radio, 116, 118
Ragen, Frank, 38
Ragen’s Colts (Irish athletic club), 38, 42, 44
railroad, national, and Chicago as “gateway,” 22
Rainbow Beach, 169
rainbow coalitions. See under multiethnic coalitions
Rainey, Ma, 66, 89, 90
Rakove, Milton, 138, 139, 246
Randolph, A. Philip, 79–82, 83, 88, 104
Rangel, Juan, 330–331
Rangerettes (gang), 187
rape, rumors of interracial, 110–111
rap music, 255, 276
Rauner, Bruce, 325
Razaf, Andy, 92
RCA Victor, 119, 166
reactionary populism. See white backlash
Reagan, Ronald, and administration: antiwelfare crusade of, 242–243, 250, 263, 273; criminalization of youth, 218, 276; law-and-order focus of, 196, 274, 276; neoliberalism and, 8, 264; rap critiques of, 276; shift of federal funds from social spending to law enforcement, 274; War on Drugs, 218
real estate market: black ownership touted, 85–86; blockbusting tactics, 76, 87, 110, 160; rising values of, as increasing city revenue, 150; World War II and decline of values, 140. See also gentrification; homeowners and homeownership; renters and rent increases; service industries (global city)
Rebels (Polish youth gang), 167
Rebel Without a Cause (1955), 166, 167
Reconstruction Finance Corporation, 53
red-baiting tactics, BSCP union and, 83
Redmond, James, 221–222
Reed, Adolph Jr., 258, 311
Reed, Christopher Robert, 62
Reid, Murdoch & Company, 30
Related Midwest, 323
religious community: opposition to civil rights struggle, 189. See also black church; Catholic Church
Rendell, Edward, 264
renters and rent increases: gentrification and, 299–300; “kitchenette” apartments, 73, 73, 76, 84–85, 87; mixed-income housing developments and, 311–312; urban renewal and, 144; urban renewal and displacement of, 146–147, 309, 310
Republican Party (Illinois): Bernard Epton campaign against Washington, 241, 245–246, 247, 248–249; hostility to state funds used to subsidize public housing, 144; machine politics of, 76–78
Republican Party (national): antiwelfare crusade of, 242–243, 250, 263, 272, 273–274; law enforcement vs. social services and, 274; postwar strategy of, 101; “southern strategy” of, 210, 361n6. See also culturalization of politics; Reagan, Ronald, and administration
Republic Steel mill, 56, 94
resistance to racial oppression. See black resistance to racial oppression
respectability, as Afrian American community concern, 66, 90–91, 91
restaurants, hipster aesthetic and, 302–303, 304–305
Restoration Act (1947), 143
restrictive covenants, 46, 51, 78, 131
retail: department stores, 22; mail-order, 22; national economy of 1970s and loss of, 223; salaries of jobs in, 287. See also service economy
Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM), 182–183, 197
Reyes, Victor, 280
Rhumboogie (club), 118
rhythm and blues, 118, 119
Ribicoff, Abraham, 208
Richard J. Daley Center (Chicago Civic Center), 232
Ricoeur, Paul, 221
Riis, Jacob, How the Other Half Lives, 19
riots: antieviction (August 1931), 76, 78, 79; police brutality protests and (1965), 185; as spectacle, 226. See also arson and bombings; race riots
Rittenberg, Ivan, 245
Rivera, Diego, 219
Riverview Amusement Park, 49
Robert Brooks Homes (public housing), 154. See also ABLA (public housing)
Roberto Clemente High School, 372n98
Robert Taylor Homes (public housing), 139, 142–143, 151, 277, 310
Robinson, Chester, 200
Rockefeller Foundation, 196
Rock Island and Pacific Railroad, 105
Rockwell, George Lincoln, 203
Rodgers, Daniel T., 16
Rodriguez, Matt, 252, 261
Roediger, David, 27
Rogers Park neighborhood, 214, 317
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 53, 57, 83, 104, 113, 131. See also Great Depression; New Deal
Roosevelt, Theodore, 29–30
Roosevelt Square (housing development), 311
Root, John Wellborn, 18, 21–22
Rose, Don, 243–244
Rose, George “Watusi,” 198–199
Rosenwald, Julius, 50
Rosie the Riveter, 98, 99
Rowe, John W., 271
Royko, Mike, 41, 135, 141, 209, 216
Rubloff, Arthur, 227–228
Rubloff Company, 227–228
