The Dynamite Club: How a Bombing in Fin-de-Siecle Paris Ignited the Age of Modern Terror

by Merriman, John

  [>] self-proclaimed "resolute avenger": Leyrat, En plein faubourg, pp. 161–65. Émile entered history: L'Écho de Paris, May 22, 1894.

  [>] "monstrous hatred": L'Événement, May 22, 1894.

  Items related to Émile: Sonn, Anarchism and Cultural Politics, p. 247; Ba 1115, May 11, 1894; DiPaola, "Italian Anarchists," p. 57. The Belgian newspaper was La Débâcle Sociale.

  "his sensitivities so full of love": Ba 1115, Nov. 22, 1893, commissaire special of Boissy St. Léger to prefect and to his counterpart in Versailles, Nov. 22, 1894; La Renaissance (G. Pérot), May 20, 1896.

  [>] Émilienne-Henriette: Léger, Journal, pp. 250, 302, saluting Caserio, "he pulled off the greatest coup. To wipe out a president of the Republic, c'est princier..."

  "the great human family": Kedward, The Anarchists, p. 42; Levy, "The Anarchist Assassin," p. 13.

  [>] "dynamite psychosis": Eisenzweig, Fictions, chapter II/3, esp. pp. 300–303, 325; R. Garraud, L'anarchie et la répression (Paris, 1895), pp. 11, 19–23, 114–15, 133.

  "acts of violence": M. P. Fabreguettes, De la complicité, pp. 39–41; Machelon, La République, pp. 409–45; Varennes, De Ravachol, pp. 246–72; R. Garraud, L'anarchie, p. 53, citing article 2, law of 28–7–94; F7 12508, "con-sidérations générales," Jan. 1894; Loubat, Code de la législation, pp. 177–78.

  [>] "Trial of the Thirty": Préposiet, Histoire, p. 400; Manevy, Sous le plis, p. 75; E. V. Zenker, Anarchism: A Criticism and History of the Anarchist Theory (New York, 1897), pp. 320–23; Varennes, De Ravachol, pp. 286–349.

  [>] Deibler's "accessories": Le Journal, May 22, 1894. In any case, the "scoundrelly laws" remained in place for decades; the third one, that of July 1894, remained on the books until 1992.

  Marie-François Goron: Marie-François Goron, Les mémoires de Goron, ancient chef de la Sûreté (Paris, 1897–98), pp. 7–8, 12–16.

  pilgrimage to the auberge: Ba 1115, police reports, Feb. 12 and May 16, 1896; May 31, 1897; and May 31, 1898; La Renaissance, May 20 and 23, 1896; Foureur, May 5, 1901; Liberté, May 26, 1896; prefect of police, May 21, 23, 25, and n.d., and Int., May 20, 1896; police reports, May 9, 18, 22, 26, and 29, 1896; May 21, 23, 25, 26, and 27, 1901; May 14, 1902, and telegram, Mar. 5, 1905, indicating that about two hundred anarchists showed up at the auberge; La Petite République, May 26, 1896; L'Événement, May 25, 1896; Les Temps Nouveaux, May 31, 1901.

  [>] "ridiculous deprivations": Maitron, Histoire, 1, p. 367.

  As for Jules: Zévaès, "Sous le signe," Vendémiaire, Dec. 30, 1935 and Jan. 6, 1937.

  [>] toward syndicalism: Sonn, Anarchism and Cultural Politics, p. 25; Guérin, Anarchism, p. 78; Jean-Marie Mayeur and Madeleine Rebérioux, The Third Republic, from Its Origins to the Great War, 1871–1914 (New York, 1987), p. 144; Joll, The Anarchists, pp. 180–81, 187; Woodcock, Anarchism, pp. 321–22.

  [>] a character much like Émile: Zola, Paris, p. 466.

  In London, the anarchists: Ba 1509; Oliver, The International, pp. 104–5, 141; Ba 1509.

  [>] the number of militant anarchists: Le Matin, Mar. 5, 1894. The number fell from about 10, 000 to 8, 000, and in Paris from about 2, 800 to 2, 300, still a considerable number, along with 1, 500 to 2, 000 in Lyon and its region, and about 1, 000 in Marseille. F713053, Moreau, commissaire special, "L'anarchisme en France," 1897.

