The Fall of Toulon
Page 38
Praslin, duc de, ref1
Prévost-Lacroix, ref1
Princess Royal, ref1, ref2
Provence, Lewis Stanislaus Xavier, comte de, ref1, ref2
Prussia, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8
Puerto, comte de, ref1
Puissant, ref1
Puissant, ref1, ref2
Quiberon, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Quiberon, Battle of (1759), ref1
Redoute Saint-André, ref1
Reeves, Captain, ref1
représentants en mission, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5; control over officers, ref6; at Toulon, ref7, ref8; spy on Toulon, ref9; appeal for food for besiegers, ref10, ref11; and the firing of Buonaparte’s mortars, ref12; propose postponing the final assault, ref13; see also Fréron
Republican Society, ref1, ref2
Revel, ref1
Ricord, ref1
Robespierre, Augustin, ref1, ref2
Robespierre, Maximilien, ref1, ref2
Robust, ref1, ref2
Rochambeau, comte de, ref1, ref2, ref3
Rochefort, ref1
Rockingham, Lord, ref1, ref2
Rodney, Sir George, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Roman Catholic Church, ref1, ref2, ref3
Roussillon, ref1
Roux, Jacques, ref1
Royal Navy: Seven Years’ War, ref1; clashes off America, ref2, ref3; duty in the West Indies, ref4, ref5; French invasion attempt, ref6; in Indian Ocean, ref7, ref8; armament and its use, ref9, ref10, ref11; French fleet compared with, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15; administration, ref16; state of, ref17; officers, ref18, ref19; battle order, ref20, ref21, ref22; signalling, ref23, ref24; personnel, ref25; impressment, ref26; seamen, ref27; prize money, ref28, ref29, ref30; discipline, ref31; ships, ref32; rating of ships, ref33; ship materials, ref34; manpower, ref35; onset of war with France, ref36; trade protection role, ref37, ref38; Minorca of strategic importance to, ref39; strength at start of war, ref40, ref41; Mediterranean bases, ref42; Hood takes over Mediterranean command, ref43, ref44, ref45, ref46; Mediterranean presence, ref47; blockade of Toulon declared, ref48; adverse weather at start of blockade, ref49; transfers troops to shore at Toulon, ref50; lack of troops at Toulon, ref51; Buonaparte engages, ref52; design of ships, ref53; see also individual officers e.g. Hood
Russia, ref1, ref2
Sablettes, ref1
Saint-André, Jeanbon, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Saint-Antoine, ref1, ref2, ref3
Sainte-Barbe, ref1
Sainte-Catherine, ref1, ref2
Sainte-Elme, ref1
St George, ref1, ref2
St Helens, Lord, ref1
Saint-Julien de Chambon: Revolutionary sympathies, ref1, ref2; and the attempt to seek protection from Hood, ref3, ref4, ref5; takes control, ref6; stands against the submission of Toulon to Hood, ref7
Saint-Juste, Louis-Antoine, ref1
Saint-Louis, ref1
Saint-Mandrier, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8
Sainte Marguerite, ref1
Saint-Roch, ref1
St Vincent, ref1
Saintes, Battle of (1782), ref1, ref2
Saliceti, Christophe, ref1, ref2, ref3
San Domingo, ref1, ref2
Sanary, ref1
Sané, Jacques-Noël, ref1, ref2
Santo Domingo, ref1
Sardinia: Truguet’s expedition to, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; troops from, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10
Sardou, l’Ingénieur, ref1
Sartine, ref1, ref2, ref3
Savoy, ref1, ref2
Scheldt, River, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Sémillante, ref1
Sercey, Pierre, ref1
Serecold, Walter, ref1
Seven Years’ War (1756–63), ref1, ref2, ref3
Sheerness, ref1
Shelburne, Lord, ref1
Smith, Sir Sidney, ref1
Societé des Jacobins see Jacobins
Spain: Russian alliance with, ref1; France declares war on, ref2; French alliance with, ref3, ref4, ref5; captures Minorca, ref6, ref7; Nootka Sound, ref8, ref9; Minorca, ref10; as allies to the British, ref11; as a threat to France, ref12; problems in relations with, ref13; fate of the captured Toulon fleet, ref14; takes in refugees from Toulon, ref15; peace treaty with France, ref16
Spanish navy: alliance with the French, ref1; attempts to invade Britain, ref2; clashes with Royal Navy, ref3; quality of warships, ref4; threat to Toulon, ref5; at onset of war, ref6, ref7; Hood’s request for help, ref8; arrives off Toulon, ref9; sails home, ref10