Rush, Bobby, 7, 214, 256, 266, 273, 277, 334; mayoral primary run (1999), 266; on “two Chicagos,” 266
Rush, Otis, 119
Rush Street strip, 231
Russian-born immigrants, 345n13
Rustin, Bayard, 180, 188
Ryan, George, 279
Ryerson, Joseph, 49
St. Charles reformatory, 185
St. Cyril’s Church, 162
St. Hyacinth Church, 318
St. Jarlath’s Church, 165
St. Louis, MO, 266–267
St. Pascal’s Catholic Church, 248
St. Patrick’s Day parade, 241
Saints (gang), 267–268
St. Stanislaus Kostka parish, 317
sales tax: increases in, 141; tourism revenues, 286
same-sex relations, 90
Sampson, Robert, Great American City, 4, 5
Sam’s Place, 56
Sandburg, Carl, “Chicago,” 2, 20, 294
Sanders, Bernie, 359n29
San Francisco, 204, 270, 307, 320
Sanitary and Ship Canal, 23
sanitation, 16, 17, 19, 23, 55; street cleaning, 137
Santiago, Miguel, 252, 256
Sargent, Fred, 54
Sassen, Saskia, 225
Satter, Beryl, 360n56, 361n71
Savoy Ballroom, 65, 107
Savoy dancehall (NYC), 106
Sawyer, Eugene, 256–257, 366n1
Scala, Florence, 12, 156
scandals and corruption: Jesse Binga embezzlement, 60; Rod Blagojevich, 291; R.M. Daley, 7; R.J. Daley, 136, 237–238; R.M. Daley, 278–281, 284; Oscar DePriest, 77; Rahm Emanuel, 330, 331; “Gray Wolves” of city council and, 34; Edward J. Kelly, 56, 113; police shakedowns of taverns, 238; Edward Vrdolyak, 242; Harold Washington, 249
Scandinavian community, 114
Scarface (1932 film), 54–55
school desegregation, Supreme Court order for, 119, 132, 133
schools (Chicago Public Schools, CPS): budget deficit of, 323; Anton Cermak and cuts to, 54; closures of, replaced with charter schools, 271, 326–328, 330, 333; college enrollments, 269; college-prep magnet schools, 270, 289; colorblindness ideals of superintendent Benjamin Willis, 178, 179; R.M. Daley corporate-style reform of, 50, 269–273, 286–287, 289, 305, 328; William Dever and business rationale for, 50, 54; Rahm Emanuel austerity program for, 325, 326–328, 330–331, 333; “Freedom Schools,” 181; gang youth dropouts, 187; graduation rates, 269, 367n23; homicide rate in, 268–269; Edward J. Kelly and cuts to, 56; libraries in, closures of, 327; military high schools and programs, 272, 368n32; neoliberal logic of reforms, 271–272, 289; overcrowded black schools, 178–179; Plan of Chicago (1909) assigned to students, 32; protests and boycotts, 179–180, 181–182, 184, 187, 221–222, 250, 271–272, 297, 359n29; segregated, unequal conditions of, 163, 179; segregation lawsuit settlement (1963), 180–181; standardized tests and, 269, 272–273, 326; student transfers to alleviate overcrowding, 178, 180–181; suspensions and expulsions, disparities in, 270–271; vocational schools, 286–287; white reaction to integration of, 181; working-class students of color not benefiting from reforms in, 270, 299; World War II and salvaging drive by, 96. See also Board of Education;
charter schools; Chicago Teachers Union (CTU)
SCLC. See Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Scott, Joan, 6
Scott, John W., 30
SDS (Students for a Democratic Society), 204, 205, 216
Sears, Roebuck and Co., 13, 22, 233–234, 262
Sears Tower, 9, 223, 234, 262, 362n25
Second Chicago School of architecture, 6
Section 8 voucher program, 310, 372n110
segregated racial order: R.J. Daley’s urban renewal and preservation of, 149–151; dissimilarity index, 78, 313–314, 350n37; and lakefront beaches, 36, 169; language of RJD obscuring intentions, 150; middle-class white communities as barrier perpetuating, 149–150, 154, 234–235, 301; as “most segregated city,” 6; Real Estate Board campaign for, 46; swimming pools, 111, 113, 191–192; Big Bill Thompson and acceleration of, 78. See also housing segregation; race-baiting; racial order; racism; schools (Chicago Public Schools, CPS); structural inequalities
Self, Robert, 180, 199
Sennett, Richard, 321
Seoul Drive “Korea Town,” 315, 317, 318, 319, 373n126
service economy: and early 1960s, 172; salaries in, 287; and tourism replacing industry, 286–287; unemployment ameliorated by, 287
