The Last Armada
Page 37
His fear of Irish ‘witches’: CalCarew pp 242-243
Council decision, CB’s belief: CSPI p153
Ho’N still home on Nov 7: He left around Nov 9, see CSPI p168; this broadly confirmed by a4m
Joined by St Lawrence: pac O’G v2 p10
St Lawrence biog: Entry in Dict. Nat. Biog. Lord Grey story from Camden; rec O’Faolain p219
4,500 and 500, outnumbering Ho’N: OSB, who says Ho’N had 2,600 and 400 then.
Fear of retreat cut off: CalCarew p163
Feared he’d meet 6,000: CSPI p158
‘In good faith…’ and ‘steal by you’: CalCarew p161
In one letter… covet’: CalCarew pp 163-164
Long, weary, Ardmayle: pac O’G v2 p10
When he had… reclaim it later: O’Cleary p299
3,000 troops: OSB
Oct 22: O’Cleary pp 301-303, adjusted from NS
Tyrrell’s deal: rec, Morgan, BoK, p166; rec, García Hernán p17
‘Many a river…’, ‘past quaking…’: from De Vere, Aubrey (1814-1902) The March to Kinsale
It’s hard… colourfully: O’Cleary pp303-305
Ho’D camp details: pac O’G v2 pp 10-11
Quagmire, frost, night march, jettisoned bags: pac O’G v2 pp 11-12; CalCarew p165; Mor Itin v3 p48; O’Cleary p305
‘He marched…’: O’Cleary p305
At Croom, 70 km: pac O’G v2 p12. March was 60-70 km depending on route.
Carew was stunned… it is true: pac O’G v2 p12; CalCarew p165
Ho’D headed SW: pac O’G v2 p12; O’Cleary pp 305-307
Met de Burgh: pac O’G v2 p13
Clanrickard warcry: CSPI p683
Hubbub origin: The Oxford Dictionary
50 + 150 men: CSPI p72, p201
For de Burgh family and Richard generally, see Lodge, John (1692-1774) The Peerage of Ireland Dublin: Moore, pp 117-134
De Burgh biog, education, defiant in religion: rec. Lennon, Colm, entry for Burke, Richard, in Ox Dict Nat Biog; Lodge, John, op. cit., pp 131-134; Cokayne, George E (1887-98) The Complete Peerage London: Bell, Pollard pp230-231
Resembled Essex: pac O’G v2 p294, footnote
Frances his lover: rec, Morrill, John, entry for Robert Devereux in Ox Dict Nat Biog; rec, The English Journal (1953) p523
De Burgh poem: Of The Last Queen, cited in (rec) Carpenter, Andrew (2003) Verse in English from Tudor and Stuart Ireland Cork: University Press
Most ancient: ‘Clanricarde’ in Debrett’s Peerage
With Normans, became Irish: Cokayne, op. cit.
In 1576… inhabitants: Camden, William The History of Elizabeth Book II p218; Hume, David (1854) The History of England v4 London: Bell p304
‘From bush… hill’: Carew Manuscripts Lambeth, vol II, document 621
‘Served the Queen… faithfully’: Lodge, op. cit., p132
Resented rise: rec, Dictionary of Irish National Biography vol 2; also see letter from John Chamberlain to Dudley Carleton after his marriage
Innocency, unfainedly loved: CSPI p286
Queen’s orders: pac O’G v2 pp 293-295
JdA escape at Empel: Verstraete pp 291-295; Famien Strada pp 136-143; today’s parades, Spanish Ministry of Defence website, accessed December 9 2011
Chapter 21: A Direct Hit on Don Juan
JdA’s council: CSPI p199
Report to Rome: By Nuncio Fr Mansoni, March 9 1602. It can be read in (rec) Jones, Indictment p219. (Mansoni’s figure of 16 at C. Park is sic., although true figure was 34.)
Archer’s outburst: Archer to Whyte, Jan 12 1602; rec, Jones Indictment p217.
