Fateful Choices: Ten Decisions That Changed the World, 1940-1941

by Ian Kershaw

  and Chinese nationalists

  collective responsibility in

  Communist Party

  and Czechoslovakia

  economic weakness

  and cooperation with Germany

  foreign relations: collective security

  diplomatic efforts to postpone war

  international isolation (after Revolution)

  policy

  and France

  German aerial reconnaissance

  German invasion

  counter-offensive

  effect in America

  effect in Japan

  growing resistance to

  unprepared for

  and Germany

  economic cooperation with

  military cooperation with

  and Nazi

  Germany

  possibility of diplomatic solution

  trade with

  and inevitability of war

  and intelligence reports

  distrust of British

  and Italy

  and Japan

  murder of Jews in

  neutrality pact with Turkey

  NKVD (secret police)

  and Poland

  Politburo

  rearmament

  requests to America for aid

  and Romania

  and Spain

  and threat of war in Balkans

  see also

  Red Army; Stalin, Joseph

  Spain German expectations of

  neutrality

  Spanish Civil War

  Italy and

  Spear, Major-General Sir Edward, British embassy in Paris

  Spratly Islands

  Stahlecker, Franz Walter Einsatzgruppe leader

  Stahmer, Heinrich, envoy to Japan

  Stalin, Joseph

  and ‘Big Five’

  character

  paranoid distrust

  personality cult

  as dictator

  and German invasion: decision to stay in Moscow

  economic appeasement

  and intelligence reports on

  German intentions

  lack of preparedness for

  reaction to

  and suggestion of pre-emptive strike

  and Hitler: certainty of Hitler’s intentions

  fear of provoking

  knowledge of Mein

  Kampf

  and risk of war on two fronts

  meeting with Hopkins

  and NKVD

  as official head of state government

  options available to

  and Politburo

  possibility of alliance with western powers

  purges (‘Great Terror’)

  and Red Army

  speech to Military

  Academy (May 1941)

  Stalin, Joseph–cont. relations with Britain

  rise of

  and war: expectation of

  hope for American intervention

  need to delay

  see also

  Non-Aggression Pact

  (Hitler–Stalin); Red Army; Soviet

  Union

  Stalingrad, battle of

  Stamenov, Ivan, Bulgarian ambassador to Moscow

  Starace, Achille, Fascist Party Secretary

  Stark, Admiral Harold R., US head of naval operations

  and Atlantic convoys

  and destroyer deal

  and occupation of Iceland

  and Pearl Harbor

  Stimson, Henry L., US Secretary of War

  advice to Roosevelt

  and aid for Britain

  and defence production

  on German invasion of Soviet

  Union

  and negotiations with Japan

  support for intervention

  and war with Germany

  Stresa, Conference of (1935)

  Stresemann, Gustav, German Foreign Minister

  Sudan

  Sudoplatov, General Pavel

  Suez Canal

  German intentions for

  Italy and

  Sugiyama Gen, chief of Japanese army General Staff

  and decision for war

  and ‘Essentials’ plan for war

  and negotiations with America

  Sugiyama Gen, Japanese Army Minister

  Suzuki, General Teiichi

  and decision for war

  Switzerland, Ticino Italian enclave

  Syria

  Taiwan, Japanese occupation

  Takamatsu, Prince

  Tanaka Shin’chi, Japanese army Operations Division

  Taranto, Italian fleet at

  Tass, communiquéon British press reports

  Texas, USS

  Thailand

  Tientsin, blockade of

  Tilsit, shooting of Jews

  Timoshenko, Marshal S. K. on deficiencies of Red Army

  and German invasion

  on prospects for war

  and suggestion of pre-emptive strike

  war plans

  Togo Shigenori, Japanese Foreign Minister

  appointment

  and decision for war

  wish to avoid war

  Tojo Hideki, General, Japanese Prime Minister

  as Army Minister

  and alliance with Axis powers

  and decision for war

  difficulties with High Command

  and negotiations with America

  options to avoid war

  Toyoda Soemu

  Toyoda Teijiro, Admiral, Japanese Foreign Minister

  and negotiations with America

  opposition to war with America

  and proposed meeting of Konoe with Roosevelt

  as Vice-Minister for Navy

  Treblinka camp

  Trianon, Treaty of

  Tripartite Pact: Japan, Germany and Italy (September 1940)

