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———.
La miel es más dulce que la sangre. Las épocas lorquiana y freudiana de Salvador Dalí
. Barcelona: Seix Barral, 1984.
———.
“Los putrefactos” de Dalí y Lorca. Historia y antología de un libro que no pudo ser
. Madrid: Publicaciones de la Residencia de Estudiantes (CSIC), 1995.
———. “Pepín Bello, o la amistad.”
ABC Literario
(Madrid), November 14, 1987, 9.
Sopeña, Federico.
Atlántida
. Introducción a Manuel de Falla. Madrid: Taurus (Cuadernos Taurus), 1962.
Soria Olmedo, Andrés, ed.
Lecciones sobre Federico García Lorca. Granada
,
mayo de
1986. Granada: Edición del Cincuentenario, 1986.
Southworth, Herbert Rutledge. “The Falange: An Analysis of Spain’s Fascist Heritage.” In
Spain in Crisis
. Ed. Paul Preston. Hassocks, Sussex: The Harvester Press, 1976.
Suero, Pablo. “Crónica de un día de barco con Federico García Lorca.”
Noticias Gráficas
(Buenos Aires), October 14 and 15, 1933. Reprinted in OC, III, 436-40.
———. “Los últimos días con Federico García Lorca. El hogar del poeta.” In
España levanta el puño
. Buenos Aires: Noticias Gráficas, 1936. Reprinted in Eutimio Martín, “Un testimonio olvidado sobre García Lorca en el libro España levanta el puño, de Pablo Suero.”
Trece de Nieve
, 2nd series, 3 (May 1977), 79-88.
Teitelboim, Volodia.
Neruda
. Madrid: Ediciones Michay (Libros del Meridión), 1984.
Thomas, Hugh.
The Spanish Civil War
. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1968.
Tiempo, César. “Conversaciones con García Lorca en Buenos Aires.”
NacionalC
, July 11, 1957, 8-9.
Torre, Guillermo de. “Federico García Lorca.” In
Tríptico del sacrificio: Unamuno, García Lorca, Machado
. 2nd ed. Buenos Aires: Losada, 1960.
Trend, J.B.
Lorca and the Spanish Poetic Tradition
. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1956.
Los vanguardistas españoles
(1925-1935). Ed. Ramón Buckley and John Crispin. Madrid: El Libro de Bolsillo / Alianza, 1973.
Umbral, Francisco.
Lorca, poeta maldito
. Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva, 1968.
Vázquez Ocaña, Fernando.
García Lorca, asesinado: toda la verdad
. Barcelona: Planeta, 1975.
———.
García Lorca: Vida, cántico y muerte
. Mexico: Biografías Gandesa, 1957.
Villarejo, Pedro.
García Lorca en Buenos Aires. Una resurrección anterior a la muerte
. Buenos Aires: Libros de Hispanoamerica, 1986.
Walsh, John K. “The Social and Sexual Geography of Poeta en Nueva York.” In
“Cuando yo me muera” Essays in Memory of Federico García Lorca
. Ed. C. Brian Morris. New York: University Press of America, 1988.
Ward, Philip, ed.
The Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature
. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978.
Zalamea, Jorge. “Federico García Lorca, hombre de adivinación y vaticionio.”
Boletín cultural y bibliográfico
(Bogota) 2, 8 (1966), 1507-13.
Notes
Illustrations
[FGL in New York] “a strange young man”: Fabienne Bradu, Antonieta, 1900–1931 (Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1991). I am grateful to Christopher Maurer for having shown me this passage.
Epilogue
“I remember a certain”: FM, 18, translated in GM, 9–10.
Prologue: 1918
FGL gives reading:
Defensor de Granada
, March 18, 1918, 1; Eloy Escobar de la Riva, “Centro Artístico,”
El Noticiero Granadino
, March 18, 1918.
“just one more flower”:
Unless otherwise specified, all passages from
Impressions and Landscapes
are taken from FGL,
Impresiones y paisajes
, in OC, IV, 50–65.
“hits the streets … everyone”:
EC, 50.
“What will become … of my book”:
FGL, “Visión,” in
OC
, IV, 318–22; see also FGL,
Poesía inédita
, 199.
“In a century of zeppelins … Pan” and “Why fight against”:
EC, 48–49.
Lorca family supports Allies:
Author interview with Isabel García Lorca.
