and Dred Scott case, 176, 177–78
and Freeport doctrine, 183–84
Populist movement, 453
Port Gibson, battle of, 629
Port Hudson, Union capture of, 637–38, 668, 683, 703, 769
Port Republic, battle of, 458, 460
Port Royal, battle of, 371
Porter, David Dixon: in Vicksburg campaign, 586–88, 627
and battle of Fort Fisher, 820
escorts Lincoln to Richmond, 846
Porter, Fitz-John: in Seven Days' battles, 463–67, 470
and John Pope, 524
at 2nd Bull Run, 528–29, 531, 533
cashiered, 529 and n
at Antietam, 543–44
on Emancipation Proclamation, 559
Prairie Grove, battle of, 668
Prentiss, Benjamin M, 408–10
Price, Sterling: commander of Missouri rebel militia, 291–92
at Wilson's Creek, 350–51
capture of Lexington, 352
retreats, 353–54
at Pea Ridge, 404
battles of Iuka and Corinth, 515, 516, 522–23, 534
in Arkansas, 668
invasion of Missouri in 1864, 784, 786–88
Prigg v. Pennsylvania, 78–79
Prisoners of war, exchange cartel, 791
breakdown of, over issue of Confederate refusal to exchange black prisoners, 566–67, 650, 792–93, 798–800
Confederate treatment of black captives, 793–96
conditions in prisons, 796–98
controversies about, 800–802
mortality of prisoners, 802 and n. See also An-dersonville prison
Proslavery argument, 56–57
response to Uncle Tom's Cabin, 90
and wage slavery theme, 98–99
mudsill theme, 196–98
Pryor, Roger, 273
Quantrill, William, 292, 784, 785
Lawrence massacre, 786
death of, 788
Quitman, John, and filibustering, 105, 106, 108–10
Radical Democratic party, 716
Railroads: and antebellum economic growth, 12–13, 22, 29, 31, 189
and southern economy, 91, 93–95
and Kansas-Nebraska Act, 121–22
issue of transcontinental r.r., 189, 193–94, 220, 225, 450–52
strategic importance of in war, 287, 294, 299, 512, 516
Confederate deficiencies, 318–19
vulnerability to guerrilla and cavalry raids, 512–15
northern military construction of, 514–15, 527
deterioration in South, 619
rail transfer of Longstreet's divisions to Georgia, 671
rail transfer of 11th and 12th Corps to Chattanooga, 675
construction of transcontinental r.r. begins, 818
Rains, George W., 320 and n
Rawlins, John A., 588
Raymond, Henry, 610, 769–70
Raymond (Miss.), battle of, 630
Read, Thomas B., 780
Reagan, John, 647
Rebel yell, 344
Reconstruction: Lincoln's 1863 proclamation of amnesty and, 698–99
and conflict between Lincoln and radicals, 700–702, 717
experiment in Louisiana, 703–9, 712
and Wade-Davis bill, 706, 708
Lincoln vetoes, 712–13
his willingness to compromise with Congress, 843–44
Lincoln's last speech on, 851–52
Rector, Henry, 282
Red River campaign, 722–23
Reeder, Andrew, 146–47
Religion: and nativism, 7, 32–33, 135
and slavery, 8, 88–91
and education, 20–21
and 1857 Panic, 191. See also Catholics Second Great Awakening
Republican party: and free-labor ideology, 27–28
and internal improvements, 29
constituency of, 30–31, 805
on polygamy, 45
birth of, 126, 129, 135, 140, 144
and nativism, 137–43, 154–55, 221
and Kansas, 149–53
and black rights, 159–60, 224–25, 227
and slavery during Civil War, 494, 699
as war party, 690
historic achievement of 13th Amendment, 839–40. See also Elections entries
Slavery in the territories
Resaca, battle of, 744–45
Revere, Paul, 316
Reynolds, John, 653–54
Rhett, Robert Barnwell, 257, 258, 835
Richardson, William A., 121–22
Richmond: martial law in, 434
bread riot of 1863 in, 617–18
fall of, 846–47
Richmond Examiner: on 1860 election, 232
