The Memory Illusion

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by Dr Julia Shaw


  19 Janssen, S., Chessa, A., & Murre, J. (2005). The reminiscence bump in autobiographical memory: effects of age, gender, education, and culture. Memory, 13 (6): 658–68.

  20 Conway, M. A., Wang, Q., Hanyu, K., & Haque, S. (2005). A cross-cultural investigation of autobiographical memory: on the universality and cultural variation of the reminiscence bump. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36 (6): 739–49.

  Chapter 3

  1 Hunt, K. L., & Chittka, L. (2015). Merging of long-term memories in an insect. Current Biology, 25 (6): 741–5.

  2 Hunt, K., & Chittka, L. (2014). False memory susceptibility is correlated with categorisation ability in humans. F1000Research, 3.

  3 Baudry, M., Bi, X., Gall, C., & Lynch, G. (2011). The biochemistry of memory: The 26 year journey of a ‘new and specific hypothesis’. Neurobiology of learning and memory, 95(2), 125-133.

  4 http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/2004/01/09/memories.php

  5 Fioriti, L., Myers, C., Huang, Y. Y., Li, X., Stephan, J. S., Kandel, E. R., et al. (2015). The persistence of hippocampal-based memory requires protein synthesis mediated by the prion-like protein CPEB3. Neuron, 86 (6): 1433–48.

  6 Stephan, J. S., Fioriti, L., Lamba, N., Colnaghi, L., Karl, K., Derkatch, I. L., & Kandel, E. R. (2015). The CPEB3 protein is a functional prion that interacts with the actin cytoskeleton. Cell Reports, 11 (11): 1772–85.

  7 http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/prions-are-key-to-preserving-long-term-memories/

  8 Nader, K., Schafe, G. E., & Le Doux, J. E. (2000). Fear memories require protein synthesis in the amygdala for reconsolidation after retrieval. Nature, 406 (6797): 722–6.

  9 Chan, J. C., & LaPaglia, J. A. (2013). Impairing existing declarative memory in humans by disrupting reconsolidation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110 (23): 9309–13.

  10 Beracochea, D. (2006). Anterograde and retrograde effects of benzodiazepines on memory. Scientific World Journal, 6, 1460–5.

  11 Vidailhet, P., Danion, J. M., Kauffmann-Muller, F., Grangé, D., Giersch, A., Van Der Linden, M., & Imbs, J. L. (1994). Lorazepam and diazepam effects on memory acquisition in priming tasks. Psychopharmacology, 115 (3): 397–406.

  12 Vidailhet, P., Danion, J. M., Chemin, C., & Kazès, M. (1999). Lorazepam impairs both visual and auditory perceptual priming. Psychopharmacology, 147 (3): 266–73.

  13 de Lavilléon, G., Lacroix, M. M., Rondi-Reig, L., & Benchenane, K. (2015). Explicit memory creation during sleep demonstrates a causal role of place cells in navigation. Nature Neuroscience.

  14 O’Keefe, J., & Dostrovsky, J. (1971). The hippocampus as a spatial map. Preliminary evidence from unit activity in the freely-moving rat. Brain Research, 34 (1): 171–5.

  15 Ramirez, S., Liu, X., Lin, P. A., Suh, J., Pignatelli, M., Redondo, R. L., et al. (2013). Creating a false memory in the hippocampus. Science, 341 (6144): 387–91.

  16 http://www.theguardian.com/education/2015/sep/16/what-happens-in-your-brain-when-you-make-a-memory

  17 Ibsen, S., Tong, A., Schutt, C., Esener, S., & Chalasani, S. H. (2015). Sonogenetics is a non-invasive approach to activating neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature Communications, 6.

  18 Ebbinghaus, H. (1885). Über das Gedächtnis [On memory]. Leipzig, Germany: Duncker and Humblot.

  19 Ebbinghaus, H. (1913). Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology (No. 3). University Microfilms.

  20 Brainerd, C. J., & Reyna, V. F. (2002). Fuzzy-trace theory and false memory. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11 (5): 164–9.

  Chapter 4

  1 Parker, E. S., Cahill, L., & McGaugh, J. L. (2006). A case of unusual autobiographical remembering. Neurocase, 12 (1): 35 – 49.

  2 Ericsson, K. A., Delaney, P. F., Weaver, G., & Mahadevan, R. (2004). Uncovering the structure of a memorist’s superior ‘basic’ memory capacity. Cognitive Psychology, 49 (3): 191–237.

  3 Patihis, L., Frenda, S. J., LePort, A. K., Petersen, N., Nichols, R. M., Stark, C. E., et al. (2013). False memories in highly superior autobiographical memory individuals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110 (52): 20947–52.

