Carey, Archibald Jr., 144–145, 149
Carl Sandburg Village (housing development), 227–228, 229
Carmichael, Stokely, 169, 180, 195, 220
Carney, Frank, 165–166, 170, 172
Carson Pirie Scott, 22, 30
Castells, Manuel, 171
Castle, Barton and Associates, 358n16
Catholic Church: anti-Catholicism, 41, 43, 52; as integrationist, 159, 161–162; and Irish control of political machine, 122; as major donor to Saul Alinsky, 159–160, 161–162; nomination of Al Smith, 52; Polish community and, 317; and production of white identity, 46; as pro-union, 121–122; as segregationist, 124, 159–160
Cayton, Horace, 3, 60–66, 70–71, 73, 102
CBOE. See Board of Education
CCAC (Chicago Central Area Committee), 146–147, 149–150, 234–235
CCCO. See Coordinating Council of Community Organizations (CCCO)
Cermak, Anton: assassination of, 53; and Great Depression, 53–54; and multiethnic political machine, 52–53, 55, 57; and Pilsen, 52; policy wheel shutdown campaign (1931), 72; progrowth, antilabor agenda of, 9–10, 53–55; victory over Thompson, 52–53
CHA. See Chicago Housing Authority
Chagall, Marc, Four Seasons mosaic, 363n38
charter schools: crisis induced to validate privatization, 327; definition of, 367n26; Latino charter schools, 330–331; Renaissance 2010 plan for, 50, 271, 305, 328; scandals and, 330; school closures and establishment of, 271, 326–328, 330, 333; teachers union and fight against, 293, 326, 327, 331
Chase corporation, 13
Chase Tower, 223, 233
Checkerboard Lounge, 118
Cheetah Gym, 304
Chess, Leonard and Phil, 119–120
Chess, Marshall, 120
Cheung, George, 318
Chew, Charles, 200, 201
Chicago: as center of national black life, 117, 137; civic pride, maintenance of, 226–227; as quintessentially American town, 1–3, 5; working-class identity of, 1–2, 13, 232. See also civil service, municipal; downtown agenda; gentrification; infrastructure; urban renewal; urban services provision
—NICKNAMES FOR: Beirut on the Lake, 253, 264; City of Neighborhoods, 3, 294–295, 318–319; City of the Big Shoulders, 2, 22, 204, 225, 294; City on the Make, 140–141, 294; City that Works, 2, 231, 294; Hog Butcher for the World, 2, 20, 140, 225; the known city, 117; Second City, 294; White City, 23; Windy City, 2, 294
—PLANS: Chicago Central Area Plan (2002), 286; Chicago Plan (1970), 236; Chicago 21 Plan (1973), 234–235; Development Plan for the Central Area of Chicago (1958), 147, 148, 154, 227; Plan of Chicago (1909), 32–36
Chicago Alliance Against Racist and Political Repression, 335
Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS), 263, 289, 305
Chicago American Giants (black baseball team), 46, 71
Chicago Association of Commerce and Industry, 49, 50
Chicago Bears, 255, 285
Chicago Bee, 62
Chicago B.L.U.E.S. Bar, 118
Chicago Board of Education. See Board of Education (CBOE)
Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT), 239, 240. See also commodities exchanges of Chicago
Chicago Board Options Exchange, 271
Chicago Building Trades Council: loyalty to RMD, 293; and 1921 labor dispute, 49; protests for black union admission, 236, 364n46
Chicago Bulls, 285, 289
Chicago Butter and Egg Board, 364n48
Chicago Central Area Committee (CCAC), 146–147, 149–150, 234–235
Chicago Children’s Choir, 324
Chicago Chinatown Chamber of Commerce, 318
Chicago City Club, 271
Chicago Civic Center (Richard J. Daley Center), 232
Chicago Commission on Human Relations (CCHR), 175
Chicago Commission on Race Relations (CCRR), 38, 40, 42
Chicago Crime Commission, 42, 268
Chicago Daily Journal, 40–41
Chicago Daily News, 29, 30, 49, 167, 177, 181
Chicago Defender: advertising in, 86; and black capitalism, 67, 75–76, 81; and the Black Metropolis, 65, 66, 69–70, 78–79; on black music and musicians, 90–91; and black real estate investment, 85, 86; and Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 79, 80, 83, 84; on civil rights movement, 178; R.J. Daley endorsement by, 134; and Double-V campaign, 206; and emancipatory promise of black capitalism, 81; Rahm Emanuel endorsed by, 334; and Emanuel reelection, 334; ignoring cooperative black businesses, 82; location of offices, 67; and mayor of Bronzeville election, 114–115; on National Negro Congress, 88; nationwide influence of, 117; opposition to BSCP, 81; on policy wheel shutdown campaign, 72; on private accountability, 235–236; Pullman Company as donor to, 80; on segregation, 178, 235; on South Deering, 133; support for BSCP, 83; on youth violence, 167; and zoot suit dances, 108
Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs and Special Events, 370n79
Chicago Federation of Labor (CFL): opposition to RMD, 293; and race-baiting tactics of RMD, 292; and school board, 48–49
ChicagoFest boycott (1982), 251
Chicago Forward (super-PAC), 333
Chicago Freedom Movement (CFM, alliance of SCLC and CCCO): and gangs, 189–195, 200; open-housing campaign of, 193–195, 200, 208; shadow programs created by RJD, 200–201; West Side riot blamed on, 192–193
Chicago Giants (black baseball team), 46
Chicago Housing Authority (CHA): Admissions and Continued Occupancy Policy, 311–312; bypassed by CLCC, 144; Jane Byrne appointments to, 250–251; citing statistics on population density of South Side, 104; formation of (1937), 112; and hyperghettoization, 127; integration as policy of, 126–127, 132, 149; Plan for Transformation (2000), 309–311; policing of low-income residents of mixed-income housing, 311–312; in receivership by order of federal court, 310; ruled guilty of racial discrimination, 237; transformed to redevelopment facilitator, 148–149; Elizabeth Wood as first executive director, 113, 126–127, 132, 149. See also public housing
Chicago Land Clearance Commission (CLCC), 144, 146
Chicago Lawn neighborhood, 47, 193, 317
Chicago Mercantile Exchange (Merc, CME), 239–241, 329–330, 336, 364n48
Chicago Merchants Club, 32
Chicago Mural Group, 220, 362n18
Chicago Neighborhood Tours program, 295
Chicago People’s Church, 218
Chicago Plan (1970), 236
Chicago Plan Commission, 32, 34–35, 145, 147
Chicago Police Department. See police (CPD)
Chicago Public Library, 308, 326, 372n104
Chicago Public Schools. See schools (Chicago Public Schools, CPS)
Chicago Reader, 282
Chicago Real Estate Board, 46, 202
Chicago Record-Herald, 29
Chicago Review (UC literary magazine), 211–212
Chicago River, 23
Chicago Sanitary District, 17, 55
Chicago School architecture, 6, 21–22
Chicago School of sociology, 3, 19, 69, 113, 153, 211, 274, 294, 343n4
Chicago School of urbanism, 4–5, 6
Chicago Seed, The, 205
Chicago Skyway tolls, privatization of, 291
Chicago Spire, 323
Chicago Sun-Times, 180, 256, 279, 300
Chicago Symphony Orchestra, 31
Chicago Teachers Federation (CTF), 48, 50, 53, 54
Chicago Teachers Union (CTU): Caucus of Rank-and-File Educators (CORE), 293, 328–329; charter school teachers as barred from, 271; and R.M. Daley school closings, 328–329; William Dever and, 50; and Rahm Emanuel’s austerity program, 326, 327–329, 332, 333; fight against charter schools, 293, 326, 327, 331; and Grassroots Collaborative, 329; strike (2012), 326, 332, 333, 336; United Progressive Caucus of, 328
Chicago Title and Trust, 143–144
Chicago Transit Authority (CTA): antimachine sentiments and Byrne election, 250; R.M. Daley austerity measures and, 325; elevated municipal railway (“L”), 22, 22
2, 280; Rahm Emanuel austerity measures and, 325; municipal ownership of mass transit, 15; privatized fare collection system, 331; state bailout of, 291
Chicago Tribune: as antilabor, 29, 30, 56; on black strikebreakers, 26, 29; on Cermak’s patronage reform, 54; crusade against Larry Hoover, 278; on education, 50; on Emanuel inauguration, 324; investigation into misappropriation of funds, 237; on juvenile delinquency, 167; on juvenile delinquency during WWII, 98–99; on murder rate, 17; Obama interview (2003), 265; on race riots, 37–38; on “rainbow cabinet” of RMD, 288; on strikes, 25–26; on Washington election (1983), 241, 245; white backlash and, 209; on zoning process, 307
Chicago 21 Corporation, 234–235
Chicago 21 Plan, 234–235
Chicago Whip, 80, 87
Chicago Women’s Club, 31
Chicago Workers’ Committee on Unemployment, 53
Chicago Youth Development Project, 165–166
Chico, Gerry, 269, 325
Chinatown, 314–315, 318
Chinatown Gate, 315, 318
Chinese-American Civic Council, 318
Chinese community, 314–315, 318; map (2000), 316
Choose Chicago, 370n79
Cicero (Illinois) riot, 128–129, 129
CIO (Congress of Industrial Organizations), 56–58, 83, 104–105
Citizens’ Committee to Enforce the Landis Award, 49–50
Citizens for a Democratic and Diverse Albany Park, 319
City Beautiful movement, 33