  Bonnot's band terrorized: Maitron, Histoire du mouvement, I, pp. 396–406; Joll, "Singing, Dancing, and Dynamite."

  Elsewhere anarchism continued: Jensen, "The International Campaign," pp. 18–21; Joll, The Anarchists, pp. 207–23.

  [>] In the United States, anarchist attacks: Jensen, "The International Campaign," pp. 23–24.

  [>] "They have shown how": Joll, The Anarchists, pp. 158 and 163.

  "there weren't any": F713053, Moreau, commissaire spécial, "L'anarchisme en France," 1897.

  "a great bandit": L'Intransigeant, Apr. 29, 1894.

  [>] "cowardly" and ignorant: Maitron, Histoire du mouvement, p. 222, n. 5 (quoting R. Gressent, L'Humanité Nouvelle, 1, 1, Paris 1897, p. 631), from lean Grave, Le mouvement libertaire sous la Troisième République (Paris, 1930), p. 139.

  "In contrast to Vaillant": Malato, "Some Anarchist Portraits," p. 331.

  "I love all people": Henry, Coup pour coup, p. 184.

  a nineteenth-century Hamlet: Marius Boisson, Les attentats anarchistes sous la Troisième République (Paris, 1931), pp. 158–59, n. 1. Another interpretation, one shared by Fortuné, was that Émile's acts constituted an "indirect suicide" because he never recovered from having fallen in love with Élisa Gauthey (R. Gressent, L'Humanité Nouvelle, first year, Paris 1897, t. I, vol. 1, p. 631). Yet Émile struggled to get away after the Café Terminus bombing, in order to kill again.

  "a pacified capital": Bernard, Les deux Paris, p. 240.

  Bibliography

  Primary Sources

  Archives Nationales

  BB24 853

  F712504, 12506–09, 12518, 12830–32, 12835, 13053

  14 AS 25, 14 AS 136

  Archives de la Préfecture de Police

  Ba 66, 75–79, 103, 140–42, 303, 508–10, 894, 1085, 1115, 1132, 1170, 1215, 1237, 1289, 1500, 1502–04, 1507–09

  Archives Départementales de la Loire

  1M 528, 529, 533,

  4M 153, 173, 569, 582

  (4)U 299

  National Archives of Great Britain

  HO 45/10254/X36450

  HO 144/587/B2840C

  HO 144/545/A55176

  L'Endehors, La Révolte, La Petite République, L'Éclair, Le 19e Siècle, La Libre Parole, Le Figaro, L'Intransigeant, Le Matin, La Patrie, Le Gaulois, Débats, Le Rappel, Le Temps, La Cocarde, Le Jour, Le Petit Journal, Le Gil Blas, L'Écho de Paris, L'Événement, Le Soleil, Paris, Gazette des Tribunaux, Le Petit Temps, Justice, Le Journal, La Renaissance

  Secondary Literature

  Adamic, Louis. Dynamite: The Story of Class Violence in America. New York, 1931.

  Almanach du Père Peinard, 1894–1896–1897–1898–1899. Paris, 1984. Preface by Pierre Drachline.

  Andrieux, Louis. Souvenirs d'un préfet de police. Paris, 1885.

  Arasse, Daniel. The Guillotine and the Terror. London, 1989.

  Association de la Presse Judiciaire. The Paris Law Courts: Sketches of Men and Manners. Translated by Gerald P. Moriarty. New York, 1894.

  Avrich, Paul. Anarchist Portraits. Princeton, 1988.

  Baedeker, Karl. Paris and Environs, with Route from London to Paris, Paris, 1896.

  Bantman, Constance. "French Anarchist Exiles in London Before 1914." Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Paris, 2007.

  Bataille, Albert. Causes criminelles et mondaines de 1894: Les procès anarchistes. Paris, 1895.

  Benjamin, Walter. "Paris: Capita! of the Nineteenth Century," in Reflections: Essays, Aphorisms, Autobiographical Writings, ed. Peter Demetz. New York, 1978.

  Bérard, Alexandre. Sur l'anarchie. Lyon, 1897.

  Berlanstein, Lenard R. The Working People of Paris, 1871–1914. Baltimore, 1984.

