African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church, 80, 81. See also Carey, Archibald
Afro-American Student Association, 197
Airport Homes (public housing), 156
Albany Park, 315
Albert, Derrion, 268–269, 270, 282
Alford, Alfonso, 196
Algren, Nelson, City on the Make, 140–141, 294
Alinsky, Saul: Archdiocese of Chicago as major donor of, 159–160, 161–162; background of, 160; Back of the Yards Neighborhood Council (BYNC), 158–159; Harrison-Halsted organization and tradition of, 157; Industrial Areas Foundation, 159; and intergroup relations, 58; Organization for a Southwest Community (OSC), 160; and organized labor, limitations of, 160–161; Reveille for Radicals, 158–159; and state-sponsored countersubversion, 12; and Temporary Woodlawn Organization (TWO), 162–164, 179, 180; and University of Chicago, 211; UNO claim to be modeled on, 301–302
Alliance to End Repression, 212
All-Negro radio show, 71
Alpha Suffrage Club, 80
alterity, strategies of, 175
Altgeld Gardens (public housing), 257–258, 268
Alvarez, Anita, 337
Alvarez, David, 261
Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen (AMCBW), 25
Amalgamated Transit Union, 325
American Civil Liberties Union. See ACLU
American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME), 293
Americanization, 27, 40, 42, 43, 44–45
American Nazi Party, 201, 203
American Protective Association, 43
Ameritech, 283
Amoco, 233, 283
Amoco Building, 362n25
Anderson, Louis B., 77
Andersonville neighborhood, 320
Anglo-Saxonism, 29, 51, 114. See also whiteness and white identity
Ann Arbor, MI, 204
anti-Catholicism, 41, 43, 52
antilynching movement, 80, 89–90
anti-Semitism, 208, 275–276
antiwar movement, 204, 205, 207
Aon Center, 362n25
Apex Club, 67, 70
Appomattox Club, 80, 85, 87
Arab and Assyrian community, 317, 318, 373n123
Aramark, 330, 331
architecture, 6; Beaux Arts, 23; Chicago School, 6, 21–22; International Style, 232; Mies van der Rohe, 137, 228, 232; Prairie School, 47; sense of place, and tourism, 297–298. See also Burnham, Daniel; skyscrapers
Area 2 police torture of black suspects, 7, 279, 335
Arendt, Hannah, On Violence, 218, 219
Argyle (aka New Chinatown, Little Vietnam), 315, 319
Armour, 20
Armour, J. Ogden, 28, 30
Armour, Philip, 31
Armour Square: antiblack violence, 111–112; Chinese community in, 315
Armstrong, Frank H., 30
Armstrong, Louis, 65, 66, 89, 90, 91, 91, 92; “(What Did I Do to Be So) Black and Blue,” 92, 351n70; “Big Butter and Egg Man,” 92; “Heebie Jeebies,” 92; “S.O.L. Blues,” 92; “Struttin’ with Some Barbecue,” 92; “Sunset Café Stomp,” 92
arson and bombings: against African Americans, 38, 46, 78, 112, 124; against Puerto Ricans, 175; “shoot to kill” order of RJD, 138, 203, 208, 210; by white gangs, and ethnoracial hierarchy, 45
art: community mural movement, 219–220, 220, 302, 314, 362n18; public art, skyscrapers and, 232, 363n38. See also music
Art Institute of Chicago, 31, 329
Arvey, Jacob “Jack,” 55, 113–114
Asian community: cabinet of RMD including, 288; ethnoracial enclaves of, 314–315, 317, 318–319; Latino-Asian dissimilarity (segregation), 314; nationwide, 172
Associated Business Club (ABC) of Chicago, 64, 67, 69
Associated Negro Press (newswire), 67, 79, 117
Assyrian and Arab community, 317, 318, 373n123
AT&T, 233
Atlanta, GA, 249
Atlantic Era, 16
Auditorium Hotel, 30, 31
Auditorium Theater, 31
Austin (neighborhood), 47
Austin High School, 284
Austin, Junius C., 59–60, 64, 82, 84, 88
Avondale, 317–318
Axelrod, David, 265, 365n78
Ayers, Thomas G., 234
Bach, Ira, 146–147
backlash. See white backlash
Back of the Yards: Canaryville hostility to, 41; heterogeneity of, 24; mental health clinic closures, 326; Mexican community and, 313
Back of the Yards Neighborhood Council (BYNC), 158–159
Baker, Houston, 90
Baldwin, Davarian, 66, 70
Baldwin, James, 109; urban renewal as “Negro removal,” 142, 143, 310
Baltimore, 266, 345n19, 366n14
Bangladesh, immigrants from, 319
barbecue, right to, 299
Barksdale, David, 196
Barnett, Claude A., 67, 79
Barrett, James, 27
baseball, 46, 71
basketball, 285, 289–290, 331–332
