Fateful Choices: Ten Decisions That Changed the World, 1940-1941
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and France: Alpine offensive
effect of French defeat on
war against
and Germany: alliance with
anti-German feeling in
role in
German naval strategy
industry
influence of Church
inter-war foreign policy
invasion of Abyssinia
and invasion of Greece
offensives against British territories
pre-eminence of state
public opinion
rearmament
structure of government
switch of allegiance (1943)
territorial claims
and Tripartite Pact
and war with United States
see also
Albania; Italian armed forces; Mussolini, Benito
Ito Seiichi, Japanese navy vice-chief of staff
Jackson, Robert H., US Attorney General
Jacomoni, Francesco, Ciano’s deputy in Albania
Japan
alternatives to war
and Britain
decision for war with
cult of Emperor
decision-making
economy
dependence on United
States
imports of raw materials
shortage of oil and steel
support for autarky
‘Essentials (Plan) for Carrying out the Empire’s Policies’ (plan for war)
foreign policy: 1930s
ambitions for empire
effect of European war on
‘new order’ in East Asia
opportunities in Far East
perceived need for territorial expansion
reaction to
Nazi–Soviet Pact (1939)
southern expansion policy
‘Fundamental Principles of National Policy’
and Germany
and military alliance with Axis powers
‘no-separate-peace’ agreement with Germany
Tripartite Pact
(September 1940)
government
constitution (1889)
Imperial
Conferences
Liaison
Conferences
political parties
powers of emperor
resignation of government (1939)
role of Privy Council
weakness of democracy
international standing membership of League of Nations
invasion of Indochina
isolationism in
national character: fatalism
importance of concept of honour
militarism
occupation of Manchuria (1931)
‘Outline of a Basic National Policy’(July 1940)
public opinion
mass politics
rise of nationalism
and Soviet Union
change of policy considered
loss as potential ally
and United States
commitment to war
and deadlines for negotiation
decision to attack
diplomatic demands
economic dependence on
embargoes
fear of war
final reply to
Washington
growing intransigence
possibility of war with
possible concessions
and pressures of time
reaction to ‘Hull Note’
and reaction of US to alliance with Axis powers
Japan–cont. war with China (1894–5)
war planning
war with Russia (1904–5)
see also
Japan, war with China;
Japanese army; Japanese navy;
Manchuria
Japan, war with China (‘China incident’)
‘Basic Terms of Peace’
Konoe’s view of
and negotiations with America
possibility of ending war
see also
Chiang Kai-shek
Japanese army
and inevitability of war with
America
influence in government
and need for mobilization
and negotiations with America
‘Outline of the Main Principles for
Coping with the Changing World
Situation’
strategy
support for alliance with Axis powers
and war with Soviet Union
Japanese navy
commitment to war
and ‘Essentials for Carrying out the
Empire’s Policies’
fear of war with United States
influence in government
and negotiations with America
reluctance for alliance with Axis powers
strategy
Jewsin America
blamed for world wars
death toll
development of policy against
emigration from Germany
equated with Bolshevism
‘final solution’ (annihilation)
gas chambers
genocide
first phase
in soviet Union
ghettos
impracticability of deportation
Nazi demonization of
Nuremberg Laws
persecution of (from 1933)
plans for mass deportations
pogroms
and Reichskristallnacht
(1938)
reservation for (beyond Vistula)
and Wannsee Conference
wearing of ‘Yellow Star’
in Weimar Republic
Jodl, General Alfred, head of Wehrmacht Operations Staff
and declaration of war on United
States
and ‘peripheral war’ plan
Johnson, Hiram
Kan’in Kotohito, Prince, chief of
Japanese imperial staff
Katowice, deportation of Jews from
Kaya Okinori, Japanese Finance
Minister
Kearny, USS, torpedo attack on
Keitel, Field Marshal Wilhelm
Kelly, Edward J., mayor of Chicago
Kennedy, John F.