CB’s ringfort, frost etc: Mor Itin v3 p44; demi-cannon, deserters, aim, CSPI p199
Direct hit, Patrick Strange quotes: CSPI p199; CalCarew p187; Spanish sentry, Mor Itin v3 p44
Parma lunch: O’Connell, Robert L (1989) Of Arms and Men Oxford: University Press pp 118-119
Carlos’s Irish company: CSPI p160 and footnote
Grace ‘journal’; women, children: Mor Itin v3 pp 44-46
Market deaths: Mor Itin v3 p46; CalCarew p187
Hill camp, St Lawrence: Mor Itin v3 pp 47-49
Carew volunteers: CSPI p191
The English weren’t… silenced: Mor Itin v3 pp46-49
Strange’s ‘celebration’: CSPI p199
CB ‘fortunate’: CSPI p191
‘It may please God…’: CalCarew p167
CB offer, Nov 28, JdA reply: CalCarew p188
‘I had hoped…’: CSPI p203
JdA’s attitude: My assessment, based on his reply and his later defiant quotes in CalCarew p195
Final two sentences: See notes to next chapter
Chapter 22: Hell at Spaniards’ Point
Generally: The full story of JdA in Brittany, Blavet, and El Leon can be found in Davila, H.C. pp 656-658; Moreau chapters 25-28 and (especially) chs 30-31; Duro p73 and pp87-92; Wraxall p139 and pp 143-144; also among the correspondence in CSPV
English associated Kinsale with Blavet and El Leon: CSPI p131, p243
Águila had built… seagulls: See later notes. Death toll, Davila, HC, p658
‘The blood of man…’: Camden Annales p433
Eleven years… king: Hume, Martin (1906) Philip II p245; Monson v1 p252; Davila, H.C. p656; Duro, p87; Wraxall p139; Camden Annales p393
Own agenda: rec, Brigham Young University website article Letters of Philip II, King of Spain in https://lib.byu.edu accessed 14.04.2010; rec, Goodman, David (2003) Spanish Naval Power 1589-1665 Cambridge: University Press, p14
The Breton… mistrust: Wraxall p143; Hume, Philip II, p246; Monson v1, p252, p306; Mézeray, Francois (1690) Abrégé Chronologique… vol 3 Paris: Thierry etc, p350-351; Davila, H.C. p656
‘This new…’: CSPI p131
But they had… Águila: rec, History of Port Louis (16th C) at http://www.port-louis.org/en/_citadel.html accessed Jan 29 2014; also, rec, Lepage, Jean-Denis (2010) Vauban and the French Military… Jefferson: McFarland pp160-161
Brochero: Duro p83; Monson v1 p323
At Hennebont: CSPV 1590, f1013 Contarini to Doge, Feb 15 1590
At Craon: Duro p84
Morlaix dialogue: A free translation based on Moreau pp197-198 (sources differ on precise words); tensions and split at Morlaix, Mézeray op. cit. pp 350-351; Wraxall p143; Monson v1, p307
Crozon, El Leon, Praxede: Davila, H.C. pp 656-657; Moreau chs 30-31; Wraxall p143; Monson v1 p307; Duro pp 87-88
Virtually impregnable: Davila, H.C. p656; Monson v1 p308
Dangerous threat: Hume Philip II p245
400 Spanish: Camden Annales p433; Monson v1 p308
14 to one: ie, 5,700 against 400, see Monson v1 p308
Like wildcats: Wraxall p143; Monson v1 pp 303-304; Davila, H.C. p657
Battle for El Leon: Davila, H.C. pp 656-658; Moreau pp 243-256; Camden Annales p433;
Back in Blavet… enemy cavalry: Davila, H.C. pp 657-658; Monson v1 p308; Moreau p248
Blocked at Plomodiern: Moreau pp 250-251; Monson v1 p308; Davila, H.C. p658
‘Being overcome…’: Davila, H.C. p658
Frobisher died: Camden Annales p433; Wraxall p143
Writers of that era… reach El Leon: Camden Annales, p433; Davila, H.C. p658; Oppenheim sourcing Monson (v1, p308), says JdA ‘had not been idle’ in the relief but was let down by a vengeful Mercoeur
‘Perchance…’: Davila, H.C. p658
However, later…helped them: Davila’s words were twisted by Matthew O’Conor (Military History… p21) who was then cited as the main authority for anti-Águila rants – that word is no exaggeration – by Edward d’Alton, John O’Donovan, John Mitchel and others
