 52-55; cotton plantations, 94; religion in Brazil, 86; sugar plantations, 59-60, 65-67. See also Slaves; Slave trade Blood: as commodity, 270 Bolfvar, Sim6n, 116, 252, 261, Bolivia, 6, 22-23, 32, 42, 88n, 188, 25 In, 269-70, 272; agrarian reform, 130; debt, 277; labor exploitation, 277; minerals, 136; mining industry, 147-53; nitrates, 140; petroleum, 163-65; textiles, 176

  Bonaparte, Napoleon, 66, 173 Bonaparte, Pauline, 66

  Bosch, Juan, 78n

  Boti, Regino, 73

  Bourgeoisie: national capital participation of, 242; role in Latin America of, 208-14, 222

  Brazil, 3, 4, 6, 38, 43, 178, 192, 193-94, 206, 207, 208, 210, 211, 212-13, 222-23,224,225,226,229,231-32, 272; African cults, 86; agrarian reform, 128; agricultural exports, 280; cacao, 92-94; coffee, 96-98, 240, 280; cotton, 94-96; debt, 276-77; first Portuguese communities, 16; food costs, 64; foreign capital, 215-19; fruit plantations, 61; gold, 49, 56, 137, 202; importation of technology, 278; Indians, 49; iron, 153-56; mining, 52-55; nineteenth century British relations, 178, 193-94, 199-200; petroleum, 161-62; rubber, 61, 87-91; slavery, 52-55, 86; soil ravagement, 61-65; sugar, 60-62; textiles, 178; U.S. control of minerals, 135 -39, 153-54; Volkswagen production in, 269-70; wages and prices, 279-80

  Brecht, Bertolt, 274

  Britain. See England

  British Petroleum (Anglo-Iranian), 158

  Brizola, Leone], 154

  Bueno do Prado, Bartolomeu, 84

  Butler, Smedley D,, 108

  Cacao (chocolate), 31,61,79, 80,91-94, 166

  Cairu, Viscount de, 202

  Caldera, Rafael, 169

  310

  Calderon, Francisco Garcia, 90n

  Calvinism, 24

  Campora, Hector, 272

  Campos, Roberto, 212, 220n, 225, 228

  Canada,95

  Canary Islands, 59

  Canning, George, 173

  Capital: import and export, 225-27. See also Banking; Direct foreign investments; Loans

  Capoche, Luis, 39, 40

  Caracas (Venezuela), 61, 91

  Carca Indians, 47

  Cardenas, Lazaro, 124, 125, 159-60, 210,211

  Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, 213

  Cardozo, Efraim, 192

  Carpentier, Alejo, 66n

  Carranza, Venustiano, 123,124

  Carter, Jimmy, 273

  Castillo Armas, Rodolfo, 113, 114

  Castro, Fidel, 72, 73, 74, 76, 236

  Castro, Josue de, 4

  Catholicism. See Roman Catholicism

  Cattle, 65, 91

  Censorship, 284

  Central America: effects of world market on, 105-7; fruit plantations, 61, 100.

  See also specific countries

  Central American Common Market, 258

  Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 136-37, 272

  Cepeda Samudio, Alvaro, 109n

  Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de, 26-27

  Ceylon, 89

  Chaco War, 163

  Charles II, 39, 80

  Charles III, 47

  Charles V, 24, 25, 26, 79, 83

  Charruas Indians, 47-48

  311

  Chateaubriand, Rene, 197

  Chile, 3, 6, 32, 42, 178, 21 In; agrarian reform, 130; American aid to Pinochet, 273; copper, 136, 141, 144-47, 174; debt, 278-79; nitrates, 140-43; Pinocher dictatorship, 270-71, 285; poverty, 282; relations with England, 178-79; repression in, 283; textiles, 176; wages and prices, 279

  China, 23

  Chocolate. See Cacao

  Chrome, 134, 137

  CIA, 136-37, 272

  Cigars, 176, 177

  Citibank, 277

  Cities: population growth, 284; poverty in, 248-49

  Class: role of national bourgeoisie, 208-15, 224; terrorism and state and, 274-7 5. See also Labor Coca (cocaine), 47, 151, 152