Bates, Beth Tompkins, 84
Bates, David H., 26
Bauler, Matthias “Paddy,” 55
Baxter Laboratories, 97
beautification: R.M. Daley and, 266, 285, 289, 305, 308; and Plan of Chicago (1909), 33; and uplift of the laboring classes, 33
Begin, Menachem, 253
Bell, Lamar, 196
Ben Franklin store, 60, 61
Benito Juárez High School, 297
Benito Pablo Juárez García (mural), 314
Bennett, Larry, 287, 344n10
Bennett, William, 269, 273
Benson, Al, 116
Berkeley, CA, 204
Bernhardt, Sarah, 1
Bernstein, David, 239
Berry, Chuck: “Johnny B. Goode,” 119; “Maybellene,” 119; “Rock and Roll Music,” 119; “Roll Over Beethoven,” 119
Best, Wallace, 64
Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church, 82
Bevel, James, 190
Big Star (restaurant), 304–305
Bilandic, Michael, 242, 250, 261
Billboard magazine, coining “rhythm & blues,” 118
Bill Haley and the Comets, 119, 166
binary racial order, development of, 45–46, 47, 58, 173
Bindman, Aaron, 123–124
Binga, Jesse, 60, 70–71, 80, 86; and black capitalism, 62, 64, 67, 69, 75–76, 82, 90
Binga State Bank, 67
Birmingham, AL, 177, 178
Black Belt: location of, 24, 38; map of, 39; and 1919 race riot, 38, 40; and WWII housing shortage, 104, 108–109, 112. See also Black Metropolis
Blackboard Jungle, The (1955), 166
black capitalism: antiunionism of, 79–85; banks, 62, 67; black church alliance with, 64, 81–82; corruption and embezzlement in, 60; and culturalization of politics, 69, 78–79, 85, 87; and economization of the Black Metropolis, 75–76, 79–80, 81–82, 85, 349n32; and entrepreneurial spirit, 62–63, 78; and individualism vs. collective strategies of racial struggle, 61–62, 75; insurance business, 71, 74–75; lack of progress in white business world, 60–61; and linked fate, 75, 349n31; Negro Business Exposition (1938), 59–60, 62, 64, 88; and public assistance, lack of, 78; and race men/race heroes, black businessmen as, 60, 61, 66–67, 67, 69, 71, 74–75, 78, 80; Southern migrants and, 116–117; types of businesses in, 61, 63, 348nn1,10; as uplifting the race, 59, 61, 64–65, 67, 69, 75, 81, 86; and white-owned businesses patronized by black community, 62. See also Black Metropolis; Bronzeville; minority-owned businesses; real estate market
black church: alliances with black businesses, 64, 81–82; as critical of civil rights movement, 178, 189; and National Negro Congress (1936), 88; openness to Randolph and working-class solidarity, 82; opposition to Randolph and the BSCP union, 80–82; social justice movement and, 82; storefront churches, 63–64, 115, 222
black cultural expression: black middle-class disapproval of, 65–67, 69, 72, 90–91; Chicago as fountai
n of, 65, 117; policy wheel revenues as funding, 71; white stereotyping of, 69. See also music
Black Disciples. See Disciples (gang)
black gangs: ACT organization and, 186; antimachine activities of, 197; Black Panthers and, 197, 214–215; and black power movement, 182–183, 185–186, 187, 190, 192, 192, 194–195, 197, 199–200; federal funding for youth services and projects, 196–197, 198–199, 210; female branches of, 187; First Annual Gangs Convention (1966), 190; junior/midget divisions of, 187, 188; Martin Luther King and Chicago Freedom Movement attempt to enlist help of, 187–188, 189–195, 200; and labor protests, 236, 364n46; leadership talents in, 187, 195–196; LSD alliance, 236, 364n69; membership numbers and recruitment, 186–187, 188; nation added to names of, 187; and nonviolence vs. militancy as philosophy, 185; police brutality and, 186–187; police/government sabotage of youth/community service programs of, 197–199; police Red Squad warnings to stay away from Democratic Convention, 213; and political organizations, transformation into, 277–278; and youth services and projects, 196–200. See also gangs; white gangs and athletic clubs
Black Gangster Disciples. See Gangster Disciples (gang)
black ghettos: businesses remaining in, 153; and defiance, posture of, 108; and heat wave (1995), 261–262; hyperghettos contrasted to, 354n52; middle-class housing as barrier to encroachment of, 149–150, 154, 228, 234–235, 301; 1919 race riot and centrality of, 45; postwar geographical and demographic growth of, 101–102; white identify formation and, 47. See also hyperghettos; public housing