  Bernard, Jean-Pierre A. Les deux Paris: Les représentations de Paris dans le seconde moitié du XIXe siècle. Champ Vallon, 2001.

  Bertrand, Louis. Histoire de la démocratie et du socialisme en Belgique depuis 1830. Vol. 2. Brussels, 1907.

  Besant, Walter. London North of the Thames. London, 1911.

  Blond, Georges. Grande armée du drapeau noir. Paris, 1972.

  Boisson, Marius. Les attentats anarchistes sous la Troisième République. Paris, 1931.

  Bongar, Bruce, Lisa M. Brown, Larry E. Beutler, James N. Breckenridge, and Philip G. Zimbardo, eds. Psychology of Terrorism. New York, 2007.

  Bookchin, Murray. The Spanish Anarchists: The Heroic Years, 1868–1936. San Francisco, 1998.

  Bouchardon, Pierre. Ravachol et compagnie. Paris, 1931.

  Boussinot, Roger. Les mots de l'anarchie. Paris, 1982.

  Brunet, Jean-Paul. Saint-Denis, la ville rouge, 1890–1939. Paris, 1980.

  Bunyan, Tony. The Histo
ry and Practice of the Political Police in Britain. London, 1976.

  Carr, Reg. Anarchism in France: The Case of Octave Mirbeau. Montreal, 1977.

  Chesterton, G. K. The Man Who Was Thursday: A Nightmare. New York, 1975 (1908).

  Chevalier, Louis. Montmartre: Du plaisir et du crime. Paris, 1980.

  Clark, T. J. The Painting of Modem Life: Paris in the Art of Manet and His Followers. New York, 1984.

  Cobb, Richard. The Police and the People: French Popular Protest, 1789–1820. New York, 1972.

  Collyer, Michael. "Secret Agents: Anarchists, Islamists, and Responses to Politically Active Refugees in London," Ethnic and Racial Studies, 28, 2 (March 2005), 278–303.

  Conrad, Joseph. The Secret Agent. New York, 1998 (1907).

  Coutry, Jean-Pierre. Endehors. Paris, 1974.

  David, Hugh. The Fitzrovians: A Portrait of Bohemian Society, 1900–1955. London, 1988.

  Delacour, Albert. Les lettres de noblesse de l'anarchie. Paris, 1899.

  Destrée, Jules, and Émile Vandervelde. Le socialisme en Belgique. Brussels, 1903.

  DiPaola, Pietro. "Italian Anarchists in London (1870–1914)." Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Goldsmiths College, University of London, 2004.

  ———. "The Spies Who Came in from the Heat: The International Surveillance of the Anarchists in London," European History Quarterly, 37 (2), 189–215.

  Dostoyevsky, Fyodor. Crime and Punishment. New York, 2003 (1866).

  Dubois, Félix. Le péril anarchiste. Paris, 1894.

  Dumas, René. Ravachol: L'homme rouge de l'anarchie. Saint-Étienne, 1981.

  Eisenwein, George. "Sources of Anarchist Terrorism in Late-Nineteenth-Century Spain." Unpublished paper.

  Eisenzweig, Uri. Fictions de l'anarchisme. Paris, 2001.

  Evenson, Norma. Paris: A Century of Change, 1878–1978. New Haven, 1979.

  Fabreguettes, M. P. De la complicité intellectuelle et des délits d'opinion: De la provocation et de l'apologie criminelle de la propaganda anarchiste. Paris, 1894–95.

  Faure, Sébastien, L. Barbedette, Victor Méric, and Voline. La véritable révolution sociale. Limoges, 1933.

  Fitzgerald, Edward Peter. "Émile Pouget, the Anarchist Movement, and the Origins of Revolutionary Trade-Unionism in France (1880–1901). Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Yale University, 1973.

  Fleming, Marie. The Anarchist Way to Socialism: Elisée Reclus and Nineteenth-Century European Anarchism. Totowa, New Jersey, 1979.

  ———. "Propaganda by the Deed: Terrorism and Anarchist Theory in Late-Nineteenth-Century Europe," in Terrorism in Europe, ed. Yonah Alexander and Kenneth A. Myers. New York, 1982.

