Harper's Ferry raid, 201–6, 179
trial and aftermath, 106–9
execution and martyrdom, 209–13, 216, 220, 228
Brown, John, Jr., 785
Brown, Joseph E.: and secession, 242–43
opposes conscription, 431, 433, 693
and martial law, 435
wartime aid to poor families, 615
critic of Davis, 692–94
Browning, Oliver, 262–63, 356
Brownlow, William G. ("Parson"), 304, 305
Bryant, William Cullen, 55
on Brooks's caning of Sumner, 150
on Dred Scott decision, 177
on John Brown, 210
on secession, 244
Buchanan, James, 45, 58, 104, 223, 580
and Ostend Manifesto, 110
1852 election, 118
1856 election, 156–62
and Lecompton, 163–67
Dred Scott case, 173, 178–79, 180
1858 elections, 188
vetoes by, 194
favors acquisition of Cuba, 194–95
and corruption issue in 1860, 225–26, 398
1860 campaign, 232
denies legality of secession, 246
opposes "coercion," 248
advocates compromise, 250–51
and Forts Moultrie and Sumter, 264–67
Buckner, Simon Bolivar, 400–402
Buell, Don Carlos: Union commander in Kentucky, 305, 367, 394, 395, 397, 398
occupies Nashville, 402
at Shiloh, 406, 407, 409–12, 414
Corinth campaign, 415–16
Chattanooga campaign, 512–16
Perryville campaign, 518–21
relieved of command, 522, 579
Buford, John, 653–54
Bull Run, 1st and 2nd battles of, see Manassas, 1st and 2nd battles of
Bulloch, James D.: Confederate naval agent, 314–15, 320
and commerce raiders, 547
Laird rams, 682
efforts in France, 683–84
Burlingame, Anson, 139
Burns, Anthony, 119–20, 121, 204
Burnside, Ambrose E.: at 1st Bull Run, 341
North Carolina operations, 372
at Antie-tam, 539, 541, 543–44
takes command of Army of Potomac, 569–70
Fredericksburg, 571–74, 644
Mud March, 584
relieved of command, 585
arrests Vallandigham, 596–97
occupies Knoxville, 670
battle of the Crater, 758–60
evaluation of, 857
Burton, James H., 474
Butler, Andrew (Benjamin's brother), 624
Butler, Andrew P., 122, 150
Butler, Benjamin F., 421, 506, 742
in Maryland, 286
political general, 328
and "contrabands," 355–56, 497
Hatteras Inlet, 370
occupies New Orleans, 419–20
unpopularity in South, 501
"Woman Order," 551–52, 623
trading between lines, 623–24
presidential politics in 1864, 715
strategic role in 1864, 722
battle of Drewry's Bluff, 723–24, 731
Petersburg campaign, 740
keeps peace in N.Y. City, 781–82
and prisoner of war exchanges, 799
Fort Fisher fiasco, 820
"Butternuts": definition of, and culture, 31
racism, 88
antiwar opposition, 493, 593
draft resistance, 607
Cable, George Washington, 420
Cadwallader, Sylvanus, 589
Calhoun, John C.: proslavery argument, 56
slavery expansion, 57–58, 65
and Compromise of 1850, 69–70, 72 and n, 73
California: American settlement in, 42–43
and gold rush, 44, 45, 64–65, 199
U.S. annexation of, 47, 49–51
and slavery expansion issue, 52, 65
statehood controversy, 66–68, 86, 106
and Compromise of 1850, 70–77
Cameron, James, 344–45n
Cameron, Simon: and 1860 election, 217, 219
secretary of war, 260, 270
inefficiency and corruption of, 313, 317, 321–24, 436
contraband policy, 355
and arming of slaves, 357–58, 499, 563
and U.S. Sanitary Commission, 481
Campbell, John A., 822, 851
Canby, Edward R.S., 825
Carey, Henry, 27
Carondelet, U.S.S., 415, 421
Cass, Lewis, 58, 59, 62, 118
Casualties in Civil War: of officers, 330
nature and inexactness of, 347n
of various armies compared, 471–72
and tactics, 473–77
estimate of civilian casualties in South, 619 and n
huge losses in spring 1864, 732, 733, 742, 743