The truth… them aid; Leon levelled: Camden Annales p433; Monson v1 p308; Wraxall p144
Dialogue with 13 survivors: Moreau pp 251-252; Duro p91
Commando raid on England: See Ch 32
Conditions at Blavet, mutiny, ‘want of pay’: CSPV f591, June 1597, Nani to Spain, June 29; also rec, Lopez, Ignacio (20
12) The Spanish Tercios 1536-1704 Oxford: Osprey
Wave of desertions, ‘one historian’: ie, (rec) Parker, Geoffrey (2004) The Army of Flanders… Cambridge: University Press, chapter 8
Held back pay: rec, Jones, Archer (2001) The Art of War in the Western World Illinois: University of Illinois Press p200
Eventually… achievement: Wraxall p144; Hume, Philip II, p248; Preface to CSPV 1592-1603
Back in… the walls: CSPI p139
Buried in earth: CSPI p220
By nightfall… waiting for them: Mor Itin v3 pp 49-50
The battering… and repelled: Mor Itin v3 pp 50-51; pac O’G v2 pp 30-32
Spanish more confident: CalCarew p182
Zubiaur: CSPS 840 f714 Jan 29 1602
Chapter 23: ‘Let Us Settle This in Single Combat’
Zubiaur, nine ships, 800-1,000: Ocampo in CSPI p237; CSPS 840, f712, Dec 17, Memorandum of all that has occurred…; also CSPS, 840, f714, Jan 29 1602 (PdZ’s fleet originally consisted of ten ships, but one didn’t make it out of port.)
Many nations: PdZ-King, Dec 19 and Dec 17 1601; CSPI p205; Mor Itin v3 p60; rec Epistolario p77-81 and p83
Collins: Moran p215; rec, entry in www.jesuit.org
David High: Mor Itin v3 pp58-60
Poor state of ships and troops, jailbirds: Mor Itin v3 p60
‘Raising companies… own eyes’: PdZ-King Jan 15 1602; rec, Epistolario p101
Fleet separated: CSPS 840, f718, Feb 21 1602; also CSPS 840, f714, Jan 29 1602
Storm kept PdZ from Kinsale, mercy of God: Council of State to King, Jan 29, as above.
Later Spanish account: CSPS 840, f718, Feb 21 1602, statement of Council of State; also Mor Itin v3 p58-61
High’s escape: fastened hatches, CSPI p221; ‘Whatever…peacefully’, Mor Itin v3 p58-61.
Dermot O’Driscoll reaction and support: OSB; PdZ-King, Dec 19 1601; rec, Epistolario p77; also see footnote to pac O’G v2 pp40-41
‘A Catholic and… Majesty’: CSPS 840, f718, Feb 21 1602
‘Ships may come… clear and clean’: Boate, Gerard (1657) Ireland’s Natural History
Ocampo role: CSPI p237, Mor Itin v3 p60
Ocampo on troops: CSPI p237; Cal Carew p205; but CSPS 840, f718, Feb 21 1602, says 650 men
Entire section ‘Back in Kinsale’ to ‘not for a minute’: Mor Itin v3 pp56-58
‘In Castlehaven…Brochero’s orders’: CSPS 840, f712, Dec 17 1601; CSPI pp237-238; calCarew pp204-206
Many Irish chieftains, Fineen O’Driscoll: Pac v2 pp 40-41; also footnote to p41
PdZ disinformation: rec, Epistolario Appendix 4, pp123-129
Donal Cam quote: CSPS 849, f717, Feb 16 1602, in letter to Count of Caracena
‘The lords… his Majesty’: CSPS 840, f718, Feb 21 1602
‘Spanish garrisons… owners’: CSPS 840, f714, Jan 29 1602
‘Inaccessible… artillery’: CSPI 1586-1588 p192
‘But it was Baltimore… Sasanach: PdZ-King, Dec 19; rec Epistolario p79
Single combat, Blount reply: Mor Itin v3 p57
John Norreys: Nolan, John S (1997) Sir John Norreys and the Elizabethan Military World. Exeter: University of Exeter Press, p188
Leveson’s orders, departure: Pac v2 p39; CSPI p211
Boost, ‘took heart’: Mor Itin v3 p61; calCarew p182
Battle of December 2 (generally): pac O’G v2 pp33-36; Mor Itin v3 pp52-55; CSPI pp 197, 198, 219, 220
Probably largest: The Battle of Kinsale featured only around 200 Spaniards; also compare Águila’s 1595 Cornish raid and the 1719 Battle of Glen Shiel in Scotland, which each involved about 200 Spanish
Thousands engaged: Mor Itin v3 p53, pac O’G v2 p34
‘Although… the insurgents’: See pac O’G v2 p38 footnote. (Also see p36 footnote on importance of engagement.)