Service Employees International Union (SEIU), 292, 329
service industries (global city): commodities exchanges and futures market, 13, 239–241, 328, 329–330, 336, 364n48; financial transaction tax (FTT) proposed for, 328, 336; FIRE (finance, insurance, and real estate) activities, 225–226, 237, 239–241; globalization and, 225; lack of working-class jobs or benefits in, 237, 240–241, 331; and pinstripe patronage of RMD, 281. See also global cities/global-city agenda
settlement house movement, 16, 18–19, 44, 45
708 (club), 118, 119
Seward Park, 24, 308, 372n104
Sharkey, Jesse, 328
Shedd Aquarium, 285
Shedd, John G., 26, 28, 30
Sheil, Bernard, 158
Shielders (gang), 40
Shiloh Baptist Church, 192
Sidley & Austin, 281
“silent majority,” 123, 133, 210
Silverstein, Debra, 319
Silvio’s (club), 118
Simpson, Dick, 281, 332
Simpson, Rose, 182
Sinatra, Frank, “My Kind of Town (Chicago Is),” 229
Sinclair, Upton, The Jungle, 17, 42–43
Skerrett, Ellen, and Dominic Pacyga, Chicago: City of Neighborhoods, 294
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, 224, 225–226, 234
Skokie, IL, 315
skyscrapers: overview, 9, 13; artworks outside of, 232, 363n38; Chicago School of architecture, 21–22; Chicago Spire, excavation for, 323; early 20th century design and construction of, 21–22; and nickname “City of Big Shoulders,” 22; second wave of construction in 1960s and 1970s, 223–224, 224, 232, 233–234, 262, 362–363nn25–26
Skyway Concession Company, 291
Slovak community: in Back of the Yards, 158; ethnoracial hierarchy and, 45, 114; in heterogeneous neighborhoods, 24; and 1919 race riot, 45; and whiteness/white identity, 114
Smith, Al, 52
Smith, Bessie, 66, 90; “Nobody Loves You When You’re Down and Out,” 90, 92; “Poor Man’s Blues,” 89
Smith, Mamie, “Lost Opportunity Blues,” 89
Smith, Neil, 263, 298
SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee), 169–170, 195, 197
Socialist Party, 81
sociology, Chicago School of, 3, 19, 69, 113, 153, 211, 274, 294, 343n4
SodexoMAGIC, 330
Soldier Field, 53, 190, 191, 192, 285
Solis, Danny, 300, 301, 330–331, 371n94
Soliz, Juan, 256
Soros, George, Open Society Foundation, 335
soul food, 115–116
Soul Stirrers, 116
Soul Train, 248, 365n65
South Asian Indian community, 315, 373n121
South Chicago Mexican Independence Day parade, 296
South Deering, 132–133
southern and eastern European immigrants: ethnoracial hierarchy and, 26–27, 40, 43, 44–45, 55, 114, 173; growing population of, 23; homicide rate blamed on, 29; lack of defending or cooperating with African Americans, 45; reluctance to participate in 1919 race riot, 40, 45; World War II and, 95. See also whiteness and white identity; specific communities
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 169, 188. See also Chicago Freedom Movement
South Lawndale neighborhood, 290, 313, 371n88
South Loop neighborhood, First Regiment Armory, 18
South Side: “kitchenette” apartments, 73, 73, 76, 84–85, 87; map of (ca. 1919), 39; Mexican community and, 176; and Million Man March, context producing, 275–276; Polish community and, 176; school closures, 271; TIF funds and, 331. See also Black Belt
South Side Planning Board, 145–146, 147
Southside Together Organizing for Power (STOP), 335
Southwest Side, 181, 317, 331
South Works, 21
Sowell, Thomas, 274, 275
Spanish Cobras, 302
spectacle, 203–204, 226–227
Sphinx Real Estate Improvement Corporation, 86
Spielberg, Steven, 325
“sporting culture,” 17
sports: as distraction from structural inequalities, 289–290; segregation and, 46; TIF funds for DePaul arena, 331–332
Sprague, A.A., 49–50
Squires, Bob, 162, 164
Stamps, Marion Nzinga, 251
Standard Oil Building, 223, 233, 362n25
Standard Oil corporation, 13
Stand Up! Chicago, 329
Stanford, Max, 182–183
Starbucks, 308
Stateway Gardens, 139, 139
Steele, Shelby, 274, 275
Steelworkers Organizing Committee (SWOC), 56, 94
steel works: African Americans in neighborhoods near, 24; decline of, 224; early 20th century, 21; ethnoracial hierarchy in, 27; Puerto Ricans recruited as labor in, 358n16