  Cochineal, 105

  Coffee, 61, 79, 80, 88, 209; Brazil, 96, 97-99, 174,240,282; prices, 99-102

  Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 24, 79

  Colombia, 42, 48, 100, 211 n, 260; civil war, 102-5; coffee, 98-99, 102; labor market and unemployment, 105; petroleum, 242; poverty, 282 Columbus, Christopher, 11, 12, 13-14, 15,48,59

  Columbus, Diego, 83

  Commodities: transport and delivery system, 260-61

  Commodity fetishism: as symbol of power, 271

  Common Market, 240

  Copper, 1, 134; Chile, 136,141,144-47, 178

  Cortes, Hernan, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18-19, 42,43,122

  Costa Rica, 97; bananas, 106

  Cotton, 61, 79, 80, 94-96, 97

  Creole Oil Company, 169

  Crowder, Enoch, 70

  Cruz, Artemio, 125-26

  Cuba, 2, 15n, 54n, 270, 280; African cults, 86; changes in economy, 74-78; education, 73; minerals, 72; nickel, 136; petroleum, 159; revolution, 72, 76, 159, 224, 234; slave revolts, 84-85; sugar, 67-78

  312

  Currency:disposal by multinational corporations of, 242

  Cuzco (Peru), 19, 20, 44, 47

  Dantas, Maneca, 93

  Davis, Arthur, 137n

  Debt: Latin American external, 276-77

  Diamonds, 94, 130, 137; Minas Gerais, 54-55, 56; smuggling, 138

  Diaz, Porfirio, 120-21, 122

  Diaz del Castillo, Bernal, 13

  Directforeign investments, 215-19, 276; International Monetary Fund, 220-23

  Disease, 18, 37, 46-47, 49, 50, 54, 58, 63,87,90,98,152

  Dominican Republic, 59, 61, 65, 77-78, 83; U.S. Marines, 108

  Dos Passos, John, 109

  Dow Chemical, 215

  Dulles, Allen, 74, 113

  Dulles, John Foster, II 4

  Dumont, Rene,15n, 48,64

  Dutra, Eurico, 135

  Duvalier, Francois, 275

  Economic Mission for Latin America (ECLA), See United Nations Ecuador, 6, 42, 100; agrarian reform, 128; bananas, 61, 110; cacao, 94; poverty, 282

  Education: Cuba, 73; higher, 245

  Eisenhower, Dwight D., 6, 113, 159

  Eisenhower, Milton, 211

  Electric Bond and Share, 206, 234, 235 Eliecer Gaitan, Jorge, 103

  Elizabeth 1, 26, 80

  El Salvador, 6, 97, 98, 107, 1 11 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 203

  Emmanuel, Arghiri, 238

  Engels, Frederick, 38

  England, 6; Brazilian gold, 55-57; cacao, 93-94; coffee, 105; commerce with Latin America, 173-75; cotton, 94; exports, 26, 177-78; Industrial Revolution, 173-74; industry, 60, 173-79; loans to Latin America, 197-200; Methuen Treaty, 55; nineenth century Argentine relations, 174-78, 185; 313

  nineteenth century Brazilian relations, 178, 193-94, 199-200; protectionism, 200-4; slave trade, 79-82

  Estrada Palma, Tomas, 72

  Export-Import Bank (Eximbank), 228, 229

  External debt, 276-77

  Exxon. See Standard Oil of New Jersey Family planning, 5, 138

  Ferdinand (King of Aragon), 12, 25 Ferre, Pedro, 184

  Ferreira Micbado, Simao, 52

  Firestone, 270

  Flores, Edmurido, 125

  Ford, Henry, II, 253

  Ford Foundation, 6

  Foreign aid: United States, 227-36 Foreign capital. See Direct foreign investments


