John Quincy Adams
Page 81
impeachment proceedings, 129
impressment of American sailors, 140–141, 148–149, 191, 242, 295
Independence Day oration, 256–258
Indian Springs, Treaty of, 320
Industrial Revolution, 203
infrastructure investment, xiv, 267, 291, 316––317, 322–324, 326–327, 483–484
intellectualism
Abigail Adams’s, 8–9
John Adams’s bottomless curiosity, 20
JQA’s education and upbringing, 15
JQA’s later years, 517–519
JQA’s life in Paris and Holland, 26–27
Louisa’s unhappiness in St. Petersburg, 168
internal improvements. See infrastructure investment
invention, age of, 203–204
Ireland, English conquest of, 392–393
isolationism, American, 99
Jackson, Andrew, 514
administrative abuse of patronage, 424–425
Clay’s mutual antipathy, 238–239
congressional censure, 416–417, 422
contempt for the national government, 387–388
control of Florida, 259–260
“corrupt bargain” between Adams and Clay, 308, 317, 354–356, 362, 370
1824 presidential campaign, 288–290, 292–293
evicting Georgia’s Seminoles, 220–221
Florida territorial conflict, 221–223, 229
JQA’s election defeat, xii
JQA’s election to Congress, 391
JQA’s electioneering, 369
JQA’s opinion of, 398
national debt and tariff questions, 399–400
nullification doctrine, 395, 402–404
presidential candidacy, 302–308
runoff election, 310–311
tariff legislation, 367, 369, 402–403
Tyler’s accession to the presidency, 483–485
violent temperament, 370
Whig control of the Senate, 423
See also Texas, annexation of
Jacobinism, 99, 125
Jarvis, Russell, 363
Jay, John, 31–32, 68, 80
Jay’s Treaty (1794), 74–75, 77, 80
Jefferson, Thomas
accusations of a conspiracy with France, 154
American interests with France, 77
British treaty, 148–149
crisis with England, 150–151
democratic transformation of America, 132–133
electoral defeat of John Adams, 106
Federalist purge, 111
Federalists’ role in the War of 1812, 373
JQA and, 124–125
Louisiana Purchase, 126, 133
mentoring JQA, 36
north-south rift, 135
Paine’s Rights of Man, 60–61
shabbiness of Washington, DC, 121–123
succession, 153
Treaty of Ghent, 187
Johnson, Andrew, 522
Johnson, Caroline, 116
Johnson, Joshua, 81–83, 86, 89–91, 103, 110–111
Johnson, Kitty, 137, 161, 169, 173, 178, 192
journals. See writings and journals, JQA’s
Kennedy, John Fitzgerald, xii, xviii
Key, Francis Scott, 452, 474
Lafayette, Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de, 299, 426
Latin America
Clay’s views on the colonies, 255
French ambitions, 279
independence, 258
JQA’s foreign policy regarding, 341–351
Monroe Doctrine, 284–285
republican movements in Europe, 278
revolutions against Spain, 260
See also Florida, territorial battle over
law, JQA reading, 48–49, 51–52, 56
law practice, JQA’s, 85, 109–110, 114–116
Leavitt, Joshua, 431, 481–482, 486, 494–495
Lee, Arthur, Jr., 24
Leoben, Treaty of, 96
HMS Leopard, 149
Lewis, Dixon, 443–444
The Liberator, 466
Liberty Party, 510
lighthouses, 517, 519
Lincoln, Abraham, xiv, 446
Lincoln, Levi, 444
Loring, Ellis Gray, 469–470, 473
Louisiana Purchase, 97, 126–128, 133–135, 141, 209, 223–224, 228–229, 241, 373, 501
Lundy, Benjamin, 436–438, 448–451, 454–456
Luzac, Jean de, 27
Luzerne, Anne-César, Chevalier de la, 24
Lyman, Theodore, Jr., 129
Macbeth Policy, 270–271, 294
Madison, James
choosing a successor to Jefferson, 153
1812 election, 288
establishment of the State Department, 218