Time, rainy weather, 2,000 men, ‘exceeding fury’, spikes: pac O’G v2 p34
Stones to block: a4m
‘They seized…’ etc: Mor Itin v3 p53
Boyle quote: CSPI p197
Bowlton quote: CSPI p219
‘Blount’s marshal… towards the town’: pac O’G v2 p34-35
De Burgh’s 30 men, push of pike, held trench, much honour: CSPI p220
‘Next day’s… another attack’: CSPI p220; Mor Itin v3 p55; farmer p122; pac O’G v2 pp34-36
Spells, STDs: Mor Itin v3 p55
Boyle, 200 killed: CSPI pp197-198
Lost 40, 100: CSPI p219, CSPI p220
Guns back in action: Farmer p122
‘The revival…sealed off’: Mor Itin v3 pp61-62
PdZ describes land: PdZ-King, Dec 19, 1601; rec Epistolario p80; also PdZ-King Dec 24; rec Epistolario p91
Great friendship, young stags, courageous, etc: PdZ-King, Dec 20 1601; rec, Epistolario p85 and p86
‘From Lisbon…’: PdZ-King, Dec 24 1601; rec, Epistolario p91
His sailors’ behaviour: PdZ-King, Dec 19 1601; rec, Epistolario p83
‘Over dinner… onslaught’: OSB; PdZ Dec 19 letter as above; rec Epistolario p77
Chapter 24: The Battle of Castlehaven
In this chapter, all quotes from Leveson are pac O’G v2 p44
All quotes from Preston are CSPI p205
‘Sir Richard…’: Monson, William (1682) Megalopsychy. Also see Monson’s Naval Tracts v2 p124
‘Thanks to the…’: Council of State report Feb 21 1602, CSPS 840 f718
‘Sank flagship’: CSPS 840 f714, Jan 29 1602
‘In this battle’: OSB
PdZ ‘victory’: PdZ-King, Dec 19 1601; rec Epistolario pp82-84; rec, Coombes and Ware p54
‘Leveson arrived’: CalCarew p190
Guns heard in K.: CalCarew p189
‘Lady of Heaven’ quote: Gainsford
PdZ’s flagship on rocks: OSB, CalCarew p190
‘Two other…’: CalCarew p190
Maria F, Cisne: PdZ-King, Dec 19 1601; rec Epistolario p83
Landing craft, Donal Cam’s arrival: OSB
Cut cables, towed out: OSB
209 holes: Farmer. (John Lennon allusion is to the celebrated counting of 4,000 holes in the Beatles’ A Day in the Life)
‘English reports…the port’: CSPI p211
Lost eight men: Monson Megalopsychy
Spanish assessment of losses: Anywhere between 20 (according to CSPS 840 f714, Jan 29 1602) and 40 (rec Jones, The Spaniards… p31, citing Zubiaur). Amias Preston also says 40 (CSPI p205)
‘575’ claimed by some Spanish: OSB
Chapter 25: ‘Send Us Home Some Greyhounds’
Jeronimo’s letter: CalCarew p206
Silence since JdA letter Oct 21: (ie Oct 31 NS) CSPS 840 f712 Dec 17 1601
‘Don Juan…’: CSPS as above
Swift ship: CalCarew p204
Lerma letter and ‘confidence in your care’: CSPI p293
CB’s 7,000: Mor Itin v3 p40 says 6,900 at Kinsale
Ibarra letter, 220 men, and ‘heart lightened’: CSPI p294
‘The reality was…reprisal raids’: See CSPS 1601-1602 passim
Padilla letter: CSPS 840 f710, letter to Felipe, Dec 10 1601 NS
PdZ ‘like flies’ etc: PdZ letter Dec 22 1601; rec Epistolario p89
Council of State report, Fourth Wave: CSPS 840 f711 Dec 11 1601
Origin of troops: CSPS 840 f712 Memorandum… Dec 17 1601
Ibarra, levies: CSPI p294