“shell shock” and “barbarous”:
Defensor de Granada
, June 5, 1918, 3.
FGL denounces patriotism:
“El patriotismo” (October 29, 1917), in
OC
, IV, 731–36.
FGL writes at night:
FM
, 160. See also “The Night,” a 1917 poem in which Lorca describes the “silence of night”; he signed this poem at dawn (OC, IV, 234–36, and FGL,
Poesía inédita
, 62).
“toward the good”:
FGL,
Prosa inédita
, 152.
“passionate romantic”:
EC, 46; see also FGL,
Místicas
, in OC, IV, 537–631.
“There is within me”:
“Apunte,” in OC, IV, 663.
“who filled the world”:
“Mística que se trata de una angustia suprema que no se borra nunca,” in OC, IV, 558–61.
“a desert… the Christs”:
“El patriotismo,” in OC, IV, 735.
FGL sees himself as Don Quixote:
“Breves meditaciones. De mi diario,” in OC, IV, 662.
1. Fountains: 1898–1905
“My Village”:
“Mi pueblo,” in OC, IV, 843–67.
“kissed”:
FM
, 26–27; GM, 16–17.
Poverty of FGL friend:
FGL, “Mi pueblo,” in OC, IV, 854–58.
Federico García Rodríguez:
Fuente Vaqueros, Church Archive, Baptisms, bk. 3, no. 148; author interview with Carmen Perea and Manuel Padilla; Mora Guarnido, 18; Couffon, 20;
FM
, 27–28;
GM
, 17; Salobreña, 74; author interview with Evaristo Correal and Pepe Toledano.
“intelligence,” “passion,” and “farmer, a rich man”:
Giménez Caballero.
Federico García Rodríguez’s marriage to Matilde Palacios Ríos:
Fuente Vaqueros, Church Archive, Marriages, bk. 2, nos. 175–76;
G, I
, 38; Cabrolié, 35–36, 47; Couffon, 20. For Matilde’s death and will see Fuente Vaqueros, Juzgado, Deaths, vol. 9, bk. 5, no. 328; Cabrolié, 37; Archivo de Protócolos Notoriales del Colegio de Granada, Protócolo, Santa Fe, 1894, Notaría de Cristóbal Pacheco y Rosales, vol. II, no. 1.748. 878. For Enrique García’s death see Fuente Vaqueros, Juzgado, Deaths, vol. 4,1888, bk. 14, no. 117. I am grateful to Ian Gibson for allowing me to consult Martine Cabriolé’s excellent study of the socioeconomic background of the Lorca family.
Matilde Palacios dictates will:
In her will, Matilde professed her faith in the Catholic religion, stated that she had borne no children during her marriage, and listed her occupation as “the profession of her sex” (Archivo de Protócolos Notoriales del Colegio de Granada, Protócolo, Santa Fe, 1894, Notaría de Cristóbal Pacheco y Rosales, vol. II, no. 1.748. 878).
Federico García Rodríguez purchases properti
es:
Registro de Propiedad, Santa Fe, vol. 439, fol. 29; Cabrolié, 41, 99.
Federico García Rodriguez proposes to Vicenta Lorca:
Auclair, 51; Higuera Rojas, 164; Fernández-Montesinos García, “Descripción,” ix; author interview with Manuel Fernández-Montesinos García; author interview with Amelia Agostini del Río.
Vicenta Lorca:
Granada, Ayuntamiento Archive, Baptisms, 1870, no. 560, Parroquia de Sta. Escolástica, no. 126; Cabrolié, 44–47, 75, 83;
G, I
, 42–43; Molina Fajardo, 20; Granada, Huerta de San Vicente Archive. For Vicenta Lorca’s death see Granada, Ayuntamiento Archive, Deaths, no. 673, Parroquia de Sta. Escolástica, no. 62. For Concepción Romero’s death see Cabrolié, 83; Fuente Vaqueros, Deaths, Partido Judicial de Santa Fe, Registro Civil, bk. 15.
“After all that struggle”:
Cabrolié, 83;
G, I
, 43.
Federico García Rodríguez and Vicenta Lorca marry:
Juzgado Municipal de Fuente Vaqueros, 1889, Marriages, bks. 6, 7, and 8.
FGL’s birth and baptism:
Fuente Vaqueros, Juzgado, Births, 1897–1901, vol. 8, bk. 20, no. 549; Cabrolié, 86; Antonio Gallego Morell, “Treinta partidas de bautismo de escritores granadinos,”
Boletín de la Real Academia Española
(January-April 1954).
