appoints military governors, 511
on 1862 elections, 562, 689
cabinet crisis of Dec. 1862, 574–75
fears copperheads, 591
they attack him, 594–95
and Vallandigham, 596–99
policy toward Mexico, 683
1863 state elections, 684–85
public letter to Democrats, 687
renomination in 1864, 713–17
southern hopes for defeat of, 721, 734
copperheads attack "tyranny" of, 765
expects to lose 1864 election, 771
capture of Atlanta raises prospects, 773
carries Missouri, 788
target of Democratic racist attacks, 789–90
wins soldier vote, 804
reelected, 805–6
Lincoln, Abraham, and emancipation and reconstruction: pledges non-interference with slavery, 312
revokes Frémont's edict, 353, 356–58
decides to issue emancipation proclamation, 489, 502–4
moves toward emancipation, 494
plea to border states, 498–99, 503
delays issuance, 505
and colonization, 508–9
reply to Greeley, 510, 859
Karl Marx on, 550
issues preliminary Proclamation, 557–58
issues final Proclamation, 562–63
and black soldiers, 564, 565, 687–88
amnesty and reconstruction proclamation (1863), 698–99, 809
differences with Congress and radicals, 700–702
Louisiana reconstruction experiment, 703–9
vetoes Wade-Davis bill, 712–13
sticks to emancipation as condition of peace, 768–71
emancipation issue at Hampton Roads conference, 823–24 and n
and 13th Amendment, 838–39, 840, 841–42
moves toward Negro suffrage in reconstruction, 843–44
last speech, on reconstruction, 851–52
assassination of, 853
Lister, Joseph, 486
Logan, John A., 328, 329
Logan's Cross Roads (Mill Springs), battle of, 305
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 89, 161, 210
Longstreet, James, 583
in Mexican War, 5
at Williamsburg, 427
at Seven Pines, 461
at Gaines' Mill, 467
at Glendale, 469
at Mal-vern Hill, 470
given corps command, 471
at 2nd Manassas, 528–31
at Antietam, 541
after Antietam, 569
at Fredericksburg, 571–72
confronts Federals in southside Virginia, 638–39, 645
suggests western strategy, 646
and Pennsylvania invasion, 647, 647–48n, 649
at Gettysburg, 653–63
goes to Georgia, 671, 696
at Chickamauga, 672–74
criticizes Bragg, 676
besieges Knoxville, 677
fails at Knoxville, 681
hopes for election of northern peace president, 721
battle of the Wilderness, 725–26
Lopez, Narciso, 105–6, 108
Louisiana, wartime reconstruction in, 703–9, 713, 843
Lowell, James Russell, 51, 333
Lyon, Nathaniel: and struggle for Missouri, 290–92, 334
and Wilson's Creek, 350–52
McCallum, Daniel, 514
McCauley, Charles, 279–80
McClellan, George B., 247, 574, 652, 662, 701, 743, 813
in Mexican War, 4
in western Virginia, 299–301, 335
creates Army of Potomac, 348–50
defects of personality, 358–60
defects of military and political acumen, 361–65, 444
contracts typhoid, 367
comparison with Grant, 396
Peninsula campaign, 423–27, 437, 454, 457, 460
and Seven Pines, 461
Seven Days' battles, 462–70, 488–89, 490, 499–500, 511, 512, 734, 812
opposes emancipation, 502–6
rivalry with Pope, 524
withdrawn from Peninsula, 525
and 2nd Bull Run, 528, 532
restored to full command, 533–34
Antietam campaign and battle, 536–45
on Emancipation Proclamation, 559–60
relieved of command, 562, 570, 715, 753
after Antietam, 568–69
pressure for restoration to command, 584
endorses Woodward for governor, 685
Democratic presidential nominee, 771–72
acceptance letter, 775–76
candidacy hurt by Union victories, 777
Confederate hopes for election of, 803, 806
