New York Life Insurance Company, 145
New York Stock Exchange, 283
nihilism, 276–277
Nixon, Richard M., 133, 361n6; white backlash/”silent majority” and, 123, 133, 209, 210
No Child Left Behind program, 269
NOI (Nation of Islam), 179–180, 189, 275–276
Noise Abatement Commission, 99
nonviolence: Martin Luther King’s attempt to enlist gangs into, 190–195, 200; as philosophy, vs. militancy, 179–180, 182–183, 185; Bayard Rustin’s “intensified nonviolence,” 180. See also civil rights movement
North Halsted. See Boystown
North Kenwood–Oakland neighborhood, 265, 288–289, 298–299
North Lawndale neighborhood: crime rate in, 262; deindustrialization and, 262; and heat wave (1995), 262; population of, 262; white flight and transformation of, 153
Northrup Defense Systems, 233
North Shore suburbs, 223
North Side: gentrification and, 320; Puerto Rican community and, 173–174, 358n16; South Asian Indian community and, 315; Harold Washington election and, 245
Northwest Expressway (John F. Kennedy Expressway), 231–232
Northwest Side, 317
NWA (Niggas With Attitude), 276
Oak Lawn (suburb), 317
Obama, Barack: on Chicago, 1; as community organizer, 253, 257–258; in congregation of Jeremiah Wright, 276; education policy of, 273; Rahm Emanuel endorsed for Chicago mayor by, 334; links between Daley’s City Hall and White House of, 264–265, 273, 365n76; and loss to Bobby Rush, 214, 266; meeting Michelle, 281; and “Obama effect,” 293–294; and Olympic bid of Chicago, support for, 292; reelection as president, 249; and relocation of Group of Eight (G8) meeting, 330; state senate seat, Blagojevich scandal of, 291; as state senator, 265; victory speech at Grant Park, 293; on Harold Washington’s impact, 257, 258–259
Obama, Michelle, 265, 276, 281, 292
Occupy Wall Street, 329
O’Connor, Patrick, 291
Office of Civilian Defense (Chicago), 94, 96–97, 99
Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO), grants to youth projects, 196, 197, 198, 199
Office of Tourism and Culture, 295, 370n79
O’Hare International Airport, improvements to, 143, 231–232, 252–253, 285–286
oil embargo (1973), 223, 224
Okey Records, 89
Old Town neighborhood, 153, 205
Old Town School of Folk Music, 213
Oliver, Joe “King,” 66, 89, 90
Olivet Baptist Church, 80, 178
Olympic Games, unsuccessful bid for, 291–292
O’Neal, William, 217
OPEC oil embargo, 223, 224
open housing. See integration
Open Society Foundation, 335
Operation Bootstrap, 196
Operation Breadbasket, 200–201, 236
Operation Lite, 200–201
Operation PUSH, 253
Operation Silver Shovel (FBI), 278–279, 284
Operation Transfer campaign of NAACP, 179
Opportunity Please Knock, 198
Orange, James, 191
Organization for a Southwest Community (OSC), 160
organized crime: Canaryville and ties to, 42; and corruption of RMD machine, 279; Edward J. Kelly tolerance for, 96; white gangs as manpower for, 42, 43; white takeover bid of black syndicates, 130. See also crime and criminality; underground economy
Organizing Neighborhoods for Equality: Northside (ONE Northside), 329
Orozco, Raymond, 261, 263
Orsi, Robert, 175
Our Lady of Nativity Parish School, 41
outsourcing of city services, 8, 13, 262–263. See also privatization
Overton, Anthony, 70, 74, 80, 85, 86; and black capitalism, 62, 67, 90; and Bronzeville, naming of, 115
Overton Hygienic Building, 67, 69
Overton Hygienic Company, 62
Owen, Chandler, 81
packinghouses: ethnoracial hierarchy in, 27, 43; size of labor force, 20; street violence and, 17; strikes and strikebreakers, 25; Taylorism and, 42–43; white fear of black migrant competition, 41. See also stockyards
Packinghouse Workers Organizing Committee (PWOC), 57
Packingtown. See Back of the Yards
Pacyga, Dominic and Ellen Skerrett, Chicago: City of Neighborhoods, 294
Pacyga, Dominic, Chicago: A Biography, 233n10
Pakistani community, 315, 319
Palestinian immigrants, 317, 373n123
Palmer, Alvin, 167–168
Palmer, Lu, 251
Palmolive Building, 231
Parents Council for Integrated Schools and the Chicago Area Friends of SNCC (CAFSNCC), 179–180, 181, 182
Paris (France), 263; as influence, 16, 32, 285
Park, Paul, 318
Park, Robert, 3, 69, 343n4
Parker, Charlie, 121
parking garages, 143; privatization of income from, 291, 323
parking meters, privatization of, 291, 323, 324