Black Lives Matter movement, 334, 336–337
Black Metropolis: economization of, 75–76, 79–80, 81–82, 85, 349n32; as inspiration during Great Depression, 64–65; insurance business, 71, 74–75; location of, 61; map of, 68; and migrants, 66; and “old settler” vs. “new settler” ideologies, 66; policy wheels (illicit lotteries), 70–74, 75, 105, 130; population growth and, 61. See also black capitalism; music; Stroll, the
black middle class: as critical of the civil rights movement, 178; disapproval of black cultural expression, 65–67, 69, 72, 90–91; gentrification by, 13–14, 288–289, 298–299, 301; homeownership, 13–14, 85–86, 288–289, 361n71; incorporating via neoliberal policies, 288–289. See also black capitalism
black nationalism: and Black Metropolis, 61; in local positions of authority, 297; and multiethnic coalition of Howard Washington, 253. See also black power movement
Black Panther Party: assassination of Fred Hampton, 12, 184, 215–217; and black gangs, 197, 214–215; breakfast programs of, 217; Fred Hampton as chairman of, 214–215; perceived as threat by RJD and police, 217; “rainbow coalition” of, 12, 214–215, 217, 221, 250; reading lists of, 215; susceptibility to FBI infiltration, 215, 217; viewed as derailing civil-rights movement, 169
black power movement: and black gangs in Chicago, 182–183, 185–186, 187, 190, 192, 192, 194–195, 197, 199–200; black nationalism, 61, 253; context of, 203; and failure of integrationist approaches, 180; Martin Luther King as opposing use of term, 190, 192; and nonviolence vs. militancy as philosophy, 180, 182–183, 185; police and FBI countersubversion of, 213–214, 215–218; and racial divide as increasing, 204; viewed as derailing civil-rights movement, 169, 180. See also black nationalism; Black Panther Party; countersubversion, state-sponsored
black press: development of, 117; and Emmett Till murder, 137. See also Associated Negro Press (newswire); Chicago Defender
Black P-Stones (gang), 122. See also Blackstone Rangers
black resistance to racial oppression: bebop jazz and, 121; and election of Barack Obama, 293–294; as structure of feeling, 109; WWII and development of, 107–108, 109, 111–112. See also black power movement; civil rights movement
Black’s Blue Book, 63, 85, 348n10
Blackstone Rangers (gang): Martin Luther King’s attempt to enlist in nonviolence movement, 190–195, 200; leadership of, 187–188, 195–196; Main 21 governing body, 195, 214–215; membership of, 186, 187, 188; nation added to name of, 187; and police/government investigations, 197–199, 210; and protests for minority union membership, 236; and “rainbow coalition” of Black Panthers, 214–215; and youth services/community improvement projects, 196–200. See also Black P-Stones (gang)
black submachine politics: and bread-and-butter political style, reproduction of, 77–78, 131; Anton Cermak as establishing patronage distribution to, 52; and Daley’s actions during MLK assassination riots, 208–209; William Dawson as boss of, 188–189; death of Benjamin Lewis and, 189; Oscar DePriest as boss of, 76–77, 349n35; integration/civil rights as threat to power of, 130–131, 189; Martin Luther King opposed by, 188–189; “silent six” aldermen (Dawson), 188–189; Big Bill Thompson support, 40–41, 47–48, 71, 112–113; and Harold Washington replacement election, 256–257. See also Dawson, William; machine politics
Black Youth Project 100 (BYP100), 335
Blagojevich, Rod, 291
Blighted Areas Redevelopment Act (1947), 143
blight, redefined as “proper and productive economic use,” 148
Blocks Together, 328
blues and jazz: blues as white tourist attraction/niche market, 118, 119, 120; Chicago blues sound, 117–119; Chicago “melting pot” of, 65–66; classical black musicians forced into jazz, 120; Delta blues, 117; dress code of respectability and, 90–91, 91; entrepreneurial ethos and, 118–121; as floating signifier, 118; Harlem and bebop jazz, 120–121; lack of anticapitalist critique in, 92–93; lyrical content of, 89–90, 91–93; Maxwell Street flea market, as venue, 301; as morphing into other black music forms, 118–120; oppositional power of, 88–90, 92, 351n70; Southern migrants and, 116, 117–118. See also music