loses soldier vote, 804–5
wins three states, 840
evaluation of generalship, 857
McClernand, John A.: political general, 328
at Fort Donelson, 400
and Vicksburg campaigns, 577–78, 579, 587, 593, 630–31
McCulloch, Ben, 351, 404–5
McDowell, battle of, 455
McDowell, Irvin: planning for Bull Run campaign, 335, 338
campaign and battle, 339–46, 406
corps commander, 425, 454, 455
and Jackson's Shenandoah Valley campaign, 457, 460, 461, 464, 489, 501
at 2nd Bull Run, 529, 531, 533
McHenry, William ("Jerry"), fugitive slave, 86
McLean, John, and Dred Scott case, 171, 173, 175, 176
McLean, Wilmer, 849
McPherson, James B.: in Corinth campaign, 416
Vicksburg campaigns, 586, 627, 630–31
Atlanta campaign, 744–45, 752
death of, 754
Madison, James, 280
Magoffin, Beriah, 293–94, 295, 296
Magruder, John B., 426, 467–68
Mahan, Dennis Hart, 331
Mahone, William, 760
Mallory, Stephen R., 314
Malvern Hill, battle of, 469–70, 476, 477
Manassas, 1st battle of, 281, 309, 321, 327, 352, 353, 354, 362, 366–67, 405, 406, 413, 538
background, 335–36, 338
campaign and battle, 339–45
strategic results, 346–47
psychological consequences, 347–50, 365, 370, 403, 491
Manassas, 2nd battle of: background, 524, 526–27
battle, 528–33, 642, 648
diplomatic consequences, 555
Manifest Destiny, 42, 46
and Mexican War, 5, 51
and party politics, 48–49
and slavery issue, 51, 104, 106–7
Mann, Horace, 20, 21, 29
Martial law, see Habeas corpus
Marx, Karl, 550
Maryland: kept in Union, 284–87, 293, 350
arrest of secessionists, 287–90
coolness to Lee's invasion, 535–36
abolishes slavery, 805
Mason, James M., 72
and fugitive slaves, 79
and Kansas-Nebraska Act, 122
threatens secession, 158
and John Brown, 207
favors Davis for C.S.A. president, 259
and Trent affair, 367, 389–91, 444
on impact of Fort Donelson, 403
expects British mediation, 555
and Kenner mission, 838
Mason, John, 110
Maximilian, Ferdinand, 683–84
May, Samuel J., 86
Mayer, Arno, 245
Meade, George Gordon: in Mexican War, 5
at Fredericksburg, 572
replaces Hooker in command, 652
battle of Gettysburg, 653, 655–63
slow pursuit of Lee, 666–67
Virginia operations, 675, 681
relations with Grant, 718, 722
on Cold Harbor, 735
and Petersburg assaults, 741
battle of the Crater, 758–59
at Appomatto
x, 848–49
evaluation of, 857
Meagher, Thomas, 328
Mechanicsville, battle of, 464, 466–67
Medical care in Civil War armies: women and, 477–84
ambulance service, 484–85
evaluation of, 486–87. See also Disease in Civil War armies
Medill, Joseph, 590
Meigs, Montgomery, 368
efficiency as quartermaster general, 324–25, 857
on Union strategy, 335–36
on Peninsula campaign, 424
Memminger, Christopher, 438–39, 442
Memphis: naval battle of, 418, 421
center of trade between lines, 620–23
Merrimack, U.S.S.: scuttled in 1861, 279–80
converted to ironclad C.S.S. Virginia, 314, 373
Merryman, John, and ex parte Merryman, 287–89
Mexico: acquisition of territory from, 3–4, 6, 42, 48–51
influence of experience in Mexican War on Civil War strategy and tactics, 3–5, 332, 334, 473
and slavery issue, 4, 51–58
war with, 47–50, 59, 131, 138, 281, 317
and Gadsden Purhcase, 108
and filibustering, 111–12
Miles, Dixon, 538
Mill, John Stuart, 550
Mill Springs (Logan's Cross Roads), battle of, 305
Milligan, Lambdin P., 599n, 782
Milliken's Bend, battle of, 634
Milroy, Robert H., 303
Minié Claude E., 474
Missouri: clashes in during 1861, 290–92, 334