From Flanders: CSPS 840 f713, end Dec 1601
‘By mid-Dec…in the New Year’: CSPS 840 f713, end Dec 1601
‘The most important…’: CSPI p293
‘If they have not…’ and ‘hold out’; God’s aid, constant prayer: CSPS 840 f713 end Dec
Ho’N in heartland: i.e., Tipperary. CSPI p190
Slow: My interpretation based on the dates. The 1800s historian Standish O’Grady also described it as ‘slow’ and ‘leisurely’ (The Bog of Stars p107)
Heard early Oct: That is, Oct 2, or Oct 12 NS – rec García Hernán, p30, citing Ho’N letter to JdA on that date. Morg
an (BoK, p103) says news would have reached Ho’N within a week of landing
Reached Carrickfergus: On Oct 8. CSPI pp110-112
Left Nov 9: CSPI p168, rough date confirmed by a4m
Burning and looting, Oct 7 report: CSPI p118 and p127
‘Spoiled 22 villages… swine’; 7 villages, beggars: CSPI p135
Wife and 16 women: CSPI p188, p135
‘The English wondered’: CSPI pp 107, 134, 141, 156, 235; ‘dangerous’, CSPI p134; also see Leland v2 pp371-381
‘Some believe… others state’: For a sample of the opposing viewpoints, rec CSPI Preface xviii to xx; and Hamilton ch 34 (on the one hand); and O’Faolain pp 247-249 and Jones The Spanish… pp 24-25 (on the other). The debate continues
O’Cleary, ‘waited’, p307. Also see a4m
‘In Gaelic society… adjacent territories’ etc: Captain Cuellar’s Adventures; Hull; rec Lennon p58 and pp51-55; rec Falls Elizabeth’s… p29
Poet wrote: i.e., Blind Tadhg O’Higgin, see Hull
Culture of Honour: I first encountered this term in Malcolm Gladwell’s 2008 book Outliers London: Allen Lane (ch 6) and was intrigued to see how this mainly Irish and Scots border phenomenon explained some of the mysteries about Kinsale – as we’ll see later. Sean O’Faolain anticipated the concept with what he called the ‘border raiders’ mentality (p171). For more, rec Nisbett, Richard E and Cohen, Dov (1996) Culture of Honor… Oxford: Westview Press; and Cohen, D, Nisbett R et al (1996) Insult and Aggression… in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Vol 70 No 5 945-960
Shepherd’s first quarrel: Campbell, J K (1966) Honour and the Devil in Peristiany, J. G. (ed) Honour and Shame… London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson pp 139-170
‘I am sent…’: CSPI p163
‘The Spanish mislike’: CSPI p186
Ho’N 3,000; joined Ho’D: CSPI p188; O’Cleary p309, Mor Itin v3 p62.
Farmer: p122
‘The Spaniard curseth’: Rider, J (1601), The Copy of a Letter… London: Thomas Man
Archer demanded, letters torn up: rec, Jones Indictment p218 and pp219-220
JdA letter mid-Dec: pac v2, pp45-46
JdA’s blunt letter: CSPI p238
Oviedo’s meetings, desperate straits: Bust
CB returned letters: See numerous examples in current book
CB narrow escape: pac O’G v2 p33
JdA wounded in face: CSPI p235
‘These poor people… love of God’: PdZ-King, Dec 20; rec Epistolario p88
500 cloaks: PdZ-King, Jan 15 1602; rec, Epistolario p101