Spanish troops: against Carteaux, ref1; in Toulon, ref2, ref3, ref4; relations with British, ref5; control of, ref6; sympathy with republicans, ref7; attack on the batteries, ref8; collaboration with revolutionaries, ref9
Spezia, ref1
Spithead, ref1
Suffren, Commodore, ref1, ref2
Sugny, ref1
Sweden, ref1, ref2
Switzerland, ref1
Tartu, ref1
Thaon de Revel, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Third Estate, ref1, ref2, ref3
Thiveno, ref1
Thouar, ref1, ref2
Tilly, ref1
Tisiphone, ref1
Tobago, ref1
Toulon: arsenal at, ref1, ref2; rising disobedience, ref3; continuing unrest, ref4, ref5, ref6; Jacobin influence, ref7, ref8; threats to, ref9; squadron reinforced, ref10; Melville plans to capture, ref11; relations with Paris, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15; terror in, ref16; Jacobins and, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20; and the coming of war, ref21; control of, ref22; and control of the navy, ref23; blockade of coastal trade, ref24, ref25, ref26; layout, ref27; la grande trahison, ref28; seeks protection from Hood, ref29; negotiations with Hood, ref30; fleet to be disarmed, ref31; split over co-operating with Hood, ref32; British troops come ashore, ref33; fleet prepare to surrender, ref34; Revolutionary armies advance on, ref35; first skirmishes with Carteaux, ref36, ref37; defences, ref38, ref39; siege, ref40; war of words, ref41; British need for more troops, ref42, ref43, ref44; design of the arsenal, ref45; action against batteries, ref46, ref47, ref48; mills halted, ref49; troops in, ref50; food supplies, ref51, ref52; command of troops in, ref53; disposition of troops in, ref54; strength of besiegers, ref55, ref56; and the revival of the monarchy, ref57; siege deepens, ref58; number of troops in, ref59; Dugommier’s final assault, ref60; loss of Fort Mulgrave, ref61; number of troops facing, ref62; troops lost at, ref63; evacuation, ref64, ref65; fleet and arsenal destroyed, ref66; aftermath of the siege, ref67; vengeance on, ref68; restores the fleet and arsenal, ref69; Second World War, ref70
Toulouse, ref1
Tour de l’Ubac, ref1
Tréhouart, Bernard-Thomas, ref1
Trevor, John, ref1, ref2
Triple Alliance, ref1
Trogoff de Kerlessy, comte de: replaces Truguet at Toulon, ref1, ref2; and the political situation, ref3, ref4; and Saint-Julien, ref5, ref6; reasserts his authority, ref7; republicans’ view of, ref8; takes over Commerce de Marseille, ref9; announces more troops arriving, ref10; evacuates, ref11; sails from Toulon, ref12; death, ref13
Truguet, Laurent, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Tunis, ref1
Tupper, Lieutenant, ref1
Turin, ref1, ref2, ref3
Turkey, ref1, ref2
Tuscany, ref1
Uissant, ref1
United Kingdom see Britain
United Provinces, ref1, ref2
United States of America: Revolution, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6; British skirmishes off, ref7, ref8; independence, ref9, ref10; citizens impressed into British navy, ref11
Ushant, Battle of (1781), ref1
Valdés, ref1
Valmy, Battle of (1792), ref1, ref2
Var, ref1, ref2
Vendée, ref1, ref2, ref3
Venus, ref1
Verdun, ref1
Vergennes, comte de, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Versa
illes, ref1, ref2
Villaret-Joyeuse, ref1
Villefranche, ref1
Vulcan fireship, ref1, ref2, ref3
War of the First Coalition, ref1
Washington, George, ref1, ref2, ref3
Wemyss, Captain, ref1, ref2
West Indies, British and French involvement in, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13
Williams, John, ref1
Windsor Castle, ref1
York, Duke of, ref1, ref2
Plate Section
Henry Phipps, 1st Earl of Mulgrave (1755–1831)
Vice Admiral the 1st Viscount Hood (1724–1816)
Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville (1742–1811)
Captain the Hon. G. K. Elphinstone, 1st Viscount Keith (1746–1823)
Contemporary French map showing the Coalition’s positions about Toulon. Note the dominating location of the western promontory and the shallow nature of the western end of the Petite Rade.