  4 http://nymag.com/scienceofus/2014/11/what-its-like-to-remember-almost-everything.html#

  5 Penfield, W. (1952). Memory mechanisms. AMA Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry, 67 (2): 178–98.

  6 Penfield, W., & Perot, P. (1963). The brain’s record of auditory and visual experience. Brain, 86 (4): 595–696.

  7 Milner, B. (1977). Wilder Penfield: his legacy to neurology. Memory mechanisms. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 116 (12): 1374.

  8 http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/is-there-such-a-thing-as/

  9 Searleman, A., & Herrmann, D. J. (1994). Memory from a Broader Perspective. New York: McGraw-Hill.

  10 Gray, C. R., & Gummerman, K. (1975). The enigmatic eidetic image: a critical examination of methods, data, and theories. Psychological Bulletin, 82 (3): 383–407.

  11 Haber, R. N. (1979). Twenty years of haunting eidetic imagery: where’s the ghost?. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2 (04): 583–94.

  12 Giray, E. F., Altkin, W. M., Roodin, P. A., & Vaught, G. M. (1977). The enigmatic eidetic image: a reply to Gray and Gummerman. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 44 (1): 191–4.

  13 Patihis, L., Frenda, S. J., LePort, A. K., Petersen, N., Nichols, R. M., Stark, C. E., et al. (2013). False memories in highly superior autobiographical memory individuals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110 (52): 20947–52.

  14 Roediger, H. L., & McDermott, K. B. (1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21 (4): 803.

  15 Collins, A. M., & Loftus, E. F. (1975). A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 82 (6): 407–28.

  16 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/16/books/review/is-the-brain-good-at-what-it-does.html?_r=0

  17 http://singularityhub.com/2011/09/29/hyperthymesia-%E2%80%93-a-newly-discovered-memory-in-which-people-remember-every-day-of-their-lives-video/

  18 Treffert, D. A. (2009). The savant syndrome: an extraordinary condition. A synopsis: past, present, future. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 364 (1522): 1351–7.

  19 Peek, F., & Hanson, L. (2007). The Life and Message of the Real Rain Man: The Journey of a Mega-savant. National Professional Resources Inc./Dude Publishing.

  20 Bauman, M., & Kemper, T. L. (1985). Histoanatomic observations of the brain in early infantile autism. Neurology, 35 (6): 866–74.

  21 Maier, S., van Elst, L. T., Beier, D., Ebert, D., Fangmeier, T., Radtke, M., et al. (2015). Increased hippocampal volumes in adults with high functioning autism spectrum disorder and an IQ>100: A manual morphometric study. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 234 (1): 152–5.

  22 Shalom, D. B. (2009). The medial prefrontal cortex and integration in autism. Neuroscientist, 15 (6): 589–98.

  23 Baron-Cohen, S. (1997). Mindblindness: An Essay on Autism and Theory of Mind. MIT Press.

  24 http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2013/12/18/255285479/when-memories-never-fade-the-past-can-poison-the-present

  25 http://nymag.com/scienceofus/2014/11/what-its-like-to-remember-almost-everything.html

  26 http://gizmodo.com/how-memory-hacking-is-becoming-a-reality-17578 88568

  27 Kuhl, B. A., Dudukovic, N. M., Kahn, I., & Wagner, A. D. (2007). Decreased demands on cognitive control reveal the neural processing benefits of forgetting. Nature Neuroscience, 10 (7): 908–14.

  28 Cottencin, O., Vaiva, G., Huron, C., Devos, P., Ducrocq, F., Jouvent, R., et al. (2006). Directed forgetting in PTSD: a comparative study versus normal controls. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 40 (1): 70–80.

  Chapter 5

  1 Arzi, A., Shedlesky, L., Ben-Shaul, M., Nasser, K., Oksenberg, A., Hairston, I. S., & Sobel, N. (2012). Humans can learn new information during sleep. Nature Neuroscience, 15 (10): 1460–5.


  2 Rauscher, F. H., Shaw, G. L., & Ky, K. N. (1993). Music and spatial task performance. Nature, 365 (6447): 611.

  3 DeLoache, J. S., Chiong, C., Sherman, K., Islam, N., Vanderborght, M., Troseth, G. L., et al. (2010). Do babies learn from baby media? Psychological Science.

  4 Zimmerman, F. J., Christakis, D. A., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2007). Associations between media viewing and language development in children under age 2 years. Journal of Pediatrics, 151 (4): 364–8.

  5 https://www.aap.org/en-us/advocacy-and-policy/aap-health-initiatives/pages/media-and-children.aspx

  6 Simons, D. J., & Chabris, C. F. (1999). Gorillas in our midst: sustained inattentional blindness for dynamic events. Perception, 28 (9): 1059–74.

  7 Simons, D. J., & Levin, D. T. (1998). Failure to detect changes to people during a real-world interaction. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 5 (4): 644–9.