on Lee in western Virginia, 302–3, 462
urges offensive military strategy, 337
supports martial law, 434
denounces "extortion," 441
on trading with enemy, 621
on Lee's invasion of Pennsylvania, 648
on loss of Atlanta, 775
opposes arming of slaves, 835
on Lee's endorsement of arming slaves, 837
Richmond Whig: and 1848 election, 63
on 1st Manassas, 347
on British recognition, 388
criticism of Davis, 428
criticism of martial law, 434
on R. E. Lee, 490
on fight to last ditch, 824
opposes arming and freeing of slaves, 834
Rifle, development of, and Civil War tactics, 474–77
Riots: against blacks in North in 1862, 507
New York draft riots, 609–11, 686, 687
bread riots in Confederacy, 617–19
Roanoke Island, battle of, 372–73
Rock, John, 841
Roebuck, John, 651
Roman Catholics, see Catholics
Rosecrans, William S., 813
in western Virginia, 299–303
in Corinth campaign, 416
battles of Iuka and Corinth, 522–23
battle of Stones River, 577, 579–83, 645
Tulla-homa campaign, 646, 667–68, 669
captures Chattanooga, 670
at Chickamauga, 671–74
besieged by Bragg, 675
relieved of command, 676
Ruffin, Edmund, 208, 273, 347, 665
Russell, Lord John: and question of British recognition of Confederacy, 384, 388, 389, 552
on blockade, 385
mediation moves in 1862, 555–56
and Laird rams, 682
Sabine Crossroads, battle of, 723
St. Albans (Vt.), raid by rebel agents, 764
St. John, Isaac M., 320 and n
Saltonstall, Leverett, 265
Sanborn, Franklin B., 204, 207
Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de, 3, 50, 108
Saunders, Romulus M., 104
Savage's Station, battle of, 468
Saxton, Rufus, 710, 842
Sayler's Creek, battle of, 848
Schofield, John M.: in Georgia campaign, 744, 752, 754
and battle of Franklin, 811–12
Schurz, Carl, 223, 328
Scott, Dred, 170, 171, 174, 175, 176, 202. See also Dred Scott v. Sandford
Scott, Thomas, 324
Scott, Winfield: and Mexican War, 3–4
presidential candidate, 4, 59, 117–19, 131
as general in chief, in secession crisis, 249–50, 266
and Fort Sumter, 267–70
urges Lee to remain loyal, 281
organizes defense of capital, 285–86
and western Virginia, 299
disabilities of, 313
opposes dispersal of regulars among volunteer regiments, 327–28
"Anaconda Plan" of, 333–34, 335, 818
relations with McClellan, 359–60
Secession: southern threats of before 1861, 67–70, 85, 86–87, 158, 165–67, 178, 212, 229–31
threat
of fulfilled, 234–35
as revolution, 237–41
weakness of southern unionism, 239, 255
correlation of, with slaveholding, 242, 255, 283–84
and nonslaveholders, 242–44
as pre-emptive counterrevolution, 245–46, 861
northern response to, 246–50
compromise proposals, 250–54
upper South rejects, 255
and upper South states after Sumter, 276–84
Second Great Awakening, 43
and abolitionism, 8, 35, 88
Seddon, James A., 646, 647
on treatment of captured black soldiers, 566, 795
resigns, 821
Sedgwick, John, 542, 644
Semmes, Raphael, 5, 314, 316, 547
Seneca Falls woman's rights convention, 36
Seven Days' battles, 464–71, 475, 477, 478, 812
consequences of, 490–91, 499–500, 524, 655
Seven Pines, battle of, 461–62, 464, 477, 576
Seward, William H.: on education, 29
indicts slavery, 39
and 1848 election, 63
influence with Taylor, 67
on Compromise of 1850, 70, 74
Higher Law speech, 72–73
and 1852 election, 117–18
and 1854 elections, 126
and nativism, 131, 137
on slavery in Kansas, 145
in 1856 election, 155, 160
on Dred Scott case, 178–79
irrepressible conflict speech, 198
and John Brown, 211–12