  Foreign investments. See Direct foreign investments Fortune, 254

  Fraginals, Manuel Moreno, 67

  France, 4, 28, 60, 1 36

  Francia, Gaspar Rodriguez de, 1 88-89

  Francisco Sugar Company, 74

  Franco, Francisco, 25

  Frank, Andre Gunder, 31-32, 250 Free trade and protectionism, 179-82, 200-4; IMF and, 220-23; market inequality and, 237-43; nineteenth century, 175-82

  Frei, Eduardo, 130

  Fuentes, Carlos, 125-26

  Fuentes, Miguel Ydigoras, 77, 231

  Furtado, Celso, 30, 56, 198, 241

  Garcia, Antonio, 242

  Garcia, Gregorio, 41

  Garmendia, Salvador, 170

  General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 239

  General Motors, 276

  314

  Gines de Sepulveda, Juan, 41

  Gold, 1, 11 , 13, 14, 15, 18-20, 24, 29, 37, 60, 144; Brazilian, 49, 56, 130, 137; Mexican exports, 36; Minas Gerais, 51-58; Nicaraguan, 47

  Gomez, Juan Vicente, 168

  Good Neighbor policy, I I 0-I I

  Goodyear, Charles, 88

  Gordon, Lincoln, 272

  Goulart, Jango, 272

  Goulart, Joao, 135, 212, 217

  Grant, Ulysses S., 200, 204

  Great Britain. See England

  Guadeloupe, 59, 65

  Guanajuato (Mexico), 36-37, 60

  Guano, 139-41, 1 74. See also Nitrates Guarani Indians, 190n

  Guatemala, 7, 19, 77, 112, 206, 231; agricultural exports, 280; bananas, 106, 108; coffee, 97, 98; cotton, 95; Indians, 50; years of violence, 113-15

  Guevara, Ernesto Che, 70, 78, 124, 136

  Guinea, 83

  Gulf Oil Company, 158, 163-64, 166, 168, 268

  Guyana (British Guiana), 136-37

  Gypsum, 137

  Haiti, 2, 6, 12-13. 15, 59, 60, 65, 108; coffee, 97, 98; poverty, 275; revolution, 66; slave settlement, 83; voodoo,86

  Hamilton, Alexander, 202

  Hancock, Thomas, 88

  Hanna Mining Company, 57, 135, 154-56

  Harvey, Robert, 141

  Hawkins, John, 80

  Hearst, William Randolph, 12 1 n

  Hematite, 137

  Hemo Caribbean, 270

  Henequen, 61, 121

  Henry VIII, 26

  Hernandez Martinez, Maximiliano, 110, 111-12

  315

  Hidalgo, Miguel, 46, 116, 120

  Hides, 174, 186

  Holland, 56; cacao, 94; Dutch Guiana, 83-84; industry, 60; slave revolts, 83-84; slave trade, 56, 62, 80 Holy Inquisition, 12, 24

  Homestead Act (1862), 131

  Honduras, 106, 107, 108, 110; poverty, 282

  Huayna Capaj, 21

  Huerta, Victoriano, 122-23

  Humboldt, Alexander von, 8, 31, 36-37, 45, 175, 180

  Humphrey, George, 154

  IMF. See International Monetary Fund Imperialism: early twentieth century nature of, 205; foreign banking, 223-27; International Monetary Fund, 220-23; role of national bourgeoisie, 21 5-19, 222; technocracy, 227-36; technology and, 243-47

  Incas, 15, 16, 17, 21, 42, 43, 44 Indians, 30, 31, 32, 33, 38-50, 98, 1 1 1; Peru, 116; Veracruz, 19. See also specific Indians Indigo, 91, 102, 105, 133

  Indonesia, 28

  Industrialization: labor force, 247-51; and market inequality, 237-43 Industrial Revolution, 173-74 Inquisition. See Holy Inquisition Inter-American Committee for Agricultural Development, 96

  Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), 152, 160, 228, 229-30

  International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), 228

  International Coffee Agreement, I 00

  International Labor Organization (ILO), 282

  International Monetary Fund (IMF), 7, 209, 219-23, 273, 277. See also World Bank

  International Telephone and Telegraph (ITT), 206,233n Investments. See Direct foreign investments