Steffens, Lincoln, 15–16
Stevenson, Adlai, and Cicero riot (1951), 128
Stewart-Winter, Timothy, 296, 365n76
stockyards, 20; Bungalow Belt and escape from, 47; and futures market, 240–241; post-WWI recession and, 41; shutdown of, 224; size of, 20–21. See also packinghouses
Stone, Bernard, 319
storefront churches, 63–64, 115, 222
Stratton, William, 141
streetcars, 15
streets/highways/expressways: bringing suburban residents downtown, 143, 233; built as barrier shutting out the ghetto, 150–151, 152; built to bypass the ghetto, 102; to O’Hare Airport, 231–232; street cleaning, 137; widening of, under Chicago Plan Commission, 35
Stritch, Samuel, 159
Stroger, John, 256–257
Stroll, the (black entertainment district): overview, 65; black-and-tan cabarets, 65–66; map of, 68; middle-class black civic leaders as disapproving of, 65–67, 69, 72; music and, 65–66, 89; nighttime vs. daytime, 69–70; policy wheels (illicit lotteries), 70–74, 75, 105, 130. See also Black Metropolis; music
structural inequalities: antiwelfare crusade rhetoric ignoring, 273–274; and black gang dropouts, 187; black submachine as not addressing, 77–78; Chicago School of sociology as identifying, 3, 113; credit card debt as masking, 289; Daley’s gang offensive as distraction from, 186–187; federal crime bill, 274; “hoop dreams” as distraction from, 289–290; insurance “game” as distraction from, 75; laissez-faire racism as reinforcing, 236; liberals as tending toward understanding of, 123–124; policy wheels (illicit lotteries) as distraction from, 75; the politics of identity as distraction from, 298; public unaccountability as reinforcing, 235–236, 330. See also culturalization of politics; income inequality
structure of feeling: black resistance to racial oppression as, 109; definition of, 109; white backlash and, 210
student movement: antiwar or
ganizing, 204, 205, 207; context of, 203–204; hippie scene mainstreamed in Chicago, 205; school protests and boycotts, 179–180, 181–182, 184, 187, 221–222, 250, 271–272, 297, 359n29; search for new methods, 204. See also Democratic National Convention protests (1968)
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 169–170, 195, 197
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), 204, 205, 216
Students for Health Equity (SHE), 335
subprime mortgage crisis, 290
suburbanization: corporate headquarters and, 232–234; Detroit and, 122; economically depressed black suburbs, 310; high-tech corridors and, 233; and homeownership, federal subsidies for, 127, 140, 222–223; Polish community and, 318; South Asian Indian community and, 315; as threat to patronage system, 140–141
Sullivan, Frank, 288
Sullivan, Louis, 21–22
Sun Belt, federal funding and development of, 4
Sunset Café, 67
“Super Bowl Shuffle” (Chicago Bears), 255
Supreme Court, U.S.: Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, 119, 132, 133; Shakman decision, 237, 281; Shelley v. Kraemer, 131
Swearingen, John, 233
“Swede Town,” 24
Swedish community, 24
Swibel, Charles, 228
Swift, 20
swimming pools, public, 111, 113, 191–192
syndicates. See organized crime
Syrian immigrants, 317
Taft-Hartley Act (1947), 161
Take Back Chicago marches, 329
Target, 292
taxes: Rahm Emanuel and increases in, 332; populist backlash against paying, 238; proposed financial transaction tax, 328, 336. See also property taxes; sales tax
tax increment financing program. See TIF funds (tax increment financing)
taxis, 130
Taylor, Elizabeth, 151
Taylor, Koko, 119
Taylor, Robert, 104
Taylorism, 25, 42–43
Teamsters union, 25–26, 28, 293
telecommunication technologies, 225, 239
Temporary Woodlawn Organization (TWO)/The Woodlawn Organization, 162–164, 179, 180, 196–200
Tenants’ Rights Action Group, 198
tenement conditions (early 20th century), 18–19, 21
Terkel, Studs, Division Street America, 205
terrorism, and Puerto Rico independence movement, 372n98
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