and 1860 election, 216–21, 227
on threats of secession, 230
on Buchanan and coercion, 248
on secession, 252, 253
and conciliation, 255–56, 272
named sec. of state, 260
and Lincoln's inaugural address, 261–63
on Fort Sumter, 268
April fool's memo, 270–71
and McClellan, 364
warns Britain against recognizing Confederacy, 384, 388–89
and Trent crisis, 390–91
on internal security, 436
and the call for troops in 1862, 491
on the Emancipation Proclamation, 504, 505
and European mediation moves, 555
cabinet crisis of Dec. 1862, 574–75
on capture of Atlanta, 775
at Hampton Roads peace conference, 822–23
lobbies for 13th Amendment, 839
Seymour, Horatio, 685
opposes emancipation, 560, 592
opposes conscription, 602, 609
and 1864 election, 771
Seymour, Thomas, 771
Shadrach (fugitive slave), 82–83
Shannon, Wilson, 147, 148, 161
Sharpsburg, battle of, see Antietam
Shaw, Lemuel, 207
Shaw, Robert Gould, 686–87
Shenandoah Valley: Jackson's campaign, 425, 454–60, 466
Sigel's campaign, 722, 724
Hunter's campaign, 737–39
Sheridan's campaign, 777, 858
destruction of resources in, 778, 784, 848
battle of Cedar Creek, 779–81
Shepley, George F., 703–4
Sheridan, Philip H.: in Corinth campaign, 416
battle of Perryville, 519–20
at Stones River, 580
comes east as cavalry commander, 718
battle of Yellow Tavern, 728, 731
at Cold Harbor, 733
Trevilian Station raid, 737, 739
goes to Shenandoah Valley, 758
attacks Early at Winchester and Fisher's Hill, 777
lays waste to Shenandoah Valley, 778–79, 784, 815
battle of Cedar Creek, 779–81, 858
returns to Petersburg front, 844
battle of Five Forks, 845
pursues Lee, 847
at Appomattox, 848
Sherman, John: and 1859 speakership fight, 200–201
senator, 329
on growing emancipation sentiment, 496
and war finance, 594
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 329, 483, 501, 785
and march to the sea, 198, 325, 806, 808–11, 815, 816
transfer from Kentucky, 305
at 1st Bull Run, 341, 344 and n
at Shiloh, 408–9, 412–13
Corinth campaign, 416, 488
on vulnerability of railroads, 575
Vicksburg campaign, 577–78, 586–87
Chickasaw Bluffs assault, 579
denounces trade with enemy, 622
1863 Vicksburg campaign, 627–31, 635, 637–38
goes to Chattanooga, 675
fighting in Chattanooga, 677–78
commander of western theater armies, 718
Atlanta campaign, 719, 722, 723, 743–56
capture of Atlanta, 774–75, 776
philosophy of war, 786, 809
and soldier vote in Indiana, 804
march through Carolinas, 825–28, 838, 844
and the burning of Columbia, 829
battle of Bentonville, 830
Order No. 15 (land for freedmen), 841–42
army of, in Grand Review, 853
qualities of generalship, 857
Shields, James, 457–60
Shiloh, battle of, 405–13, 471, 478, 483, 580
consequences of, 414–15, 416, 418
Shoup, Francis, 834
Sickles, Daniel E.: political general, 328
at Chancellorsville, 641, 644
at Gettysburg, 657–60
Sigel, Franz, named general, 328
at Wilson's Creek, 351
at Pea Ridge, 405
at 2nd Bull Run, 642
Shenandoah Valley campaign of, 722–23, 734
battle of New Market, 724
Sims, Thomas, 83, 83–84n
Slave trade, African: closing of, 37
movement to reopen, 102–3
illegal trading, 103
Slavery: economics of, 6–8, 33, 39, 96–102
as divisive sectional issue, 7–8, 28, 38–41, 54
and southern literacy, 20, 40
relation to caste and class in South, 199–200
correlation with secession, 242, 255, 283–84
as issue in Civil War, 311–12
North and, 354–58
McClellan on, 363–64
and North during 1862, 494–500, 502–10