  Iron, 1, 57, 134, 135, 153-56

  Isabella (Queen of Castile), 12, 16, 25

  Jagan, Cheddi, 136

  Jamaica, 14, 59, 66, 82

  James, William, 108

  Japan, 6, 11

  316

  Jesuit missions, 190

  Jesus, Maria Carolina de, 281-83

  Jews, 12, 18, 25, 41

  Johnson, Lyndon B., 6, 78n, 136, 155, 195,228,231

  Keith, Minor, 109

  Kennecott Wire and Cable Company, 144, 145

  Kennedy, John F., 226n

  Kirkland, Edward, 201

  Kissinger, Henry, 272

  Kruel, Riograndino, 138-39

  Labor: exploitation, 277; labor force, 247-57; miners, 147-53; prices and wages, 279-81; strikes, 285 Lacerda, Carlos, 231

  Lane, Arthur Bliss, I I I

  Language:and political discourse, 266

  Latin American Free Trade Area (LAFTA), 252-58

  Lead, 136

  Leeward Islands, 65, 66

  Lenin, V.I,, 205, 226

  Letelier, Orlando, 272-73

  Lisboa, Antonio Francisco (Aleijadinho), 57-58

  List, Friedrich, 179

  Loans, 227-29, 232, 234-35; railroads and, 197-200. See also Banking Lopez, Carlos Antonio, 189

  Lopez, Francisco Solano, 189, 192, 193 Louis XIV, 79

  McCloy, John J., 235

  McKinley, William, 71-72

  McNamara, Robert, 5, 273

  Magellan, Ferdinand, 14, 16

  Magnetite, 137

  Malaria, 50, 87

  Malaya, 89

  Manganese, 134, 135, 154

  Mann, Thomas, 231

  317

  Mariategui, Jose Carlos, 95, 140, 141

  Market:cheap labor for, 275. industrialization and inequality of, 237-43; monopoly capital and, 267-68; prices and wages, 279-81

  Marti, Jose, 69, 70

  Marx, Karl, 28, 65, 180

  Mayas, 17, 18, 43, 48, 50, 121

  Meat industry, 1, 65, 68, 69

  Medicis, Lorenzo de, 14

  Melchor de Jovellanos, Gaspar, 118

  Melville, Thomas, II 4

  Mendez Montenegro, Julio Cesar, 1 12

  Mercury, 32, 39, 40, 137

  Mexico, 4, 13, 14, 15, 32, 38, 36-37, 4 1, 46, 48, 116, 208, 210, 226; agrarian reform, 120; agricultural exports, 280; cotton, 94, 95, 96; debt, 276-77; foreign capital, 218-19; importation of technology, 278; petroleum, 159-60; poverty, 282; sulphur, 136n; textiles, 175, 181-82

  Middle East, 157

  Minas Gerais (Brazil), 51, 52, 55, 56, 57, 135-36, 154, 155

  Minerals:mining industry, 147-53; United States need for, 134-35, 137-38. See also specific minerals

  Mitre, Bartolome, 191, 192, 193

  Molybdenum, 145

  Montezuma, 15, 17, 18, 19

  Montoneros, 182-87

  Morelos, Jose Maria, 46, 116

  Moscoso, Teodoro, 231

  National City Bank, 108, 196

  National Sugar Refining Company, 77n

  Natural gas, 156

  Netherlands, See Holland

  New York Times, 148n

  Nicaragua, 47, 95, 107, 110, 270

  Nickel, 75, 134, 136

  Nieto Arreta, Luis Eduardo, 102, 104

  Niobium, 139

  318

  Nitrates, 3, 139-44, 174. See also guano Nixoni Richard M.,,3, 5, 229

  North, John Thomas, 141, 142

  OAS. See Organization of American States Oil, See Petroleum

  Ongania, Juan Carlos, 128-29

  Open Veins of Latin America: aftermath of publication, 267

  Opium War, 194

  Organization ofamerican States (OAS), 3, 78, 113, 114, 206, 223, 229, 230-31

  Ouro Preto (Brazil), 51, 55, 6o

  Ovando, Alfredo, 163, 164

  Palmer, Bruce, 77

  Panama, 107, 108, 109, 270; debt, 277 Pan-American Coffee Bureau, 99n Paraguay, 6, 42, 61, 118; cotton, 95; move for independence, 188-97; petroleum, 163

