effects of logging on, 70–71
functions of birdsong, 96, 244–45
hearing mechanisms of, 63
in natural soundscapes, 5, 11, 28, 29, 53, 87, 98, 126, 127, 131, 132, 155–56, 245
sound collections, 86
and sound mirrors, 33–34
species extinction, 205, 206
and tundra habitat, 77
and water sounds, 45
Blomberg, Les, 157
Borneo (Camp Leakey), 90–93, 97–98, 98, 99, 124
Borneo old-growth habitat, 211, 212
brain activity
effect of noise on, 160, 161, 173
and natural soundscapes, 105, 218, 219–20
and sound perception, 18, 23, 62
and tranquillity, 216
British Library of Wildlife Sounds, 86
Britten, Benjamin
Billy Budd, 149
Death in Venice, 149
Brown, Steven, 244
Bush, George W., 196, 198
Cage, John, 122, 175, 206
California Academy of Sciences, 82–88, 248
Camp Leakey, Borneo, natural soundscape recording at, 90–93, 97–98, 98, 99, 124
Carr, Nicholas, 221
Celilo Falls, 40–41, 165
Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA), 150
Chernobyl, Ukraine, 226–28
Chihuahuan Desert, 229
children
detrimental effects of noise on, 163–64
influence of soundscape on, 104, 106–08, 218, 222
Chowning, John, 150
chromatic scale, 22–23
Citadels of Mystery, 17
climate change, 77, 78–79, 233, 255
Coleridge, Samuel, 81
Columbia River, 39–40
Colver, Kevin, 231
common potoo, as animal soloist, 128, 129–30, 129
Coney Island, 42, 43
Conservation International, 213
contact mics, 50–51
control of sound, 110, 250
Copland, Aaron, 153
coral reefs
and climate change, 79
lack of reverberation of, 30
soundscapes of, 6–7, 72–73, 72, 73, 74
Cornell University Lab of Ornithology, 34, 86
Costa Rica clear-cut to edge habitat, 211, 213
Council for the Protection of Rural England (CPRE), 217–18
Creel, Scott, 187–88
Crooks, Kevin, 192
Crumb, George, 145
Currier, Lavinia, 250
Cusack, Peter, 227–28
Dalles Dam, 40
dance, 140, 200, 235
Dar es Salaam, 42–43
Darling, Erik, 250
Darwin, Charles, The Descent of Man, 118
dawn chorus, 77–78, 107, 126, 150, 181, 182, 183–84, 233
daytime chorus, 126
Debussy, Claude, La Mer, 17–18, 145, 243–44
decibels (dB), 24
deserts
anthrophony in, 195
rain forests compared to, 76
restoration of natural soundscapes in, 228–30
digital audiotape (DAT), 33, 185–86
Digit Fund, 54
Dugan, Dan, 243
duration, as sound characteristic, 18
Dzanga-Sangha region, Central African Republic, 104, 130–32, 134, 235
earth movement sounds, 39, 50–51
East Anglia, Great Britain, 42, 43
echolocation, 64, 96, 97, 189, 246, 249
eco-acoustic paradigm, 150–51
Edison, Thomas, 32
Eiseley, Loren, 81
Endangered Species Act (ESA), 189
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 168, 169, 175
Epic of Gilgamesh, 41, 138–39
European Union, 174
evening chorus, 77–78, 107, 126, 233
Fauré, Gabriel, “Requiem,” 47
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 171, 174–75, 195, 196
Ferry, Luc, The New Ecological Order, 146
Finney, Ross Lee, 249
fish
effect of anthrophony on, 188, 190, 191–92
function of acoustic behavior, 96
hearing mechanisms of, 61, 192
in natural soundscapes, 5–7, 53, 59, 72–73, 94
Fisker Karma, 170
Fjell, Simon, 247
Fossey, Dian, 54, 89
frequency, 18, 22–23
frequency modulation, 103
Frere-Jones, Sasha, 175
Fristrup, Kurt, 192
frogs and toads
biophonic behavior of, 93–94
decoding sounds of, 65
effect of anthrophony on, 183, 188
function of synchronous chorusing, 178–81
hearing mechanisms of, 63