final toll of, 854. See also names of specific battles
Catholics: and nativism, 7, 32–33, 131–37, 142, 156
political allegiance of, 30, 223
growing antiwar opposition of, in North, 493–94
and emancipation, 507
under representation of, in Union army, 606–7
Catron, John, 173
Cedar Creek, battle of, 476, 779–81
Cedar Mountain, battle of, 526
Chamberlain, Joshua L., 659, 850
Chambersburg (Pa.), burned by rebels, 757
Champion's Hill, battle of, 630
Chancellorsville, battle of, 476, 639–45, 647, 654, 663, 676
diplomatic consequences of, 650–51
influences Lee's thinking at Gettysburg, 655
Chandler, Zachariah, 249
Charleston Mercury: on sectionalism, 41
and secession, 242
on Fort Sumter, 265, 273
on cotton embargo, 383
on McClellan's nomination, 772
opposes arming of slaves, 835, 836
Chase, Salmon P.: founder of Free Soil party, 61
elected senator, 670
and Compromise of 1850, 68, 70, 76
on Kansas-Nebraska Act, 124
and Know Nothings, 142–43
and Kansas, 149
1856 election, 155
1860 election, 217, 220, 227
sec. of treas., 260
on Fort Sumter, 268
and war finance, 442–44, 446, 593
and Hunter's emancipation edict, 499
on McClellan, 504, 533
opposes colonization, 509
and cabinet crisis of Dec. 1862, 574
favors Negro suffrage, 701
abortive presidential candidacy in 1864, 713–15
chief justice, 841 and n, 842
Chattanooga: battle of Missionary Ridge, 476, 678–81, 719
Rosecrans occupies, 670
besieged by Bragg, 676
Grant and, 677
battle of Lookout Mountain, 678
significance of, 858
Cheatham, B. Franklin, 583
Chesnut, James, 238
Chesnut, Mary Boykin: on war as romance, 332–33
on 1st Manassas, 349
on blockade, 381
depressed by Confederate defeats (in 1862), 403, 422 (in 1863), 681
depressed by loss of Atlanta, 775
depressed by battle of Nashville, 815
Chester, T. Morris, 847
Chicago Tribune: on Dred Scott decision, 177
on secession, 249, 251
on McClellan, 568
discouraged with war, 590
Chickamauga, battle of, 281, 297, 476, 672–75, 676, 681, 684, 745, 812
Chickasaw Bluffs, battle of, 579, 628
Christian Commission, 483
Christiana (Pa.), fugitive slave battle at, 84–85
Churches, see Catholics
Religion
Civil liberties, see Hab
eas corpus
Civil War, consequences and meaning of, 450–53, 859–62
Clausewitz, Karl von, 331, 721
Clay, Clement C., 763, 766–67, 803
Clay, Henry, 57, 59n, 158, 293, 295, 297
presidential aspirant, 59, 60
and Compromise of 1850, 70–75
and fugitive slave law, 83
Cleburne, Patrick: at Missionary Ridge, 678–79
proposal to arm blacks, 832–33
killed at Franklin, 812
Cobb, Howell, 67, 68, 258, 835
Cobb, Thomas R. R., 347
Cold Harbor, battles of, 733–35, 740, 741
Colonization, of freed slaves: Lincoln proposes, 508
abortive efforts, 509
Colt, Samuel, 16
Columbia (S.C.), burning of, 829, 846
Committee on the Conduct of the War, 362–63, 424, 797
Compromise of 1850, 8, 70–77, 80, 172
South insists on enforcement of, 87, 117, 118
as precedent for Kansas-Nebraska Act, 124
Confederate States of America: formation of, 254, 257
four upper South states join, 278–84
small industrial base, 318–19
flags of, 342
quest for diplomatic recognition, 387–89, 538, 545–46, 553–56; 837–38
economic distress and civilian disaffection, 440–42
food shortages, 612–13, 616–18
civilian deaths, 619
absence of political parties, 689–92, 856
economic destruction in, 818–19
war aims of, and slavery, 831–36
reasons for loss of war, 854–59. See also Army, Confederate
Inflation
names of individuals
Confiscation acts: of 1861, 353, 356