as stumbling block to British recognition of Confederacy, 552–53
and 20–Negro draft exemption in South, 611–12
as issue in Confederate debate over arming blacks, 831–37. See also Emancipation
Proslavery argument
Slavery in the territories: issue of, 4, 8, 41, 46, 51–72
and Compromise of 1850, 70–77
drive for annexation of new slave territory, 103–16, 194–95
in Kansas, 116, 144–53, 162–69
and Kansas-Nebraska Act, 122–26
Lincoln on, 127–30
and 1856 election, 154–62
Dred Scott case, 171, 175–80
as issue in Lincoln-Douglas debates, 182–84, 186–87
and federal slave code controversy, 195, 214
and 1860 election, 227
and secession, 241, 253
Slidell, John: supports filibustering, 109, 195
and Trent affair, 367, 389–91, 444
and French policy in Mexico, 553–54
expects French recognition, 555, 650
Smalls, Robert, 564
Smith, Adam, 96
Smith, Caleb, 219n, 260, 270
Smith, Edmund Kirby: and invasion of Kentucky, 516–20, 524, 534, 838
and treatment of captured black soldiers, 566
command of trans-Mississippi Department, 668
Smith, Gerrit, 86, 204, 207
Smith, Joseph, 43–44
Smith, Truman, 125
Smith, William F., 740
Sons of Liberty: and antiwar activities, 762, 763
exaggerated notions about, 764–65
arrests of, 781, 782
Lincoln on, 783
Soulé Pierre, 107–8, 110, 112, 113
South: contrasts with North, 39–41, 860
antebellum political power of, 53, 54n
and antebellum economic matters, 91–102, 192–93, 195–96
Cavalier thesis, 197
Civil War wrenches to a new direction, 860–61. See also Confederate States of America
proslavery argument
Secession
Slavery
South Mountain, battle of, 537
Southern Commercial Conventions, 93, 100
support reopening of slave trade, 102–3
and annexation of new slave territory, 104, 113–14
Southern Literary Messenger: on Uncle Tom's Cabin, 90
Cavalier thesis, 197
and Jefferson Davis, 428
Spaulding, Elbridge G., 445–46
Speed, Joshua, 353
Spotsylvania, battle of, 728–33, 735, 812
Stanton, Edwin M., 506
as Buchanan's attorney-general, 266
Lincoln's war secretary, 324
and General Stone, 363
fears C.S.S. Virginia, 376
creates Union ram fleet, 417
relaxes internal security, 436
suspends recruiting, 437
and McClellan's Peninsula campaign, 464, 468
and new enlistments in 1862, 492–93
disgust with McClellan, 504
and western strategy, 511
and railroad logistics, 514
McClellan attacks, 525
and 2nd Bull Run, 532
wants McClellan's removal, 533
McClellan wants Stanton's removal, 569
sends Dana west, 589
prods Rosecrans, 669
and transfer of troops to Chattanooga, 675
and breakdown of p.o.w. exchange, 792–93
and southern prisons, 797
reduces prisoner rations, 798
on Thomas, 813
and land for freedmen, 841
administrative talents of, 857
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 36
Star of the West (ship), 266
Stearns, Charles, 203–4
Stearns, George L., 204, 207
Stephens, Alexander H., 185n
and election of 1848, 59
and Taylor administration, 66, 67–69
Compromise of 1850, 74, 86
on filibustering, 109, 114
in 1852 election, 118
and Kansas-Nebraska Act, 125
on Le-compton debate, 168
and Dred Scott case, 172
on Democrats in 1860, 215
as conditional unionist, 237
fears war, 238
slavery as cornerstone speech of, 244
elected Confederate vice president, 258–59
on cotton as lever of foreign policy, 383
opposes martial law, 435
mission to Washington in 1863, 650
mission aborted, 664
opposition to Davis, 692–94
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