in natural soundscapes, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 30, 34, 126, 127, 131, 132, 177–78
species extinction, 206
Frösö Zoo, Sweden, 187
Gabriele, Chris, 191, 253
Gage, Stuart, 181, 183
Galdikis, Biruté, 90
Galileo, 19
Genesis flood, 41
geophones, 50–51
geophony. See also earth movement sounds; rain sounds; water sounds; wind sounds
and bioacoustics, 153
definition of, 39
effect of biome type on, 76
effect of weather on, 45
effect on animal sounds, 39, 45
and Native American traditions, 40–41
in soundscapes, 80, 126–27, 132
white-noise elements in, 164–66
geophysical sounds, 50
gibbons, 92–93, 114–15
Gilbert, Ronnie, 109, 250
glacial ice sounds, 8–9, 49–50
Glacier Bay, Alaska, 30, 79, 116, 190–91
Glavin, Terry, The Sixth Extinction, 206
Gombe, Lake Tanganyika, Tanzania, 90, 95
Goodall, Jane, 90, 95
Google-O’Reilly Science Foo conference, 112–13
Graber, David, 183–84
Grand Canyon, 100–01, 194, 196, 215
Grand Teton National Park, 195
Gray Ranch, New Mexico, 229
group synchrony model, 113
Gulf of Mexico, 44
Hamilton, Frank, 250
Happel, Ruth, 11, 12, 90–92, 99, 229, 249
Hardy, Thomas, 14
Harris, Miller, Miller, and Hanson, 100–01
Hawaii, 205
Hays, Lee, 250
hearing
and amplitude, 24–25
and ear structure, 60–61
and frequency, 22
listening distinguished from, 15–16
mechanisms of, 60–64, 192
and pitch, 22–23
range of, 22, 32
Hellerman, Fred, 109, 250
Helmholtz, Hermann, On the Sensations of Tone, 19–20, 21, 22
Helmholtz resonator, 20–21
Henry, Wes, 195, 197, 198
Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 222
Hertz, Heinrich, 20
Hitchcock, H. Wiley, 146–48
Hodges, Donald, 161
Holocene, 204
Horner, Jack, 124
Hovhaness, Alan, 145
Hubbard Glacier, Alaska, 49
humans. See also children
adversarial relationship with natural world, 138–44
knowledge of biophonies, 104–05
and mimicry, 126–28, 131, 142
soundscape of early humans, 125–28, 137
sounds of, 10, 39
synchronous rhythm structures of, 113
hydrophones, 41, 50, 59, 72, 95, 176, 177, 189
In a Wild Sanctuary, 14–15, 122, 136–37, 243
Indonesia, 92–93
insects
and acoustic features of landscape, 29–30
ants singing, 58
bioacoustic boundaries of, 102–03
decoding sounds of, 65
effect of anthrophony on, 188
effect of weather on, 47, 250
fossil record of, 124
hearing mechanisms of, 62–63
in natural soundscapes, 11, 12, 29, 34, 87, 98, 126, 127, 131, 132
species extinction, 205
Interior Department, 196, 197, 198
intermodulation, 103
Inuit, 48, 133
Ipanema, Rio de Janeiro, 42, 44
irrelevant sound effect (ISE), 162
Isle Royale National Park, 187
Ives, Charles, Fourth Symphony, 148–49
Jackson Hole, Wyoming, 79, 184, 195
Jivaro, 66–68, 133
Jobim, Antônio Carlos, 201–02
Johanson, Donald, 125
Johnston’s organ, 62
Junette, Kristin, 124
Jurasz, Charles, 191
Kawésqar, 245–46
Keim, Frank, 232–33
Keizer, Garret, 172
Kellogg, Peter Paul, 34
Kenya, Governors’ Camp, Masai Mara, soundscape recording of, 82–88, 86, 124, 248
Kjellberg, Anders, 162
Klatte, Maria, 163
Koch, Ludwig, 34
Krause, Kat, 166, 167, 170, 171, 180, 220, 229
Lachmann, Thomas, 163
lakes, wave sounds of, 44–45
Lake Wallowa, Oregon, soundscape of, 36–38, 132, 165, 208
landscape
acoustics of, 27–30, 41–42
biophony affected by, 75–77, 139, 153
and reverberation, 29, 37–38, 76
and sound fragmentation, 34
and weather changes, 29–30, 45–48