of 1862, 499–502. See also Emancipation
Conscription in Confederacy, 427, 429–31
unpopularity of, 432–33
substitution abolished, 603, 718
"20-Negro" exemption, 611–12, 615
election isssue in 1863, 690, 693
issue in 1864, 696
Conscription in Union: militia draft of 1862, 492–94
national conscription act of 1863, 600–601
defects of act, 602–3
substitution and commutation, 604
bounty volunteers, 605–06
opposition and resistance to, 608–9
New York draft riots, 610–11
issue in 1863 elections, 684
1864 draft call, 758
Constitutional Union party, in 1860 election, 221–22, 232, 689
in secession crisis, 277
"Contrabands": origin of term, 267
Congress forbids return of to masters, 497–98. See also Freedmen
Con way, Moncure, 358
Cooke, Jay, 443
Cooke, Philip St. George, 463–64
Cooper, Samuel, 282, 365–66
Cooperationists, in secession crisis, 235, 237, 238–39, 242
Copperheads, antiwar faction of Democratic party: emergence of, 493–94, 494n, 613, 692
and emancipation issue, 506–7, 595
peace efforts in 1863, 590–92
economic grievances, 593–94
civil liberties issue, 596–99
and Chancellorsville, 645
Lee's Pennsylvania invasion, 650
in 1863 state elections, 684
and peace sentiment in 1864, 761
intrigues with rebel agents, 762–65, 781–83
and "peace negotiations," 766
at Democratic convention, 771–72
on McClellan's nomination, 776
Corinth (Miss.): Confederate base in Shiloh campaign, 406, 407, 414
Union capture of, 416–17, 418, 488
battle of (Oct. 1862), 522–23, 561, 577
Cotton: and U.S. economy, 6–7, 39
boom in 1850s, 86, 91, 100–102
southern effort to develop textile industry, 94–100
King Cotton thesis, 100, 195–96
embargo of, and Confederate foreign policy, 383–86, 437
cotton famine in 1862, 546, 548–50, 553
illicit trade between lines, 620–25
growth of by freedmen in occupied South, 710
Couch, Darius, 640
Cox, Jacob D., military operations in western Virginia, 299–302
Cox, Samuel S., 507, 593, 594
Craft, Ellen and William, 81, 82
Crampton's Gap, battle of, 537
Crater, battle of the, 758–60
Crittenden, John J.: and slavery expansion, 52, 59
and Crittenden Compromise, 115, 252–54, 256, 257, 293
threatens secession, 230
and brothers' war, 297
Crittenden-Johnson resolutions of 1861, 312, 354, 358
opposes confiscation act, 355–56
Crittenden, William J., 106–7
Cross Keys, battle of, 458, 460
Cuba: movements to acquire, 104, 119, 194–95, 215, 251, 253
filibustering and, 105–10, 203, 212
and Ostend Manifesto, 110
Cumming, Kate, 478–79, 479–80n
Curtis, Benjamin R., and Dred Scott case, 171, 173, 175, 176
Curtis, Samuel R., 404–5, 668
Custer, George Armstrong, 739
Dana, Charles A., 138, 589–90, 621, 634
Daniel, Peter, 174
Davis, Garrett, 294
Davis, Henry Winter, 706n, 709, 713, 717
Davis, Jefferson, before Civil War: 244
in Mexican War, 5
and slavery expansion, 66, 68, 69
and compromise of 1850, 70, 87
on drive to annex Cuba, 104, 105, 106
and Kansas-Nebraska Act, 123
slavery in Kansas, 146, 164
favors federal slave code, 195, 214
on secession as an act of liberty, 241
and of counterrevolution, 245
opposes compromise, 252, 254
elected president of Confederacy, 258–59
and Fort Sumter crisis, 265, 267, 272–73
secretary of war, 474
Davis, Jefferson, as Confederate wartime president: 278, 279, 478, 780
and border states. 291, 293, 294
and western Virginia, 302
on liberty as South's war aim, 310
issues letters of marque, 315–16
and southern mobilization, 317, 319