city council: R.M. Daley and living wage ordinance, 292–293; R.M. Daley appointments to, and lack of opposition from, 281, 301; R.J. Daley reducing to rubber-stamp advisory board, 141–142; R.J. Daley severing from the planning process, 8–9, 146–147; and early urban renewal opposition, 146; and Rahm Emanuel, 332–333; gang member running for (Wallace “Gator” Bradley), 277–278; Gray Wolves, 15, 34; Progressive Reform Caucus, 332; and segregation of public housing, 126; and Harold Washington “council wars,” 252–253, 254–256, 344n11; zoning changes controlled by individual aldermen, 305
City Homes Association, Tenement Conditions in Chicago, 19
Civic Music Association, 31
Civil Rights Act (1964), 188
civil rights movement: black veterans returning from WWII and, 106, 107, 109; and gangs, 185; guerilla tactics and, 182–183; March on Washington (1963), 180; “militants/extremists”, defined, 182; and nonviolence vs. militancy as philosophy, 179–180, 182–183, 185; policy brutality protests, 183–185, 296–297; school protests, 179–180, 181–182, 184, 187, 221–222, 250, 271–272, 297, 359n29; southern movement in consciousness of Chicago, 177–178; as threat to black submachine politics, 130–131, 189; as threat to machine politics, 131–132; Emmett Till murder as “moment of simultaneity” for, 137; top-down historical perspectives on, 168–169; and TWO movement of Woodlawn, 162–163; UAW Local 600 in Detroit and, 106; white backlash as counterforce to, 131–132; zoot suiters and, 106–108
civil service, municipal: black participation in, 77, 287; Cermak and reform of, 54; Latino participation in, 287; public pension funds, gap in, 323–324; Shakman case ruling preventing firing for political affiliations, 237; under RJD, 139–140; under RMD, 280, 282–283
Civil Service Commission, 77
Civil Works Administration (CWA), 57
Clark, Mark, 215
Clark, Terry Nichols, 321
class. See middle class; working class
CLCC (Chicago Land Clearance Commission), 144, 146
Cleveland, OH, 181
Clinton, Bill, 263, 269, 273–275
Cloud Gate sculpture, 285
Club DeLisa, 118
CME (Chicago Mercantile Exchange), 13, 239–241, 329–330, 336, 364n48
Coalition for Youth Action, 198
Coalition of United Community Action (CUCA), 236, 364n46
Cobraettes (gang), 187
Cobras. See Egyptian Cobras (gang)
COGLI (Mayor’s Committee on Gay and Lesbian Issues), 255
Cohen, Adam, 151
Cohen, Cathy, 293–294, 335
COINTELPRO, 213–214, 215, 217
Cole, Robert, 71, 74–75
Collins, John, 29
Collins, Richard, 54
color line, 173
Commercial Club of Chicago, 30–32, 48, 54, 271; and Plan of Chicago, 32–36
commercial sex industry, 111
Commission on Latino Affairs, 252
Committee for Patriotic Action, 100
commodities exchanges of Chicago, 13, 239–241, 328, 329–330, 336, 364n48
Commonwealth Edison Company, 234, 261
Communist Party: anticommunism and, 79, 83, 212, 213; black presidential candidates of, 88; concerns about black capitalism, 61; membership numbers, 87; and National Negro Congress, 83, 88; social justice actions led by, 53, 76, 78, 79, 87
Communities United for Affordable Housing (CUFAH), 302
Community Action Program (CAP), 196, 209
“community areas” as term, becoming “neighborhoods,” 294
community mural movement, 219–220, 220, 302, 314, 362n18
condominium development, 301, 304, 305, 308, 309
Condon, Eddie, 65
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), 144, 179, 182, 183
Conlisk, James, 208, 238
Connolly, N.D.B., 86
Conservative Vice Lords. See Vice Lords (gang)
construction industry: affirmative action, 236, 275, 288, 363n45; Chicago Plan (1970) integrating, 236, 364n46; R.J. Daley and, 140; Rahm Emanuel and, 332; Great Depression and halt on, 104; minority-owned contractors, exclusion of, 235, 236–237, 279, 363n45; skyscrapers, 21–22, 147. See also Chicago Building Trades Council
consumerism: advertising industry, 204, 228; credit card debt as masking inequalities, 289; of professional sports, as diversion from inequalities, 289–290
Continental Illinois National Bank and Trust, 234
Cook, William Decatur, 82, 83–84
Cook County, 233. See also Democratic Party (Cook County); machine politics of Cook County Democratic Party; suburbanization
Cook County Hospital, 172
Cooperative Business League, 82
Coordinating Council of Community Organizations (CCCO), 179, 181–182, 184, 188, 189. See also Chicago Freedom Movement
corporate headquarters, 22, 143; suburbanization and, 232–234
corruption. See scandals and corruption