  8 Hyman, I. E., Boss, S. M., Wise, B. M., McKenzie, K. E., & Caggiano, J. M. (2010). Did you see the unicycling clown? Inattentional blindness while walking and talking on a cell phone. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24 (5): 597–607.

  9 https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/mental-mishaps/201004/failing-notice-haircuts-missing-buildings-and-changed-conversation

  10 Levin, D. T., Momen, N., Drivdahl IV, S. B., & Simons, D. J. (2000). Change blindness blindness: The metacognitive error of overestimating change-detection ability. Visual Cognition, 7 (1–3): 397–412.

  11 Feld, G. B., & Diekelmann, S. (2015). Sleep smart – optimizing sleep for declarative learning and memory. Frontiers in Psychology, 6: 622.

  12 Wang, G., Grone, B., Colas, D., Appelbaum, L., & Mourrain, P. (2011). Synaptic plasticity in sleep: learning, homeostasis and disease. Trends in Neurosciences, 34 (9): 452–63.

  13 Yang, G., Lai, C. S. W., Cichon, J., Ma, L., Li, W., & Gan, W. B. (2014). Sleep promotes branch-specific formation of dendritic spines after learning. Science, 344 (6188): 1173–8.

  14 http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1933/10/07/talk-in-dreams

  15 https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/pages/US1886358-0.png

  16 http://www.phonophan.com/articles.html

  17 https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/pages/US1886358-0.png

  18 Sucala, M., Schnur, J. B., Glazier, K., Miller, S. J., Green, J. P., & Montgomery, G. H. (2013). Hypnosis – there’s an app for that: a systematic review of hypnosis apps. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 61 (4): 463–74.

  19 Simon, C. W., & Emmons, W. H. (1956). EEG, consciousness, and sleep. Science, 124 (3231): 1066–9.

  20 Hennevin, E., Hars, B., Maho, C., & Bloch, V. (1995). Processing of learned information in paradoxical sleep: relevance for memory. Behavioural Brain Research, 69 (1): 125–35.

  21 Cordi, M. J., Diekelmann, S., Born, J., & Rasch, B. (2014). No effect of odor-induced memory reactivation during REM sleep on declarative memory stability. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 8.

  22 Mazzoni, G., Laurence, J. R., & Heap, M. (2014). Hypnosis and memory: Two hundred years of adventures and still going! Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice, 1 (2): 153.

  23 Sheehan, P. W. & Perry, C. W. (2015). Methodologies of Hypnosis (Psychology Revivals): A Critical Appraisal of Contemporary Paradigms of Hypnosis. Routledge.

  24 Montgomery, G. H., David, D., Winkel, G., Silverstein, J. H., & Bovbjerg, D. H. (2002). The effectiveness of adjunctive hypnosis with surgical patients: a meta-analysis. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 94 (6): 1639–45.

  25 Gonsalkorale, W. M., Houghton, L. A., & Whorwell, P. J. (2002). Hypnotherapy in irritable bowel syndrome: a large-scale audit of a clinical service with examination of factors influencing responsiveness. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 97 (4): 954–61.

  26 Castel, A., Salvat, M., Sala, J., & Rull, M. (2009). Cognitive-behavioural group treatment with hypnosis: a randomized pilot trail in fibromyalgia. Contemporary Hypnosis, 26 (1): 48–59.

  27 http://psychcentral.com/news/2012/10/06/not-getting-sleepy-not-every one-can-be-hypnotized/45672.html

  28 Wagstaff, G. F. (1997). What is hypnosis? Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 22 (2): 155–63.

  29 Barber, T. X. (1962). Hypnotic age regression: a critical review. Psychosomatic Medicine, 24 (3): 286–99.

  30 Sargant, W. (1957). Battle for the Mind: A Physiology of Conversion and Brain-washing. London: Heinemann.

  31 Rahnev, D. A., Huang, E., & Lau, H. (2012). Subliminal stimuli in the near absence of attention influence top-down cognitive control. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, 74 (3): 521–32.

  32 Vokey, J. R., & Read, J. D. (1985). Subliminal messages: Between the devil and the media. American Psychologist, 40 (11): 1231–9.

  Chapter 6

  1 Chaplin, C., & Shaw, J. (2015). Confidently Wrong: Police Endorsement of Psycho-Legal Misconceptions. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 1-9.

  2 Figures accessed on March 30 th, 2016 from http://www.innocenceproject.org

  3 Svenson, O. (1981). Are we all less risky and more skillful than our fellow drivers? Acta Psychologica, 47 (2): 143–8.

  4 Johnson, D. D. P., & Fowler, J. H. (2011). The evolution of overconfidence. Nature, 477 (7364): 317–20.

  5 http://www.cozi.com/live-simply/who-works-harder-mom-or-dad

  6 Amin, G. S., & Kat, H. M. (2003). Welcome to the dark side: hedge fund attrition and survivorship bias over the period 1994–2001. Journal of Alternative Investments, 6: 57–3.