Kennedy, Joseph, US ambassador in
London
Kenya
Khrushchev, Nikita
Kido Koichi, Marquis, Japanese Lord Privy Seal
and alliance with Axis powers and negotiations with America Kiev
King, Admiral Ernest J., US Atlantic
Fleet
King, W. L. Mackenzie, Canadian
Prime Minister
Kirov, Sergei, Leningrad party boss
Kirponos, Lieutenant-General
Knox, Frank, US Secretary of the
Navy
and aid for Britain
and Atlantic convoys
on German invasion of Soviet
Union
Knudsen, William, General Motors
Kondo Bobutake, vice-chief of Japanese navy staff
Konoe Fumimaro, Prince, Japanese Prime Minister
and alliance with Axis power
and ‘Essentials’ plan for war
first administration (1937–9)
and ‘Four Pillars Conference’
meeting with Grew
and negotiations with America
opposition to war with America
proposal for meeting with
Roosevelt
second administration (1940–41)
resignation
Korea, Japanese occupation
Krüger, Friedrich-Wilhelm, SS chief
Kube, Wilhelm, Commissar of Belorussia
Kurusu Saburo, Japanese special envoy to Washington
Kvaternik, Marshal Sladko, Croatian minister
Lagarde, Paul de
Lammers, Hans Heinrich, head of the Reich C
hancellery
Lateran Pacts (1929)
Latvia
League of Nations
German withdrawal from
and Italian invasion of Abyssinia
Japanese withdrawal from
and Mukden Incident
Soviet membership of
United States and
LeHand, Marguerite, secretary to
FDR
Lemkin, Raphael
Lenin, V. I.
Leopold, King of the Belgians
Libya
Italian defeat by British and Italian expansion in north-Africa
Lindbergh, Charles A.
Lithuania
shooting of Jews
Litvinov, Maxim, Foreign Commissariat
Lloyd George, David
Locarno, Treaty of (1925)
Lo ´ d$$$$, Poland, ghetto
Lohse, Hinrich, Commissar for Eastern Territory
Loraine, Sir Percy, British ambassador to Rome
Lothian, Marquis of, British ambassador to Washington
on Britain’s ability to pay for aid
Lublin, German advance on
Ludendorff, General Erich
Lueger, Karl, mayor of Vienna
Luftwaffe
and long-range capability against United States
Lytton, Lord, Commission on Manchuria
McCormick, Colonel Robert R., isolationist
Mackensen, Hans Georg von, German ambassador in Rome
Madagascar as potential colony for deported Jews
Madeira
Maginot Line
Mährisch-Ostrau, deportation of Jews from
Maisky, Ivan, Soviet ambassador in London
Malay peninsula
Japanese attack on
Malenkov, Georgi
Malta
Italian air raids
Italian demands for
Manchuria Chinese nationalism in
clash with Soviet troops
(‘Nomonhan Incident’)
Japanese occupation of (1931)
(‘Mukden Incident’)
Kwantung Army
and state of Manchukuo
Manstein, Lieutenant-General Erich von
Mao Zedong, warning to Soviet Union on Germany
Marshall, General George C., US army chief of staff
Matsuoka Yosuke, Japanese Foreign Minister
and alliance with Germany
brinkmanship of
and costs of alliance with US
expectation of German victory
and Greater East Asia
meeting with Hitler
neutrality pact with Soviet Union
proposed attack on Soviet Union
and prospect of war with Britain and US
Mauritius
Mediterranean German army view of
and German naval strategy
Italian ambitions in
significance to Britain
Meiji, emperor of Japan
Mekhlis, L. Z., Red Army Political Directorate
Meretskov, General K. A., chief of Soviet General Staff
Merkulov, Vsevolod, head of NKGB
Mers-el-Kebir, destruction of French fleet at
Mersa Matruh, Egypt
Metaxas, Ioannis, Greek dictator
Middle East
British influence in see also
Suez Canal
Midway, battle of
Mikoyan, Anastas, Soviet foreign trade expert
Minsk German advance on
massacre of Jews
Molotov, Vyacheslav, Soviet
Commissar for Foreign Affairs
discussions with Hitler
and German invasion
and intelligence reports
and possible alliance with France and Britain
Morea, Greece
Morgenthau, Henry, US Treasury Secretary
and lend-lease scheme
Morocco