  Bulgaria and

  and German declaration of war on

  United States

  and obligations to Japan

  Roosevelt’s view of

  Soviet Union and

  Trotsky, Leon

  Truman, Harry S., US President

  Tsukada Osamu, Japanese army vice-chief of staff

  Tukhachevsky, Marshal Mikhail

  Tully, Grace, assistant secretary to FDR

  Tungchow, atrocity (1937)

  Tunis

  Tunisia

  Turati, Augusto, Fascist Party Secretary

  Turkey

  Uganda

  Ukraine

  United States of America

  aid for Britain

  ‘cash-and-carry’ trade provisions

  and China

  support for

  Chiang Kai-shek

  Congress

  amendment of

  Selective Service Act

  isolationists in

  and revisions to 1931 Neutrality Act

  Council of National Defense

  destroyers for Britain

  in exchange for military bases

  economy

  and Germany

  attack on Soviet Union

  German naval view of

  indignation at treatment of

  Jews (1938)

  and inevitability of war with

  Greer

  incident

  immigration legislation

  isolationists

  in Congress

  and destroyer deal

  and lend-lease

  opposition to aid for Soviet Union

  and trade provisions

  weakening of

  United States of America–cont. and Japan

  declaration of war on

  embargoes on

  final reply from

  growing intransigence

  last-minute negotiations

  negotiations

  possibility of embargo on

  reaction to attack on Pearl Harbor

  reaction to Japanese alliance with

&nb
sp; Axis powers

  and threat from

  Johnson Act

  Lend-Lease Act (March 1941)

  effect on German thinking

  extension to Soviet

  Union

  negotiations for

  possible alternatives to

  National Defense Advisory

  Commission

  naval security cordon

  Neutrality laws

  and arming of merchant ships

  arms embargo laws

  revisions to

  occupation of Iceland

  Office for Emergency Management

  Office of Production Management

  political structure

  powers of President

  presidential election (1940)

  public opinion

  growing support for intervention

  hostility to communism and

  Soviet Union

  opposition to intervention

  pessimism about

  Britain

  positive view of Stalin

  support for aid to Britain

  and support for aid for Soviet

  Union

  support for Atlantic convoys

  rearmament

  refusal to join League of Nations

  role of Cabinet

  Selective Service Act

  and Soviet Union: pessimism about

  Red Army

  recognition of

  and signs of Soviet resistance

  State Department view of war

  and war

  and commitment to intervention

  and decision to join

  in the Pacific

  see also

  Atlantic Ocean; Roosevelt,

  Franklin D.

  United States military forces Army

  and defence production

  funding for

  limited preparedness

  mobilization

  Navy

  possible expeditionary force

  support for aid to Soviet Union

  Victory Program

  war planning (ABC-1)

  Ushiba Tomohiko, Konoe’s private secretary

  Vansittart, Sir Robert, Permanent Under-Secretary in Foreign Office

  Vasilevsky, Marshal Alexander Mikhailovich

  Versailles, Treaty of (1919)

  Viaz’ma, German encirclement of

  Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy

  and Abyssinian war

  acquiescence to entry into war

  hostility to intervention in war

  on invasion of Greece

  loyalty of armed forces to

  Mussolini’s memorandum to

  Roosevelt and

  Vienna

  Visconti Prasca, General Count Sebastiano, Italian commander in Albania

  Vladivostok

  Voroshilov, Marshal Kliment

  Wagner, Admiral Gerhard

  Wagner, Richard

  Wall Street stock-market crash (1929)

  Wang Ching-wei, rival to Chiang Kai-shek

  Wannsee Conference

  War Cabinet (Britain)

  and approach to Mussolini

  ‘British Strategy in a Certain

  Eventuality’

  collective agreement to continue to

  fight

  discussion of possible terms to end war