Board of Education (CBOE): the Art Institute and, 31; Jane Byrne appointments to, 250–251; closure of schools rubber stamped by, 333; minority appointees as president of (RMD), 288; and the politics of identity, institutionalization of, 221–222; and privatization of custodial and building maintenance services, 330; TWO lawsuit charging segregation, 180–181; TWO movement protests, 163. See also schools (Chicago Public Schools, CPS)
Bobo, Lawrence, 236
Boeing, 283
bond issues, 35, 238, 295
Bontemps, Arna, 88
Boston, MA, 181, 320
boxing, 46, 59, 245
Boystown neighborhood, 295, 296, 320, 370n80
Brach’s Confections, Inc., 283–284, 369n56
Bradley, Tom, 249
Bradley, Wallace “Gator,” 277–278, 280–281
Brazier, Arthur, 163, 164, 197
Breaking the Chains (mural), 220, 362n18
Brennan, George, 47, 52
Bretton Woods agreement (1945), 224, 240
Bridgeport neighborhood: and black support for “Big Bill” Thompson, 40–41; Chinese community and, 315; and R.J. Daley, 134, 151; and Dan Ryan Expressway route, 151; Irish community and, 40, 41–44, 112, 134; and Edward J. Kelly, 112; Martin H. Kennelly and, 114; Mexican community and, 315; and packinghouse workers, 41; and Harold Washington election, 245
Bridgeview (suburb), 317
Brighton Park Neighborhood Council, 329
Bronzeman magazine, 71
Bronzeville: R.M. Daley and exploitation of cultural heritage, 295; mayor of (honorary), 114–115; mural movement and, 219–220, 220; name of, 115; Harold Washington and, 241–242. See also Black Metropolis
Brooks, Deton, 209
Brooks, Gwendolyn, 187; “The Blackstone Rangers,” 187; “We Real Cool,” 154
Broonzy, Bill Bill, 118
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (BSCP), 79–85, 87–88
Brotherhood of Teamsters, 25–26, 28, 293
Brown, H. Rap, 169, 220
Brown, Oscar, 198
Brown, Wendy, 11, 148, 344n12, 349n32
Bryce, James, 1
Bucktown neighborhood, 299
Buddy Guy’s Legends (club), 118
Bungalow Belt: R.J. Daley and management of reactions from, 200, 201, 208; development in the 1920s, 47; and
housing segregation, 47, 201, 208; and middle-class backlash against New Deal, 57; and school segregation, 181; and white backlash politics, 134, 201; and white identity formation, 47
Burge, Jon, 279
Burgess, Ernest, 294, 343n4
Burke, Edward, 252, 256
Burnham, Daniel: in Chicago School (architecture), 21–22; in City Beautiful movement, 33; First Regiment Armory, 18; Baron Haussmann/Paris as influence on, 16, 32; and Plan of Chicago, 32–36
Burroughs, William, 207, 212
Bush, Earl, 188
Bush, George H.W., 269, 273
Bush, George W., 133, 269, 311
business community: antiunionist/antilabor, 26, 28–29, 30–31; and cultural institutions, 31; and progressivism, spirit of, 29–30, 31; progrowth agenda prior to RJD, 9–10, 53–58, 143–146; race-baiting by, 26, 29. See also deindustrialization; downtown agenda; global cities/global-city agenda; neoliberalization/neoliberalism
Byrne, Jane: and black community, 250–251; defeated by Washington in primaries, 242–244, 256; election of 1977, 243–244; redrawing of ward map, 255
Cabrini-Green Homes (public housing), 228, 251, 280, 308, 309, 310
Café Lura, 318
Calder, Alexander, Flamingo, 232
California, TIF funds, 368n49
Calloway, Cab, 66, 90; “Minnie the Moocher,” 92
Calumet Community Religious Conference (CCRC), 257
Calumet Park riot (1957), 168, 176, 358n21
Cambodia, immigrants from, 315
Campbell, William, 189
Canaryville neighborhood, 41–44
Canaryville School of Gunmen, 41
capitalism: disaster capitalism, 327; spectacle of protest and, 227. See also black capitalism; downtown agenda; neoliberalization/neoliberalism
Capone, Al, and gang, 53, 128, 130
CAPS (Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy), 263, 289, 305
Carby, Hazel, 90
Carey, Archibald, 77, 80, 81, 82
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