countersubversion, state-sponsored: overview, 12; ACLU lawsuit and destruction of files, 212; FBI (COINTELPRO), 213–214, 215, 217; frame-ups, 217–218; and gang member candidate (Bradley) for city council, 278, 280–281; Fred Hampton assassination, 12, 184, 215–217; racial tensions stirred up by, 213; Red Squad division of Police Department, 12, 212–214, 345n19; sabotage of gangs, 197, 199; as stunting development of the left, 212, 216–218
CPD. See police (CPD)
CPS. See schools (Chicago Public Schools, CPS)
crack cocaine, 267–268
Crane High School student demonstration, 169–170
Crate and Barrel, 205
creative class, 320–321
credit card debt, 289
crime and criminality: early 20th century and, 16–17, 18–19; rehabilitation model for, 19; Bill Thompson and gangsters, 53. See also crime rates; gangs; organized crime; scandals and corruption; underground economy
crime rates: Englewood neighborhood and, 122; gang activity and, 268; gang participation in lowering, 198; and heat wave of 1995, 262; lowering of in 2000s, generally, 366n14. See also homicide rates
crime syndicates. See organized crime
Crown Fountain, 285
CTA. See Chicago Transit Authority
CTF. See Chicago Teachers Federation
CTU. See Chicago Teachers Union
Cuban community, 302
culturalization of politics: overview, 246–247; antiwelfare rhetoric as, 273–274; black capitalism and, 69, 78–79, 85, 87; black intellectuals and pe
rpetuation of, 274–275; and blaming the victims (heat wave 1995), 263–264; conservatives as tending toward, 122, 364n54; defined as attributing issues to cultural vs. political causes, 11; and Rahm Emanuel election (2015), 336; Great Depression and, 54–55; “liberal” intellectuals and basis for, 274–275, 364n64; and military schools and programs, 272; Million Man March rhetoric of, 275–276; nihilism and, 276–277; racist ideology justifying police violence, 218; shattered dreams of basketball glory and, 290
cultural sensitivity training programs, 243
culture-of-poverty arguments. See culturalization of politics
“culture wars,” 246
Cupid (Vice Lord member), 191
currency valuation, 224, 240
Czech community: in Back of the Yards, 158; and Bungalow Belt, 47; ethnoracial hierarchy and, 40, 45, 114; in heterogeneous neighborhoods, 24; and 1919 race riot, 40, 45; Pilsen neighborhood, 24, 52; size of, 23; and white flight, 153; and whiteness/white identity, 114
Daley, John, 237, 279–280
Daley, Richard J., 229; background and education of, 41, 43, 134, 138; bungled phrases of, 138, 177; as chair of Cook County Democratic Party, 11–12, 133–134, 141; and city council, 8–9, 141–142, 146–147; death of, 231, 237; and Democratic National Convention (1968), 138, 208; “good government is good politics,” 138; in Hamburg Athletic Club (gang), 41–42, 134, 150, 151; and Irish Bridgeport, 134, 151; litter anecdote, 141; and neighborhoods, claims to support, 294; and New Deal liberalism, 137–138; nomination for Mayor, 133; and police expansion, 167; as “proto-neoliberal,” 8–9, 147–149; as “quasi-Keynesian,” 149; rhetorical talents of, 134–135, 150; and segregated racial order, preservation of, 150–151; “shoot to kill” order, during riots following MLK assassination, 138, 203, 208, 210; as “the builder,” 229, 233; as white backlash mayor, 135–136, 209–211, 238. See also global cities/global-city agenda; machine politics—R.J. Daley; patronage—of R.J. Daley machine; public housing—R.J. Daley and; urban renewal
Daley, Richard M., 296; accounting tricks to veil financial straits of city, 281–282; advisors on culture-of-poverty arguments, 274–275; on background of RJD, 138; and beautification, 266, 285, 289, 305, 308; budget deficits and, 290–291; bungled phrases of, 260–261; and “City of Neighborhoods,” 294–295; entrepreneurial state of, 8, 13, 262–263; influence on Obama administration, 264–265; and LGBT community, 295, 321, 370n80; and Carol Moseley Braun, 277; national influence of, 264–265; Olympic Games bid, 291–292; primary loss to Harold Washington (1983), 242, 244, 251; privatization program of, 290–291; “rainbow cabinet”/minority appointments by, 287–288; and school reform, 50, 271, 286–287, 305, 328. See also gentrification; global cities/global-city agenda; political machine—R.M. Daley; TIF funds; tourism, R.M. Daley and development of
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