guerrilla warfare in, 292, 350, 783–87
divided allegiance, 293, 342
battle of Wilson's Creek, 351–52
Frémont and, 353–54
Price's invasion of, 787–88
Missouri Compromise: and limitation of slavery expansion, 8, 51, 57, 58, 65, 72
and Kansas-Nebraska Act, 121, 123, 154, 157
and Dred Scott case, 171, 175
Mobile Bay, battle of, 282, 761, 775
Monitor, U.S.S.: design and construction of, 373–75
fight with Virginia, 376–77
battle of Drewry's Bluff, 427
Montgomery, James, 292
Morgan, John Hunt: cavalry raids in Kentucky and Tennessee, 513–14, 515–16, 579, 628
Ohio raid, 763
Mormons: settlement at Great Salt Lake, 42–44, 66
conflict with U.S. government, 44–45
and slavery, 76
persecution of, 145–46
Morrill, Justin, and land-grant college act, 451
Morton, Oliver P., 299, 322, 596
Mosby, John Singleton, 737–38
Mott, Lucretia, 36
Murfreesboro, battle of, see Stones River
Myers, Abraham, 319
Napoleon I, 331, 336, 473, 515, 775, 807, 855
Napoleon III: and moves for recognition of Confederacy, 384, 546, 650–51
Mexican adventure, 553–54, 683–84
and Kenner mission, 838
Nashville, Union capture of, 401–3
battle of, 813–15
Nashville Convention (1850), 69, 73–74, 76, 86–87, 234
National Labor Union, 450
Native Americans, see Indians
Nativism, 7, 22, 32–33
growth of, in 1850s, 130–38
in 1854 elections, 130, 138–39
in South, 140
decline of, 144, 188
in 1856 election, 154–56, 158
and 1860 election, 217, 221, 223, 232, See also American party
Know Nothings
Navy, Confederate: creation of, 314
privateers and commerce raiders, 315–16, 370, 386, 546–48
ironclad rams, 373, 377–78
Navy, Union: organization and mobilization of, 313–14
blockade duty, 369, 378–82
coastal operations in 1861, 370–73
and ironclads, 374, 377–78
and western river fleets, 392–93. See also names of commanders and of naval battles
Nelson, Samuel, 171–73
New England: education and literacy in, 19–20
westward expansion of culture of, 31
power in Congress during war, 496
target of copperhead attacks, 593, 594
and freedmen's aid societies, 710
New England Emigrant Aid Company, 145, 147
New Hope Church, battle of, 748
New Market, battle of, 724
New Mexico: acquired by U.S., 47, 50
issue of slavery in, 51, 106
and Compromise of 1850, 65–68, 70–71, 74–75
slavery in, 76–77
and statehood proposal in 1861, 256
New Orleans: Union navy captures, 282, 418–20, 421, 422
illicit trade between the lines, 520, 623–24
Butler's "Woman order," 551–52
wartime reconstruction, 703–5
New York Times, 769
on Kansas-Nebraska Act, 124
on Fort Sumter crisis, 260
on abolitionists in 1862, 495
target of draft rioters, 610
on southern war prisons, 797
New York Tribune, 13, 589
on fugitive slave law, 85
on drinking, 135
on Irish racism, 137
on nativism, 138
on Dred Scott decision, 177
and tariff issue, 192
publicizes Helper's Impending Crisis, 199
on secession, 244, 251
"Forward to Richmond" editorials, 334, 347
after 1st Bull Run, 348
on Union successes in 1862, 403, 422
on relaxation of internal security, 436
on growing influence of Wendell Phillips, 495
and emancipation, 505
on black soldiers, 565
target of draft rioters, 610
on battle of Fort Wagner, 686
and "peace negotiations" of 1864, 767
Nicaragua, and filibustering, 112–15, 203, 212
Nightingale, Florence, 478, 479, 484
Norfolk (Gosport Navy Yard), seized by Virginia militia, 279–80
recapture of, 427
Northrop, Lucius B., 319