Joshua Johnson’s bankruptcy, 111
JQA’s appointment to Russia, 159–160, 168
JQA’s appointment as minister to England, 201
JQA’s Supreme Court nomination, 172
Monroe and, 235
naval war with Britain, 140
Paine’s Rights of Man, 61
Publicola essays, 62
Treaty of Ghent, 187–188, 191
Manifest Destiny, xiii–xiv, 190, 501–502, 511–512
manufacturing, tariff legislation and, 366–369
Marshall, John, 101, 397
Marshall, Thomas, 489–491, 493
Masonry, 408–413, 422
Massachusetts legislature, 159, 507–508
McAdam, John Loudon, 327
McDuffie, George, 307, 368, 399, 401, 404
McKinley, William, 128
McLean, John, 318, 365–366
Metternich, Klemens von, 202–203
Mexican Territory, 342–343, 497–500, 511–512. See also Texas, annexation of
military academy, 325–326
militias, 315
Milton, John, 13, 37, 82
minority report, 406–407
Missouri Compromise (1820), xv, 241–246, 483–484, 501
Monroe, James, 75, 77, 126, 148–149, 265
Andrew Jackson’s private war, 221–223
background and character of, 235–236
Battle of New Orleans, 370
choosing a successor to Jefferson, 153
commercial treaty with Britain, 207–208
conflict over Cuba, 275–276
1824 presidential campaign, 264
election support for JQA, 308
European threat, 341
intervention in Greece, 276
JQA’s concerns over French aggression, 176
JQA’s Inaugural Address, 316
runoff election, 311
Spain’s colonial pretensions, 218
territorial battle over Cuba, 275–276
territorial dispute with Spain, 228–229
territorial expansion, 322
Texas territory, 229
the rising power of the US, 215–216
Treaty of Ghent, 268
US policy towards Spain, 219
Monroe Doctrine, xiv, 275, 279–280, 286, 341
morality, 22
Anti-Masonic Party, 408–412
Boston’s prohibition against theater, 63
Joshua Johnson’s defalcations, 90–91
JQA at Harvard, 44–45
JQA’s antislavery petitions, 464
JQA’s bent for service, 37
JQA’s classical education, 27
JQA’s dim view of mankind, 41–42
JQA’s Harvard commencement oration, 49–50
JQA’s increasing study of Christian doctrine, 183–184
JQA’s moral and political conflict over slavery, 241–242
Second Great Awakening, 430–431
Morgan, William, 408–412
Munro, Peter Jay, 32–33, 37
Murray, William Vans, 88–89, 94, 97, 99–101
national interest, sectional interest and, 233–234
National Republicans, 361, 387,
390, 400, 408, 410–411, 413
Native Americans
Andrew Jackson’s battles with, 289
eviction of Georgia’s Seminoles, 220–223
Georgia’s territorial dispute, 319–322
tomahawk laws, 437–438
Treaty of Ghent, 189–190
See also Florida, territorial battle over
naval strength, 98, 140–141, 149–150
navigation rights, 193–194, 230–231, 267–269
Netherlands, xiii
neutrality, political, 73–78, 100, 140–141, 159–160, 166
Neutrality Act, 236
New Orleans, Battle of, 370
newspapers
abolitionists petitioning Congress, 442, 446
Andrew Jackson’s campaign, 289–291
annexation of Texas, 450–451
Clay’s attempts to blacken JQA’s reputation, 268–269
endorsing Jackson’s candidacy, 355–357
JQA’s electioneering, 369
JQA’s patronage system, 365
presidential campaign coverage, 264–266, 293
pro-Whig sentiments, 425–426
Niagara Falls, JQA’s trip to, 502–503
Non-Intercourse Act (1809), 159
Northwest Ordinance (1787), 127
nullification, doctrine of, 321–322, 394–397, 402–407
Old Radicals, 310, 354, 366
Onis, Don Luis de, 222–225, 228–231, 248
USS Ontario, 225
Oregon Territory, 511–512