Luis García Lorca’s death and FGL response:
Fuente Vaqueros, Juzgado Municipal, Deaths, bk. 16, no. 680; FGL, “Tentación” (December 17, 1917), AFFGL; FGL,
Suites
, 267; FGL,
Poeta en Nueva York
, 152n; Walsh, 115.
“streams of black blood” and “look of terror”:
FGL, “Fray Antonio (Poema raro),” in OC, IV, 764.
Francisco García Lorca’s birth:
Fuente Vaqueros, Juzgado, Births, bk. 21, vol. 9, 1902, no. 48.
Concha García Lorca’s birth:
Fuente Vaqueros, Juzgado, Births, bk. 22, vol. 10, 1903, no. 61.
Family moves to new house in Fuente Vaqueros:
G, I
, 40; Cabrolié, 99.
FGL attends church and school:
FGL, “Mi pueblo,” in OC, IV, 846–64; Martín,
Federico García Lorca, heterodoxo
, 187;
G, I
, 60. On the distinction between male and female in twentieth-century Spanish society see Julian A. Pitt-Rivers,
The People of the Sierra
, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971), 84–109.
Childhood games and “greatest emotions”:
FM
, 61; FGL, “Mi pueblo,” in OC, IV, 858–61.
“clumsy gait”:
FM
, 61;
GM
, 45.
FGL on horseback:
FM
, 54.
FGL and childhood theatrics:
“Cuando Carmen jugaba con Federico a los Títeres de Cachiporra,”
Ideal
(Granada), June 4, 1978, 31–32; Couffon, 23–24; Francisco García Lorca, introduction to FGL,
Five Plays
, 9; Francisco García Lorca, prologue to FGL,
Three Tragedies
, 9; Molina Fajardo, 82.
Vicenta Lorca encourages FGL:
See, for example, letters from Vicenta Lorca to FGL (November 9, 1920; November 18, 1920; March 29, 1921), AFFGL.
“I was shocked”:
EC, 736.
Family’s admiration for Victor Hugo:
FM
, 47–50; Martín,
Federico García Lorca, heterodoxo
, 131–32, 143; Cano, 20, as told to Cano by Isabel García Rodríguez.
Storytelling:
FGL, “Mi pueblo,” in OC, IV, 845–46; Mora Guarnido, 24–25, 26, 30; Luis Lacasa, “Recuerdo y trayectoria de Federico García Lorca,”
Literatura soviética
(Moscow), 1946, 38–46.
Music in the García Lorca household:
FM
, 55,61; Martínez Nadal, in FGL,
Autógrafos I
, xvi; Couffon, 24–25; Molina Fajardo, 85;
G, I
, 38; Higuera Rojas, 166.
“the fandango … ardor”:
OC, IV, 251.
“The rich child listens”:
OC, III, 117, trans. in FGL,
Deep Song
, 10.
“a rich little boy”:
Giménez Caballero.
García family and annual gatherings:
FM
, 52–53, 56; Molina Fajardo, 20, 85.
“such a delicate child!”:
FGL, “Retablo del dolor gigante. Quico,” in OC, IV, 808–11; trans. Maurer, introduction to FGL,
Collected Poems
, x.
“all poor women” and “misery and neglect”:
FGL, “Mi amiguita rubia,” in OC, IV, 854–58;
FM
, 406–7.
“without thinking”:
FGL, “Retablo de dolor ingenuo. Adelaida,” in OC, IV, 812–15.
FGL’s love of the landscape:
FM
, 54;
GM
, 40; FGL,
Suites
, 220; Cano, 13; Mora Guarnido, 21; Luna. See also Proel;
FM
, 22–23;
GM
, 12.
History of the
vega:
FM
, 11;
GM
, 3; Salobreña, 14; J.N.P. Watson, “In Honour of Salamanca. The Duke of Wellington’s Andalusian Estate, I,”
Country Life
(London), September 4, 1980, 779–81, and “Some ‘Near Run Things.’ The Duke of Wellington’s Andalusian Estate, II,”
Country Life
(London), September 12, 1980, 886–88.
FGL sees Roman mosaic unearthed:
Luna;
FM
, 35;
GM
, 23.