Parks, Rosa, 119
Parkway Ballroom, 106, 108
Parkway Community House, 61
Patel, Amisha, 329
patronage: Anton Cermak’s multiethnic machine and, 52, 55; R.M. Daley and pinstripe patronage, 281, 282; disaster capitalism as source of, 327; Rahm Emanuel and pinstripe patronage, 325, 327; national reform of, 140; and New Deal, 57; A. Philip Randolph critique of, 81, 84; Big Bill Thompson and, 53–54, 76–77, 349n35
—OF R. J. DALEY MACHINE: as chair of Cook County Democratic Party, 11–12, 141; and minority-owned businesses, exclusion of, 235–237; private development as shelter from political fallout of, 235; public housing as source of, 138–140; and quasi-Keynesian side of Daley machine, 149; and reduction of city council to rubber-stamp advisory board, 141–142; shares of pie, as substance of politics, 213; suburbanization and deindustrialization as threat to, 140–141; and urban renewal focus on property value increases, 150
Pattillo, Mary, 288–289, 298–299
Peck, Ferdinand, 31
Pekin, 70
People Organized for Welfare and Employment Rights (POWER), 251–252
People’s Church, 81
People’s Movement Club, 82
Peoria Street riot (1949), 123–124, 127
Pepper, Claude, 100
Perlstein, Rick, 271
Pershing ballroom, 106, 108
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (1996), 263, 273–274
Pettibone, Holman, 143–144, 145, 146
Peyton, Dave, 90–91
Pfizer, 233
Philadelphia, 188, 270, 327, 345n19, 367n23
Phillips, Kevin, 361n6
Picasso, Pablo, 232
Pilgrim Baptist Church, 59–60, 82, 84, 89
Pilsen Alliance, 302, 328
Pilsen neighborhood: charter schools, 330–331; coal plant pollution and, 301, 371n94; Czech community and, 24, 52; gentrification of, 300, 301–302, 303; Mexican community and, 176, 296, 297, 300, 301–302, 313–314, 314, 371nn88,94; Polish community and, 24; population of, 372n97; as tourist destination, 300, 301
Pistilli, Anthony, 146
Pittsburgh, PA, 82
Pittsburgh Courier, 82, 106
place, sense of, 297–298
planning, placed under mayor’s control, 8–9, 146–147. See also Chicago—plans
Plan of Chicago (1909), 32–36
“plantation politics,” 189
Playboy Club, 13, 229
Playboy Magazine and offices, 231
police (CPD): black officer recruitment, 184; Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS), 263, 289, 305; countersubversion at Democratic National Convention (1968), 213; expansion under RJD, 167; frame-ups of black leadership, 199–200, 217–218; Gang Intelligence Unit (GIU), 184, 193, 197, 199; Gang Intelligence Unit sabotage of gang-led youth services projects, 197, 199; Fred Hampton murder/assassination by, 215–217; harassment of gang-suppo
rted city council campaign, 278; and King marches, 201; lack of protection for black victims of white violence, 38, 126, 130; Memorial Day massacre (1937), 56–57, 94, 96, 212; public housing projects and new stations for, 151; racist ideology and, 218; Red Squad and countersubversion by, 12, 212–214, 345n19; stop-and-frisk policy, 183–184; tavern shakedowns by, 238; violence against protesters at Democratic National Convention (1968), 207–208, 210–211, 218; violence against Puerto Ricans, 296–297; and World War II violence, monitoring for, 108. See also countersubversion, state-sponsored
—VIOLENCE AGAINST AFRICAN AMERICANS: Area 2 torture of black suspects, 7, 279, 335; black police officers and, 184; complicity with white mob violence, 38, 126, 130; and Rahm Emanuel election (2015), 334–335; federal investigation and indictment (late 1950s), 183; gangs and, 186–187; national awareness of, 334–335; pattern of physical and verbal abuse against black population, 238; police brutality protests, 183–185, 297, 335; racist ideology as justification of, 218; stop-and-frisk policy and, 183–184; and World War II, 102
policy wheels (illicit lotteries), 70–74, 75, 105, 130
Polish community (Chicago Polonia): in Back of the Yards, 41, 44–45, 158; and Bungalow Belt, 47; ethnic enclaves of (post 1970), 317–318; ethnoracial hierarchy and, 27, 40, 44–45, 114; gang violence and, 44; gentrification and, 317–318; in heterogeneous neighborhoods, 24, 318; and Logan Square neighborhood, 302, 305; map of ethnic Chicago (2000), 316; and 1919 race riot, 40, 45; and Pilsen, 24; and Puerto Ricans, 175; settlement house movement and, 18; size of, 23; suburbanization and, 318; and Harold Washington candidacy, 245; and white flight, 153; and whiteness/white identity, 45, 114, 317