Lange, Dorothea, 16
Langone, Michael, 171
La Selva, Costa Rica, 101
lateral line, as hearing mechanism of fish, 61, 192
Leakey, Richard, 206
Lebanon, cedar forests of, 139
Lee, Bill, 250
Lemoore Naval Air Station, 183
Leopold, Aldo, 97
Lincoln Meadow, Sierra Nevada mountains
recording of, 68–71, 74, 255
soundscape after selective logging, 70–71, 71, 80
soundscape before selective logging, 69–70, 69
Linnaeus, Carolus, 143
listening
active listening, 223–24, 225
complex listening, 61
effective listening area, 192–93, 253–54
hearing distinguished from, 15–16
Lopez, Barry, Arctic Dreams, 48
Louv, Richard, Last Child in the Woods, 218
Low Frequency Active Sonar (LFAS), 189–90
Luening, Otto, 122
Madagascar, 205–06
Mainella, Fran, 198
Malagasy, 205–06
mammals. See also marine mammals and acoustic features of landscape, 29–30
effect of anthrophony on, 185, 187–88
functions of acoustic behavior, 96
hearing mechanisms of, 62
in natural soundscapes, 53, 87, 98, 126, 127, 131, 132
and origins of music, 113–16
sound collections, 86
Mammoth Lakes, Sierra Nevada mountains, 50
mangrove swamps, 7–8, 91–92
marine bioacoustics, 17
marine habitats. See also coral reefs
acoustics of, 30–31, 45, 177, 252
effect of anthrophony on, 188–92, 253
marine mammals. See also whales
effect of anthrophony on, 188–92
hearing mechanisms of, 62
ultrasound signals of, 64
marine organisms
anemone sounds, 59
and water sounds, 5–7, 39
Marine World, Belmont, California, 116
Marler, Peter, 115
Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts, 42, 43
Martin, George, 122–23
Martinville, Édouard-Léon Scott de, 32
Mayacamas Mountains, California, 233–34
Mbuti pygmies, 146–47
McFerrin, Bobby, 128
McIntyre, Chuna, 141, 250–51
McKibben, Bill, 207
Meis, Markus, 163
Merker, Björn, 113, 244
Messiaen, Olivier, 145
Messiaen, Yvonne, 145
Miller, Nick, 100
Mills College, 13
missionaries, 134–35, 141
Mitani, John, 115
Mithen, Steven, The Singing Neanderthals, 119, 121
modular synthesizers, 109
Mojave Desert, 195
Monacchi, David
and eco-acoustic paradigm, 150–51
Integrated Ecosystem, 152
Nightingale, 151–52
Mono Lake, California, 176–79, 179, 180, 252
Moore, Bob, 231
Mount Kilimanjaro, 79
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus
music lionizing pet starling, 145
Symphony no. 41 in C Major, K. 551, 84
Muhr, Per, 162
Muir, John, 51, 143–44
Muir Woods, 14–16, 51, 122, 136–37, 243
Murch, Walter, 19, 244
music
as acoustic mirror, 121
of Ba’Aka, 104, 130–32, 134, 135, 141
and bioacoustics, 152
biophonic connection with, 105, 111
definitions of, 109–11
evolutionary basis of, 118–21, 235
and geophony, 133
Helmholtz’s study of, 20
of Jivaro, 67–68, 133
and mammals, 113–16
natural sounds integrated into, 136–37
nature as inspiration for, 144–46
religious suppression of, 140–41
rhythmic origins of, 119, 120
self-referential nature of, 135
signals in, 158
soundscape as origin of, 38, 111–12, 113, 123–24, 128, 130–32, 148, 149, 186, 245
soundscapes replaced by, 108–09
structure and intent in, 111, 112
vertical and horizontal patterns in, 110–11
water sounds replicated in, 17–18
and wind sounds, 133, 150
musical instruments, 21, 23–24, 26, 128, 129, 141, 142
musical notation, history of, 32, 142
musician wren
as animal soloist, 128, 129–30, 129
Villa-Lobos’s music highlighting, 145
musicking, 119
Narell, Andy, 17