and political generals, 328
on military strategy, 337–38
at Man-assas, 345–46
relations with Beauregard and Joe Johnston, 365–67, 394, 397, 423
with Judah Benjamin, 373
on Union blockade, 381
relations with A. S. Johnston, 394, 405
inaugural address, 403–4
relieves Beauregard of command, 417
and Peninsula campaign, 426–27
southern criticism of, 428–29, 543
urges conscription, 430, 433
and martial law, 433–35
and treasury notes, 439
and civilian suffering, 440, 441
Seven Pines, 461–62
threatens retaliation against Pope's orders, 501
and Lee's invasion of Maryland, 534–36
question of British recognition, 552
response to Emancipation Proclamation and black Union soldiers, 566
command problems in West, 575–77, 583–84
and unpopularity of the draft, 612, 615
Richmond bread riot, 618
on trade with enemy, 622, 624
declares Butler an outlaw, 623
and Vicksburg campaign, 633, 637
on strategy after Chancellorsville, 646–47
hopes Lee will conquer a peace, 650, 664
and Lee's attempt to resign, 665
reorganizes trans-Mississippi Department, 668
despair of, in fall 1863, 6
70–71
and dissension in Bragg's army, 676–77
names Johnston to succeed Bragg, 681
congressional elections of 1863, 689–92
opposition to in Confederate politics, 692–94
and peace movements, 694–95, 697
and Johnston in Atlanta campaign, 744, 747, 751, 752–54
and rebel agents in Canada, 762–63
"peace negotiations" in 1864, 766–68, 770–71, 772
and treatment of black p.o.w.'s, 792, 800
treatment of other Union prisoners, 798, 802
will fight to last ditch, 806, 819, 824
visits Hood's army, 807
and Sherman's march, 808
names Lee general in chief, 821
Hampton Roads peace conference, 822, 824
and Cleburne's proposal to arm blacks, 833, 834, 836
and Kenner mission, 837–38
flees Richmond, 846–47, 851–52
capture of, 853
qualities of, compared with Lincoln, 857
on Confederacy as counterrevolution, 861
Davis, Varina Howell, 429
Davis Bend (Miss.), freedmen's colony at, 710
Dayton, William, 156
De Bow, James: D. B.: champions southern commercial development, 93, 97
proslavery polemics of, 102
and reopening of slave trade, 103
on secession as counterrevolution, 861
De Bow's Review, 93, 102
and annexation of slave territory, 106
on John Brown, 211, 212
Democratic party and Democrats: and Mexican War, 4, 47–51
and banks, 26–27
and slavery, 30, 53–54, 58, 65
constituency of, 30–31, 33, 223, 805
racism of, 30, 143, 158–60, 184–86, 224–25, 506–7, 685–86, 788–90
and Indians, 45
and Manifest Destiny, 48, 107–9, 194
southern domination of, 53, 129
Barnburner faction, 60–62, 118
impact of Kansas-Nebraska Act on, 124, 129
and nativism, 136
split by Lecompton, 166, 188, 213
role of, as opposition party in wartime North, 690
and 13th Amendment, 839. See also Copperheads
Elections
War Democrats
Dennison, William, 299
Desertions from Confederate army: and civilian suffering, 440, 613, 615
and 20-Negro law, 612
in 1863, 670
of North Carolina troops, 694
and 694–95n
epidemic of, in 1865, 820–21, 844
Desertions from Union army: after Fredericks-burg, 584
of substitutes and bounty men, 606, 720
Disease in Civil War armies, 326, 472, 485–88, 512, 588. See also Medical care in Civil War armies
Dix, Dorothea, 483
Dobbin, James, 123
Doolittle, James, 180
Douglas, Stephen A., 107
and Compromise of 1850, 70, 75
1852 election, 118
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 121–25
and 1854 elections, 127–29
Battle Cry of Freedom Page 117