Otis, Harrison Gray, 44, 46, 110, 113–117, 155, 157, 384, 402
Ottoman Empire, 275–276
Pacific Coast, territorial claims on, 276–277, 296–297
Paine, Thomas, 16, 47, 60–61, 63, 77, 411
Panama, 342
Pan-American Congress, 342, 344–351, 354
Paris, Treaty of, 23–24, 31–32, 35
Parsons, Theophilus, 48, 51–52, 59, 157
patriotism
Batavian Republic, 69–70
JQA’s concerns about Louisa Johnson, 83
JQA’s exposure to Roman patriotism, 14–15
JQA’s political worldview, 119
of Abigail Adams, 9–10, 14
scholarship as, 53
patronage, 365, 424–425
Patton, John, 444–445, 453, 456
Peel, Robert, 512
petition, right to, 429–430, 444–445, 449–450, 457–458
Pickens, Francis, 457–458
Pickering, Thomas, 77, 80, 97, 100–102
Pickering, Timothy, 119–120, 133–135, 154–155, 157
Pierce, Franklin, 432
Pilgrims, 119
Pinckney, Charles, 98, 241
Pinckney, Henry Laurens, 433–434
Pinckney, Thomas, 75, 77, 80–81, 115
Pinckney resolutions, 432–435, 438. See also gag rule
piracy, xvii, 97, 100, 128, 219–220, 295–297
Plumer, William, 128, 133–135, 150
Plumer, William, Jr., 293, 304
poetry, George Adams’s, 383
poetry, JQA’s, 33, 56, 130, 145–147, 161, 196–197, 206–207, 391–392, 516–517
political career, JQA’s
congressional agenda, 322–327
congressional career, xii, 115, 119–120, 122–125, 389–392, 398–399, 425–426
demise of, xii
development of worldview, 119–120
domestic improvements, 316––317
final years, 517
iconoclasm and unreasonableness, 128–129
John Adams’s political advice to JQA, 152–153
Louisiana Purchase, 125–128, 135–136
Senate career, 121–122
state senate election, 114–116
support within Congress, 326
Supreme Court appointment, 172
trade embargo controversy, 153–156
Treaty of Ghent negotiations, 92, 186–197, 202, 267–269
See also presidency, JQA’s; secretary of state
Polk, James Knox, 434, 442, 453, 500–501, 511, 530
populism, 69–70, 415–416
populist insurgency, 46–48
Portfolio publication, 105, 130
Portugal, 85–88, 284
Post Office, 317–318, 365–366
presidency, JQA’s
congressional control by the opposition, 361–362, 371
daily schedule, 328–331
disappointment over reelection loss, 373
economic shift, 366–367
executive power, 351–352
JQA tiring of, 360–361
JQA’s popularity, 358–359
Pan-American Congress, 344–345, 347–349
son John’s fist fight, 364–365
South American policy, 341–351
tariff legislation, 366–369
presidential elections
Anti-Masonic Party, 408–413
campaign coverage, 264–266
1824 candidates, 264–265, 267–268, 287–294, 297–298, 302–307
Jackson’s challenge to JQA, 353–358
JQA’s decision not to run for reelection, 362
JQA’s electioneering, 369
JQA’s general lack of voter support, 300–301
JQA’s Inaugural Address, 315–316
JQA’s path to the presidency, 263–264, 269–271
JQA’s reelection campaign, 372–373
JQA’s refusal to fund the campaign, 359–360
Polk’s election, 510–511
proxies and campaign managers, 287–288
revenue and tariff rates, 399–400
runoff election, 309–311
slave states controlling the White House and Congress, 483–484
Van Buren’s challenge to JQA, 353–354
prostitutes, JQA and, 58, 365
Prussia
Holy Alliance with Russia and Austria, 209
JQA’s appointment to, 88–90, 92–95, 106
JQA’s boredom with court life, 103–104
JQA’s fascination with manufacturing and commerce, 105–106
Louisa’s illness, 104–105
Louisa’s social life, 94–96
Napoleon’s defeat of, 166
neutrality pact against France, 100–101