Of almost photographic accuracy, this French impression may be compared directly with the map opposite. Salient points are keyed.
Toulon. Old Basin. Note, left to right, a local craft setting up a lateen rig, a single-decker approaching launch (bows first), a frigate careened and being off, ships ‘in ordinary’ and a masting hulk.
British ships anchored off the Gros Tour. The Inner Road, or Petite Rade, is to the right, the Outer Road, or Grande Rade, to the left. Clearly shown are the fots of Balaguier and I’Aiguillette. Although they dominate the anchorage they, themselves, are dominated by the heights beyond.
Toulon. New Basin. Somewhat removed from the Arsenal proper, the New Basin lacks the bustle of its neighbour. The pure white ensigns of the frigates date the picture to before the Revolution.
A view of the eastern promontory showing the Gros Tour and, in the distance, the Cap Brun battery, capable of denying a large area of the Grande Rade. Many of the ships must be either Spanish or mercantile.
Nicholas Pocock’s 1807 painting of Nelson’s five flagships. The Victory, which wore Hood’s flag at Toulon, is depicted in the right foreground. From the left, the others are the Agamemnon 64 (Nelson’s command at Toulon), Captain 74, Vanguard 74 and Elephant 74.
Built in 1788, the Commerce de Marseille 118 was the largest prize to be taken by the British from Toulon. Although Sané-designed, she proved to be weakly built and was hulked after three years’ further service.
The young Napoleon at the siege of Toulon. This impression by Louis-Charles Bombled has the smack of authenticity although, compared with on-the-spot sketches by Granet, the battery works look very permanent.
Final evacuation of the Coalition’s military forces from Toulon. Relays of ships’ boats are transporting troops to Allied warships anchored offshore. The fortification is probably that of Fort Saint Louis.
Published four months after the evacuation from an on-the-spot original by Archibald Robertson, this aquatint depicts the blowing-up of a magazine ship. Visible in the distance is the blazing Arsental and Sir Sidney Smith’s Swallow Tender.
The night of 18/19 December 1793. An anonymous pen-and-ink sketch. The annotations read: 1) Windsor Castle barge, 2) Victory’s boat, 3) Spanish barge, 4) Swallow armed tender, 5) Hero [sic] 74, 6) Themistocle, 7) Powder frigate, 8) Frigate that had been exchang’d by the Sardinians for the Alceste, 9) Old Corvette, 10) Arsenal with 8 sail of the line etc on fire afloat as well as several parts on shore, 11) Old Arsental, 12) Town of Toulon, 13) Part of the Heights of Pharon [sic], 14) Malbosquet [sic] throwing shells, 15) Grand Tour abandoned, 16) Fort Balaguier firing, 17) Fort Equilette [sic] firing, 18) Neapolitan fortified hill, 19) Spanish fortified hill, 20) Fort Mulgrave on les Hauteur des Grasses.
Copyright
A CASSELL MILITARY EBOOK
First published in Great Britain in 2005 by Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
First published in ebook in 2014 by Cassell Military.
Copyright © 2005 Bernard Ireland
The moral right of Bernard Ireland to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission in writing of the publisher, nor be otherwise circulated in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published without a similar condition, including this condition, being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.
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ISBN: 978 1 7802 2751 1
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