2. New Worlds: 1905–15
Lorca family moves to Asquerosa:
Cabrolié, 99; Mora Guarnido, 19; “Cuando Carmen jugaba con Federico a los Títeres de Cachiporra,”
Ideal
(Granada), June 4, 1978.
“repulsive”:
In 1941 the town’s name was officially changed to Valderrubio, a reference to the local cultivation of blond, or “rubio,” tobacco (Hernández, “Francisco y Federico García Lorca,” xi); FGL,
Cartas, postales, poemas y dibujos
, ed. Antonio Gallego Morell (Madrid: Edición Moneda y Crédito, 1968), 43f.
“one of the prettiest”:
EC
, 119.
Don Federico’s land holdings in Asquerosa:
Cabrolié, 41, 99; Registro de Propriedad, Santa Fe, vol. 499, bks. 71, 81, 111, and vol. 439, fol. 29.
lack of privacy in Asquerosa:
FM
, 54.
“it’s full of stupid etiquette”:
EC
, 355.
FGL sent to school in Almería:
In all likelihood FGL spent two years in Almería, from 1906 to 1908, possibly even staying until the spring of 1909. His name appears only in the book for the academic year 1907–08, however, and in a list of students who were examined on September 21, 1908.
Antonio Rodríguez Espinosa:
FM, 65–66; GM, 49–50; AFFGL (photograph collection); Antonio Gallego Morell, “D. Antonio Rodríguez Espinosa, maestro de García Lorca, también era poeta,” in
Lecturas del
27, 67–80; Pascual González Guzmán, “Federico in Almería. Nuevos datos para la biografía de García Lorca,”
PSA
XXXV (November 1964), 206–207; Gabriel Nuñez-Ruiz, “Lorca, escolarillo almeriense,”
Revista de Literatura XLVl
, 91 (January-June 1984), 135–36.
“to embark on another life” and “the boss’s kid”:
FGL, “Mi escuela,” in OC, IV, 848.
“most turbulent”:
Couffon, 37n.
FGL attends school in Almería:
Gabriel Nuñez-Ruiz, “Lorca, escolarillo almeriense,”
Revista de Literatura
XLVI, 91 (January-June 1984), 140–41; Martin Martin, 37.
FGL falls ill:
Giménez Caballero; Couffon, 37n.;
FM
, 67; Martín Martín, 37, 60; Emilio Orozco Díaz, “Federico García Lorca se gradúa de bachiller. (Notas en torno a unos años de la vida del poeta),” in
Lecturas del
27, 12–13;
G, I
, 70.
“I asked for a mirror”:
FGL, “Nota autobiográfica,” OC, III, 306. The poem, if it existed, has not survived.
FGL recuperates in Asquerosa:
FM
, 67.
Lorca family moves to Granada:
Martin Martin, 60;
FM
, 49, 67; Emilio Orozco Diaz, “Federico García Lorca se gradúa de bachiller. (Notas en torno a unos años de la vida del poeta),” in
Lecturas del
27, 12–13. According to Isabel García Lorca, the house at Acera del Darro was filled with the constant sound of murmuring water (Isabel García Lorca, 11).
“blood of the wounded earth”:
FGL, “Canción oriental,” in OC, I, 143.
“has two rivers”:
OC, III, 138; FGL,
How a City Sings from November to November
.
“everything reduced and concentrated”:
Morla Lynch, 317; OC, III, 79–80.
“great crime of the Inquisition”:
FGL, “El patriotismo” (October 27, 1917), in OC, IV, 733.
“tensed Federico’s soul”:
FM
, 118; GM, 96.
“fatal duel”:
FGL, “Semana Santa en Granada,” OC, III, 271–74.
FGL’s affinity with Arab culture:
Crow, 54; Rodrigo,
Memoria
, 189; Isabel García Lorca, 15–16.
“suffers and weeps”:
OC, III, 138.
Vicenta Lorca decorates home:
FM
, 70; Mora Guarnido, 18–19, 47–48.
Isabel García Lorca’s birth and Vicenta Lorca’s illness:
Registro Civil de Granada, Births, 1909, no. 92, 232;
FM
, 45, 79, 80.
“Mama I want to see you”:
EC, 25.
FGL begins school in Granada:
When FGL first took the exam in June 1909, he passed only the Spanish language segment of the test; he was reexamined in September 1909 and in June and September 1910, and passed (Martin Martín, 38, 41–42, 55–56, 72).