Polish Downtown, 24
Polish Museum of America and Library, 317–318
political correctness, 247
political surveillance. See countersubversion, state-sponsored
politics of identity: antimachine activism and, 10; cultural envy and, 247; R.M. Daley policies and, 10–11, 287–289, 297–298; and difficulty of uniting for social justice, 176–177; as distraction from structural inequalities, 298; ebb and flow during 1930s, 51–52; Rahm Emanuel policies and, 330–331, 337; and failure of working-class resistance in 1920s, 51; and fracturing of the left, 216, 219; institutionalization/mainstreaming of, 221–222; the machine as not affected by, 297; and neoliberal policies, incorporation into, 9–10, 288–289; power of collective identities, 219–220; as reinforcing a logic of ethnoracial difference, 220–221, 253–254; and resentment, politics of, 247; Harold Washington and, 253–254. See also ethnoracial enclaves (post-1970); whiteness and white identity
population: changes in ethnic group proportions, 23; current Chicago area, 1; decrease in (2000s), 323; gentrification and displacement of, 298, 300–301, 302, 303, 304–305, 311–312, 320; immigrants, 23, 313; Korean community, 317; living below the poverty line, 266–267; numbers of Second Great Migration, 101; urban renewal and displacement of, 146–147, 309, 310
population growth: 1990s and overall, 320; African American community, 27–28, 46, 51, 61, 117, 127, 143, 173, 178; early 20th century, 23; last quarter of the 19th century, 19; Mexican community, 173, 290; Puerto Rican community, 173
populism: antistatism, 201; neoliberalism and, 10; Bill Thompson and, 51; and urban renewal opposition, 156–157; white identity and, 10. See also white backlash (defensive localism/reactionary populism)
Potter, Jackson, 328
poverty: black/white disparity in, 266–267; blaming the victims of, 263–264; decline of (2000 census), 266; percentage of public school students in, 270; uplift of the poor, mixed-income housing developments and rhetoric of, 310–311. See also black ghettos; culturalization of politics; migration of African Americans from the South; neoliberalization/neoliberalism; public housing; renters and rent increases
Powell, Adam Clayton Jr., 88
“power to the people,” 214
Prairie School Architecture, 47
Prairie Shores (housing complex), 144
Preckwinkle, Toni, 337
President’s Council on Youth Opportunity, 196
Presley, Elvis, 119, 166
press/media coverage: antilabor, and antiblack violence, 28–29; and the Black Metropolis, 78–79; on civil rights movement, 177; on crime, 17; and Democratic National Convention protests (1968), 206, 207–208, 210–211; Rahm Emanuel and investigative journalism, 332–333, 375n15; and gangmember candidate for city council, 278; and gangs, 198–199; and heat wave (1995), 260–261; hippie scene press (Chicago Seed), 205; on labor strikes and demonstrations, 25–26; on patronage reform, 140; race-baiting, 26; on race riots, 37–38, 40, 103; on scandals of RJD, 237–238; Lincoln Steffens, 15–16; and “the city that works,” 231; and white backlash politics, 209, 210; and WWII, 98–99, 100. See also black press; Chicago Defender; Chicago Tribune
Printing House Row, 147
printing sector, destruction of, 147
Pritzker Pavilion, 323, 324, 325
private accountability, neoliberalism and lack of, 235–237, 330
privatization: overview, 13, 290–291; Chicago Skyway tolls, 291; Chicago Transit Authority fare collection system, 331; disaster capitalism and, 327; Rahm Emanuel budgetary problems and, 323, 324; Rahm Emanuel scandals of, 330, 331; and entrepreneurial state, 8, 13; of New Orleans’ school system, 327; outsourcing of urban services, 8, 13, 262–263; parking garage fees, 291, 323; parking meters, 291, 323, 324; of public school custodial and building maintenance services, 330, 331; public unaccountability and, 325–327, 330; of tourism development, 370n79. See also charter schools
producer services. See service industries (global city)
Progressive Party, 29–30
Prohibition/Prohibitionism, 48, 51, 52, 53
Property Conservation and Human Rights Committee of Chicago, 144