Norton, Charles Eliot, 209
Noyes, John Humphrey, 26
Olmsted, Frederick Law, 96, 481, 482
Olustee, battle of, 769
Ord, Edward, 522–23
Order of American Knights, 599, 763, 783–84, 787
Order of the Star Spangled Banner, 135
Order of United Americans, 135
Oregon, and boundary dispute with Britain, 47, 49, 53
Ostend Manifesto, 110, 155
O'Sullivan, John L., 48
Owsley, Frank L., 381
Palmerston, Viscount, 551
on Uncle Tom's Cabin, 89
and question of British recognition of Confederacy, 384, 554–56
and Trent crisis, 390
mediation moves in 1862, 546
on Butler's "Woman order," 552
and Laird rams, 682
and Kenner mission, 838
Panics, and depressions: of 1837, 27
of 1857, 188–92, 449
in South, 195–96
in secession winter, 253
Parker, Ely, 849
Parker, Theodore, 151
indicts southern culture, 41
and fugitive slave law, 81–83, 120
and John Brown, 204, 206, 209
Pasteur, Louis, 486
Patterson, Robert, 335, 339
Pea Ridge, battle of, 404–5, 413
Peace Democrats, see Copperheads
Peace movements
and antiwar opposition in Confederacy, 613–14; 692–98
in North, summer 1864, 760–65
and "peace negotiations" at Niagara Falls and Richmond, 766–68
and pressures on Lincoln, 769–71
and Demo
cratic platform, 772
Hampton Roads conference, 822–24
Pember, Phoebe, 479–80n
Pemberton, John C.: in Mexican War, 5
sides with South, 282
command of Vicksburg defenses, 576, 578, 579
in Vicksburg campaign of 1863, 626–38, 646, 740
evaluation of, 857
Pendleton, George, 446, 772
Peninsula campaign, 424–27, 437, 454, 484
and battle of Seven Pines, 461–62
abandonment of, 488–89. See also Seven Days' battles
Pennington, William, 201
Perryville, battle of, 519–20, 522, 561, 676
consequences of, 858
Personal liberty laws, 40, 65
before 1850, 78–79
after 1850, 120, 139
as issue in secession crisis, 251, 256
Peterhoff, case of, and blockade, 387
Petersburg: Union attacks on, 740–41
siege of, 757, 756, 820
battle of the Crater, 758–60
operations around, 777–78, 780, 844
Union breakthrough and capture, 845–46
Phelan, James, 612
Phillips, Ulrich B., 97
Phillips, Wendell: and fugitive slave law, 82, 120
on Lincoln, 227
growing influence of, 495
on reconstruction as revolution, 700–701, 705
supports Frémont's 1864 candidacy, 716
Pickens, Francis, 267, 271–72
Pickett, George E.: in Mexican War, 5
at Gettysburg, 656, 661–63, 664, 678
at Five Forks, 845
Pierce, Franklin, 179n
and Cuba, 107–10
and Nicaragua, 112, 113
election of, 118–19
and Anthony Burns, 119–20
and Kansas-Nebraska Act, 122–23
and Kansas issue, 147, 157, 161
vetoes by, 155
and corruption, 225
Pierpont, Francis, 298
Pike, Zebulon, 45
Pillow, Gideon, 400–401
Pinkerton, Allan, 361n
Pittsburg Landing, battle of, see Shiloh
Pleasant Hill, battle of, 723
Pleasants, Henry, 758–59
Polk, James K., 64
and Mexican War, 4, 47–50
and slavery expansion issue, 51–52, 54, 58, 65
and Oregon, 53
and acquisition of Cuba, 104
Polk, Leonidas: occupies Kentucky, 296, 393
and battle of Perryville, 519–20
dislike of Bragg, 583
at Chickamauga, 672, 676
in Atlanta campaign, 747
killed, 748
Pollard, Edward A., 115
Pomeroy, Samuel C., 714
Pook, Samuel, 393
Pope, John: western campaigns of, 402, 415, 416, 488
transferred to Virginia, 488
unpopular orders there, 501, 524
and 2nd Bull Run, 525–33
evaluation of, 857
Popular sovereignty: origins of, 58–59, 62, 63
and Compromise of 1850, 76
and Kansas-Nebraska Act, 123–24, 128
Battle Cry of Freedom Page 120