  Gage, Beverly. The Day Wall Street Exploded: A Story of America. New York, 2009.

  Garçon, Maurice. Histoire de la justice sous la Ille République. Vol. 1. Paris, 1957.

  Garraud, R. L'anarchie et la repression. Paris, 1895.

  Gerould, Daniel. Guillotine: Its Legend and Lore. New York, 1992.

  Goron, Marie-François. Les mémoires de Goron, ancien chef de la Sûreté, Paris, 1897–98.

  Grave, Jean. Le mouvement libertaire sous la Troisième République: Souvenirs d'un révolté. Paris, 1930.

  ———. Quarante ans de propagande anarchiste. Paris, 1973.

  ———. La société mourante et l'anarchie. Paris, 1893.

  Green, James. Death in the Haymarket: A Story of Chicago, the First Labor Movement, and the Bombing That Divided Gilded-Age America. New York, 2006.

  Grison, Georges. Souvenirs de la place de la Roquette. Paris, 1883.

  Guérin, Daniel. Anarchism: From Theory to Practice. New York, 1970.

  Guérin, Daniel, ed. No Gods, No Masters. Oakland, 2005.

  Halperin, Joan. Félix Fénéon, Aesthete and Anarchist in Fin-de-Siècle Paris. New Haven, 1988.

  Hamon, Augustin. Psychologie de l'anarchiste-socialiste, Paris, 1895.

  ———. Socialisme et anarchisme: Études sociologiques, définitions. Paris, 1905.

  Harmel, Claude. Histoire de l'anarchie: Des origines à 1880. Paris, 1984.

  Harvey, David. Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and the Theory of Capitalist Urbanization. Baltimore, 1985.

  (Henry, Émile.) Coup pour coup. Paris, 1977.

  Henry, Émile. Déclaration. Paris, 1894.

  Henry, Fortuné. Les chants de l'enfance. Paris, 1881.

  Herbert, Eugenia. The Artist and Social Reform: France and Belgium, 1885–1898. New Haven, 1980 (1961).

  ———. "Les artistes et l'anarchisme," Mouvement Social, 36, July-September 1961.

  Herbert, Robert L. Impressionism: Art, Leisure, and Parisian Society. New Haven, 1988.

  Higonnet, Patrice. Paris: Capital of the World. Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2002.

  Hobsbawm, E. J. "Political Violence and Political Murder," in Social Protest, Violence, and Terror, ed. Wolfgang Mommsen and Gerhard Hirschfeld. New York, 1982.

  ———. Primitive Rebels: Studies in Archaic Forms of Social Movements in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. New York, 1959.

  Horowitz, Irving L. The Anarchists. New York, 1964.

  Iviansky, Ze'ev. "Individual Terror," Journal of Contemporary History, 12 (1977), 43–63.

  Jacquement, Gérard. "Belleville ouvrièr à la belle époque," Le Mouvement Social, 118 (January 1982), 61–77.

  Jaeger, Gérard A. Anatole Deibler, carnets d'exécutions (1885–1939). Paris, 2004.

  ———. Anatole Deibler (1863–1939): L'homme qui a trancha 400 têtes. Paris, 2001.

  Jensen, Richard Bach. "Daggers, Rifles, and Dynamite: Anarchist Terrorism in Nineteenth-Century Europe," Terrorism and Political Violence, 16, 1 (Spring 2004), 116–53.

  ———. "The International Campaign Against Anarchist Terrorism, 1880–1914/193OS." Unpublished paper, 2007.

  Joanne, Paul. Paris. Paris, 1889.

  ———. Paris-Diamant. Paris, 1894.

  Joll, James. The Anarchists. London, 1979.

  ———. "Singing, Dancing, and Dynamite," Times Literary Supplement, Sept. 10, 1976.

  Jonas, Raymond A. France and the Cult of the Sacred Heart: An Epic Tale for Modern Times. Berkeley, 2000.

  ———. "Sacred Mysteries and Holy Memories: Counter-Revolutionary France and the Sacré-Coeur," in Symbols, Myths and Images of the French Revolution, ed. Ian Germani and Robin Swales. Regina, 1998.

  ———. "Sacred Tourism and Secular Pilgrimage: Montmartre and the Basilica of Sacré-Coeur," in Montmartre and the Making of Mass Culture, Gabriel P. Weisberg, ed. New Brunswick, 2001.