property taxes: downtown agenda and increases in revenues from, 150, 235; global-city agenda and, 225; increases in, to offset suburbanization, 233; as proportion of city budget, 233; rejection of RJD bond issue, 238. See also TIF funds
Provident Hospital, 61, 80
Prudential Building, 140
“psychological wage” granted to whiteness, 110
Public Enemy, 276
Public Enemy (1931 film), 55
public housing: and federal requirement not to disrupt racial composition of neighborhoods, 112; integration as Housing Authority policy for, 126–127, 132, 149; Kennelly and segregation of, 126; mismanagement and maintenance problems of, 309–310; mixed-income housing developments taking the place of, 234–236, 309, 310–312; temporary housing and riot against (1946), 114; white mob rule and segregation of, 124–127, 125
—R. J. DALEY AND: barriers created to isolate from downtown, 151; evasive rhetoric and, 135; federal funding as essential to, 138, 139, 140; high-rise architecture of, 137, 138–139; map of, 152; as patronage source, 138–140. See also urban renewal
public interest: Carter Harrison II and, 15; neoliberal realignment of, with downtown agenda, 148, 238–239; Plan of Chicago (1909) and expansive notions of, 34, 36; redefined to favor private interests, 144, 148; TIF program subsidies and disconnect from, 284
public participation, Plan of Chicago (1909) and, 34–36
public unaccountability, 325–327, 330
Pucinski, Roman, 247
Puerto Rican Agenda (activist group), 301
Puerto Rican community: African American identification and, 174; alterity, strategies of, 175; barrio along Division Street, 174, 300; black-Latino dissimilarity index (segregation), 313–314; as buffer between white and black, 174; Division Street barrio riot (1966), 219, 250, 296–297, 303; housing discrimination and, 174; independence movement for Puerto Rico and, 253–254, 372n98; lack of racial antagonism in Puerto Rico, 165; and Logan Square neighborhood, 302; map of ethnic Chicago (2000), 316; Mexican community and, 176, 254, 314; migration to Chicago, 173–174, 358n16; mural movement and, 219, 220, 362n18; police violence against, 296–297; the politics of identity and,
253–254; racialization of and discrimination against, and consolidation into neighborhoods by, 173–175; urban renewal and displacement of, 174, 228; violence and arson against, 175; and Harold Washington, 249–250, 251–252, 253–254. See also Latino community; Young Lords (gang)
Puerto Rican Cultural Center, 300, 302, 371n91
Pullman, George, 28, 31–32, 80
Pullman Company, 21, 79–80, 83, 97
Pullman neighborhood, 21
Pullman porter job, 63, 79; union of (BSCP), 79–85, 87–88
Pullman Porters’ Benefit Association of America, 80
Pullman Strike (1894), 18, 28
Quinn Chapel, 80
Raby, Albert, 184, 188, 189–190, 244
race-baiting: by antiunion employers, 26, 29; by R.M. Daley, 292; and housing segregation, 47–48; by the press, 26. See also racism
race politics. See politics of identity
race riots: East Saint Louis, IL (1917), 37; of 1919, 27, 36–38, 37, 40, 43, 45, 79; Peoria Street riot (1949), 123–124, 127; as spectacle, 226; temporary housing for African Americans (1946), 114; Trumbull Park Homes (1954), 132, 156; during World War II, 101, 102–103, 107–108; Zoot Suit Riots (1943 Los Angeles), 101, 102
racial order: binary racial order, development of, 45–46, 47, 58, 173; ethnoracial hierarchy, 26–27, 40, 43, 44–45, 55, 114, 173; southern and eastern Europeans as third tier within, 45. See also politics of identity; racism; segregated racial order; structural inequalities; whiteness and white identity
racism: culture-of-poverty rhetoric and, 274–275; and election of 1927, 47–48, 51; and fear of class position being undermined, 109–110; general desire to minimize appearance of, 243; laissez-faire, 236; police terror and ideology of, 218; and rumors of robberies and rapes, 110–111; as tool of the ruling class for exploitation of workers, 110; and Harold Washington election, 242–243, 246–248, 364n54. See also culturalization of politics; police (CPD)—violence against African Americans; race-baiting; race riots; racial order; structural inequalities; white backlash
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