  Parsons and Whittemore, 270

  Paten
ts, 244

  Patifio, Antenor, 148

  Patifio, Simon Ituri, 147

  Patman, Wright, 243

  Pearls, 11-12, 14

  Pedro II, 93, 195

  Pemex (Petroleos Mexicanos), 160

  Pefialoza, "El Chacho," 187

  Pepina y Pibernat, Juan, 85

  Pepper, 12, 14

  Perez Alfonso, Juan Pablo, 269

  Perez de Holguin, Melchor, 33

  Perezjimonez, Marcos, 169

  Peron, Juan Domingo, 129, 162, 210-11, 273

  Peru, 6,20, 31, 32,45, 269, 279; cotton, 95-96; debt, 277; guano, 139-40; Indians, 115; minerals, 136; nitrates, 139-44, 175; petroleum, 136; poverty, 282; sugar, 59, 61; textiles, 175-76

  Petrobras, 161-62

  319

  Petroleos de Venezuela, 268

  Petroleum, 1, 3, 96, 156-70, 270;

  Argentina, 136, 162; Bolivia, 163-64; Brazil, 161-62; Colombia, 160, 242; Cuba, 159; Mexico, 160-6 1; Middle East, 157; Paraguay, 163; Peru, 136; United States, 157-69, 217-18, 243; Uruguay, 160-61; Venezuela, 92, 136, 157, 159, 165-70

  Philippines, 23, 71

  Philip 11, 24, 25, 26, 38 Philip 111, 39

  Philip IV, 27, 39

  Pinochet, Augusto, 270-71, 273, 274, 285

  Pizarro, Francisco, 15, 16, 19, 20, 35, 45 Plan de Ayala, 122-23

  Plasmaferesis, 272

  Polo, Marco, 11-12

  Portugal, 15, 29, 38, 56, 61, 84, 117, 132; Methuen Treaty, 5 5; slave trade, 79

  Potosi (Bolivia), 14, 20-22, 46, 53, 56, 60, 140, 166; coca, 47; development, 20-22; Indians, 39-40; ruin of, 31-37

  Poverty: statistics, 282; urban, 250-51

  Prebisch, Rao, 246, 254-55

  Prices: wages and, 279-81

  Priestley, J.B., 88

  Protectionism. See Free trade and protectionism Protestantism, 25

  Puerto Rico, 59, 65, 71

  Pyrochlore, 139

  Quadros, Jinio, 135

  Quinine, 102

  Railroads, 199-202

  Raleigh, Walter, 14

  Reader's Digest, 105n, 112

  Repression: endemic nature of, 283-84

  Restrepo, Lleras, 99

  Ribeiro, Darcy, 18, 44, 131, 279

  Rockefeller, David, 232

  Rockefeller, Nelson, 159, 229

  320

  Rockefeller, Peggy, 232-33

  Rockefeller family: Foundation, 6; oil interests, 158, 215

  Rodriguez de Campomames, Pedro, I 1 8 Roman Catholicism, 12, 25, 30, 3 1; in Brazil, 53, 86; fees, 67; land ownership in Mexico, 31; Mayan religion and, 50; Potosi, 33-35 Roosevelt, Theodore, 107

  Rosas, Juan Manuel de, 185-86, 191 Royal African Company, 80

  Royal Dutch/Shell. See Shell Oil Company Rubber, 3, 49, 61, 86, 87-91 Salt, 12, 29

  Saltpeter, 139

  Sandino, Augusto C6sar, II 0-II

  San Salvador, 13

  Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic), 59,61,65,78,83

  Sanz de Santamaria, Carlos, 228

 

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