  Jordan, David P. Transforming Paris: The Life and Labors of Baron Haussmann. New York, 1995.

  Kalifa, Dominique. Crimes et culture au XIXe siècle. Paris, 2005.

  ———. L'encre et le sang. Paris, 1995.

  Kalken, Franz van. Commotions populaires en Belgique (1834–1902). Brussels, 1936.

  Kedward, Roderick. The Anarchists: The Men Who Shocked an Era. London, 1971.

  Kossmann, E. H. The Low Countries, 1780–1940. Oxford, 1995.

  Kropotkin, Peter. The Conquest of Bread. New York, 1927.

  Langlais, Roger, ed. Père Peinard. Poitiers, 1976.

  Laqueur, Walter. The Age of Terrorism. Boston, 1987.

  ———. A History of Terrorism. New Brunswick, 2006.

  Lefrère, Jean-Jacques, and Philippe Oriol. Zo d'Axa: Un patrician de l'anarchie. Paris, 2002.

  Léger, Augustin. Journal d'un anarchiste. Paris, 1895.

  Levy, Carl. "The Anarchist Assassin and Italian History: 1870s to 1930s." Unpublished paper.

  ———. "Anarchism, Internationalism, and Nationalism in Europe, 1860–1939," Australian Journal of Politics and History, 50:3 (2004), 330–42.

  Leyret, Henry. En plein faubourg. Paris, 2000 (1895).

  Longoni, J. C. Four Patients of Dr. Deibler: A Study in Anarchy. London, 1970.

  Loubat, Guillaume. Code de la législation contre les anarchistes (commentaire des lois du 28 juillet 1894, 12 décembre 18
93, et 18 décembre 1893). Paris, 1895.

  Loyer, François. "Le Sacré-Coeur de Montmartre" in Les lieux de mémoire, III, ed. Pierre Nora. Paris, 1992.

  Machelon, lean-Pierre. La République contre les libertés? Les restrictions aux libertés publiques de 1879 à 1914. Paris, 1976.

  Maitron, Jean. "Un 'anar,' qu'est-ce que c'est?" Le Mouvement Social, 83, April-June 1973.

  ———. De la Commune à l'anarchie. Paris, 1894.

  ———. Dictionnaire biographique de mouvement ouvrièr français: 1871–1914. Paris, 1973.

  ———. Histoire du mouvement anarchiste en France, 1880–1914. Paris, 1951.

  ———. Le mouvement anarchiste en France (2 volumes). Paris, 1975.

  ———. Paul Delesalle, an "anar" de la belle époque. Paris, 1985.

  Maitron, J., and A. Droguet. "La presse anarchiste française de ses origines à nos jours," Le Mouvement Social, 83 (April-June 1973).

  ———. Ravachol et les anarchistes. Paris 1964.

  Malato, Charles. Les joyeusetés de l'exile. Ossas-Suhare, 1985.

  ———. "Some Anarchist Portraits." Fortnightly Review, 333, Sept. 1, 1894.

  Manevy, Raymond. Sous les plis du drapeau noir. Paris, 1949.

  Martin, F. Notice historique et archéologique sur Limeil-Brévannes. Corbeil, 1880.

  Mayeur, Jean-Marie, and Madeleine Rebérioux. The Third Republic from Its Origins to the Great War, 1871–1914. New York, 1987.

  Merriman, John. Aux marges de la ville: Faubourgs et banlieues en France, 1815–1870. Paris, 1994.

  Miller, Martin A. "Dance Macabre: Problems in the History of Terrorism," forthcoming, Journal for the Study of Radicalism.

  ———. "The Intellectual Origins of Modern Terrorism in Europe," in Terrorism in Context, ed. Martha Crenshaw. University Park, 1995.

  ———. Kropotkin. Chicago, 1976.

  ———. "Ordinary Terrorism in Historical Perspective," Journal for the Study of Radicalism, 2, 2 (2008).

  Miquel, Pierre. Les anarchistes. Paris, 2003.

  Monroe, John Warner. Laboratories of Faith: Mesmerism, Spiritism, and Occultism in Modern France. Ithaca, 2008.