  7 Pronin, E., Kruger, J., Savtisky, K., & Ross, L. (2001). You don’t know me, but I know you: the illusion of asymmetric insight. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81 (4): 639.

  8 Holman, J., & Zaidi, F. (2010). The economics of prospective memory. Available at SSRN 1662183.

  9 Kornell, N. (2011). Failing to predict future changes in memory: A stability bias yields long-term overconfidence. In A. S. Benjamin (ed.), Successful Remembering and Successful Forgetting: A Festschrift in Honor of Robert A. Bjork. New York, NY: Psychology Press. 365–86.

  10 Koriat, A., Bjork, R. A., Sheffer, L., & Bar, S. K. (2004). Predicting one’s own forgetting: the role of experience-based and theory-based processes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133 (4): 643–56.

  11 https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/everybody-is-stupid-except-you/201008/long-term-overconfidence

  12 Furl, N., Garrido, L., Dolan, R. J., Driver, J., & Duchaine, B. (2011). Fusiform gyrus face selectivity relates to individual differences in facial recognition ability. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23 (7): 1723–40.

  13 Sacks, O. (1998). The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat and Other Clinical Tales. Simon and Schuster.

  14 Kennerknecht, I., Grueter, T., Welling, B., Wentzek, S., Horst, J., Edwards, S., et al. (2006). First report of prevalence of non-syndromic hereditary prosopagnosia (HPA). American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, 140 A(15): 1617–22.

  15 Russell, R., Duchaine, B., & Nakayama, K. (2009). Super-recognizers: People with extraordinary face recognition ability. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16 (2): 252–7.

  16 https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22830484-800-super-recognisers-could-be-used-to-identify-strangers-in-cctv/

  17 White, D., Kemp, R. I., Jenkins, R., Matheson, M., & Burton, A. M. (2014). Passport officers’ errors in face matching. PloS One, 9 (8): e103510.

  18 Palmer, M. A., Brewer, N., Weber, N., & Nagesh, A. (2013). The confidence-accuracy relationship for eyewitness identification decisions: Effects of exposure duration, retention interval, and divided attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 19 (1): 55–71.

  19 Blais, C., Jack, R. E., Scheepers, C., Fiset, D., & Caldara, R. (2008). Culture shapes how we look at faces. PLoS One, 3 (8): e3022.

  20 Ross, D. A., Deroche, M., & Palmeri, T. J. (2014). Not just the norm: exemplar-based models also predict face aftereffects. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 21 (1): 47–70.

  21 Young, S. G., Hugenberg, K., Bernstein, M. J., & Sacco, D. F. (2012). Perception and
motivation in face recognition: a critical review of theories of the Cross-Race Effect. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16 (2): 116–42.

  22 Sporer, S. L. (2001). Recognizing faces of other ethnic groups: An integration of theories. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 7 (1): 36.

  23 Ofshe, R., & Watters, E. (1994). Making Monsters: False Memories, Psychotherapy, and Sexual Hysteria. University of California Press.

  Chapter 7

  1 http://news.yahoo.com/nbc-news--brian-williams-recants-story-iraq-helicopter-after-soldiers-protest-231038729.html

  2 Porter, S., & Birt, A. R. (2001). Is traumatic memory special? A comparison of traumatic memory characteristics with memory for other emotional life experiences. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 15 (7): S101 –S117.

  3 http://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/PTSD-overview/Dissociative_Subtype_of_PTSD.asp

  4 Alpert, J. L., Brown, L. S., & Courtois, C. A. (1998). Symptomatic clients and memories of childhood abuse: What the trauma and child sexual abuse literature tells us. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 4 (4): 941.

  5 Staniloiu, A., & Markowitsch, H. J. (2014). Dissociative amnesia. Lancet Psychiatry, 1 (3): 226–41.

  6 Markowitsch, H. J., Kessler, J., Russ, M. O., Frölich, L., Schneider, B., & Maurer, K. (1999). Mnestic block syndrome. Cortex, 35 (2): 219–30.

  7 Porter, S., & Peace, K. A. (2007). The scars of memory: a prospective, longitudinal investigation of the consistency of traumatic and positive emotional memories in adulthood. Psychological Science, 18 (5): 435–41.

  8 Magnussen, S., & Melinder, A. (2012). What psychologists know and believe about memory: A survey of practitioners. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 26 (1): 54–60.

  9 Brown, R., & Kulik, J. (1977). Flashbulb memories. Cognition, 5 (1): 73–99.

  10 Contribution to A. R. Hopwood’s False Memory Archive, 2012–14. Courtesy of the artist.

  11 Day, M. V., & Ross, M. (2014). Predicting confidence in flashbulb memories. Memory, 22 (3): 232–42.

 

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