proposal for American pact of armed neutrality with, 100
War of 1812, 177
Publicola, Publius Valerius, 61–62, 119, 134
Puritans, 6, 119–120, 532–533
purity of principles, JQA’s, 153–154
Quakers, 455–456, 513
Quincy, Josiah, 137–138, 151, 154, 158, 240, 419–420
Racine, 197
railroads, 413–414
Randolph, Edmund, 65, 71–72, 75
Randolph, John, 310, 349–350, 536
recession, economic, 46–48
Reed, Joseph, 294
Reflections on the Revolution in France (Burke), 60–61
Republican Party
activist government, xiv
decline of, 408
demise of the Federalists, 133–134
Federalists split from, 60
impeachment proceedings, 129
inevitability of war with Britain, 149–150
JQA’s defection from the Federalists, 150–151, 153–154, 373–374
JQA’s view of, 125
Louisiana Purchase, 126–127
single-party systems, 233, 422
successor to Jefferson, 153
trade embargo against Britain, 156
republicanism
Anti-Masonic Party, 415–416
as self-abnegation, 270
Batavian Republic, 68–69
Essex Junto, 125
Europe’s internal struggles over monarchy and, 208
foreign policy, 274–275
Holy Alliance aggression, 277–278
importance of multiple parties, 233
JQA’s antislave
ry petitions, 464
JQA’s congressional service, 398–399
JQA’s observations in Britain, 34
JQA’s speeches disseminating the principles of, 502
Latin American negotiations, 229–230
Massachusetts convention, 59–60
Monroe Doctrine, 279–281, 283
Napoleon’s political and ideological subversion, 77
presidential election, 287–288
Russia’s political order, 29–30
retirement, JQA’s, 374–375, 379–380, 387–390, 441
revenue rates, 399–400
revolution
Cuba, 275–276
Paine’s writings and JQA’s response, 61–62
Revolutionary War, 3–4, 9–10, 15, 18–21, 61–62, 82, 256–257
rhetoric, 143–144
Richardson, Joseph, 389–390
The Rights of Man (Paine), 60–61
Ritchie, Thomas, 326, 354
Robertson, Thomas B., 344
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 119
Rumiantsev, Nikolai, 166–167, 170, 176–177, 181–182
Rush, Benjamin, 11, 141
Rush, Richard, 277, 279, 296–297, 330, 364, 460
Russell, Jonathan, 267–269, 304, 514
Russia
French ambitions in South America, 279–280
French invasion of, 180–181
JQA as aide to Francis Dana, 28–30
JQA’s diplomatic appointment, 159–169, 174–175, 177–178
JQA’s household, 171–172
JQA’s refusal to return from, 172–173
JQA’s relationship with the new republics, 343–344
mediating between England and the
US, 181–182, 185
Monroe Doctrine, 279–281
relations with the US and France, 170–171
territorial claims on the Pacific Coast, 276–277, 296–297
War of 1812, 176–177, 180
San Jacinto, Battle of, 437–438
Santa Anna, Lopez de, 342–343, 435–438
Sargent, Daniel, 66, 76, 110, 131
scientific study
astronomy, 517–519
Britain’s age of invention, 203–204
horticulture, 388–389
JQA’s eccentric hobbies, 169–170, 253–254
JQA’s oration at the Astronomical Observatory of Cincinnati, 502–505
Smithson bequest, 459–461, 518
weights and measures, 169–170, 253–255, 324–325
Seaton, Joseph, 525
secession plot, 134–135, 158–159
Second Great Awakening, 409, 430–432
secretary of state, xiii, 208–209, 217–218, 232–233, 235–236, 248, 252–253, 263–264, 435–436. See also foreign policy
1795, Treaty of, 475–476
Seward, William, 398, 408, 508, 533
Shakespeare, William, 13, 163, 270–271
Shaw, Elizabeth Smith (aunt), 27, 41–42, 53–54, 56
Shaw, John (uncle), 41–42
Shaw, William Smith, 160
Shays’ Rebellion, 46–48, 61–62