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), 189
National Park Service, 100–01, 183–84, 191, 192, 195–99, 213–14, 254
Native Americans. See also specific tribes
and National Park Service, 214
and soundscapes, 36–38
and water sounds, 40
natural soundscapes attraction to, 219
birds in, 5, 11, 28, 29, 53, 87, 98, 126, 127, 131, 132, 155–56, 245
changes in, 207–08, 210–11
component voices of, 31–32
compositions of, 89
effects of anthrophony on, 80, 155–56, 195, 203–04, 254
frogs and toads in, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 30, 34, 126, 127, 131, 132, 177–78
insects in, 11, 12, 29, 34, 87, 98, 126, 127, 131, 132
mammals in, 53, 87, 98, 126, 127, 131, 132
preservation of, 195–99, 236
restoration of, 226–30
self-editing mechanisms of, 31
and species extinction, 203–04, 206
variations in, 90, 210
as voices of ecological systems, 27
Natural Sounds Program, 197–99, 254
Nature Conservancy, 213, 229
[email protected], 225
nature sounds. See also geophony
integrated into music, 136–37
overtones in, 37
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in prehistoric time, 3–4
and sound fragmentation, 33–34
Nature Sounds Society, 225, 243
Newton, Isaac, 19
Nez Percé, 36–37, 132, 165, 208–09
niche hypothesis
and acoustic mapping, 100–03
development of, 99, 100, 249
and fossil record of soundscape, 124
and Norris, 176
Nichols, Michael “Nick,” 89–90
night chorus, 126
noise
of aircraft, 100–01, 157, 163, 164, 168, 171–72, 175, 180–81, 183, 187, 193, 195, 196, 198, 217, 234, 252, 254
anthrophony as cause of, 157–58, 181
and architecture, 173
definition of, 65, 156–57, 251
detrimental effects of, 160, 161–64, 165, 170–71, 175, 181, 186, 204, 206–07
of electric vehicles, 170
and expectations, 158–59
in film, 169–70
in natural soundscapes, 155–56
noise-canceling headphones, 172–73
power associated with, 167–68, 174
and recording time period, 185–86
of recreational activities, 168–69, 187, 188, 194, 195, 196, 229, 251–52, 254
in restaurants, 160, 166–67
as structural component of composition, 122
in urban areas, 159, 173–74
visual noise, 170
white noise, 164–66
Noise Control Act of 1972, 175
Noise Pollution Clearinghouse, 157
The Nonesuch Guide to Electronic Music, 109
Nonesuch Records, 16
Noriega, Manuel, 161
Norris, Ken, 88, 176–77, 249
Norton, Gale, 197, 198, 254
Ocean Beach, San Francisco, 42, 43
O’Farrell, Kevin, 82–83
Office of Noise Abatement and Control (ONAC), 167–68, 174–75
Oliveros, Pauline, 122
Olson, Curt, 250
orchestras
amplitude of sound produced by, 25
biophony as proto-orchestra, 84–88, 97, 99, 152–53, 186, 207, 236, 250
orchestral reference tunings, 21
overtones, 24, 37
Pantanal, Brazil, 235
Papua New Guinea, 118, 235–36
Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, Brazil, 201–03
Patel, Aniruddh, 112–13
Payne, Katy, 31
Payne, Roger, 30–31
pentatonic scale, 128
photographs, soundscapes compared to, 71–72
physical structure, and sound generation, 24
Piaget, Jean, 126
Pijanowski, Bryan, 253
Pinker, Steven, 118–19
pitch, 22–23
Pitjantjatjara, 66, 67, 246–47
Planck, Max, 156
Pleistocene, 217
polar magnetic shifting, 78–79, 199, 233
Pombo, Richard, 197, 198, 254
Poulter, Thomas, 246
Praia Beach, Azores, 42, 43
primates, 113–15
Prince William Sound, Alaska, 44
Proust, Marcel, Swann’s Way, 146
The Great Animal Orchestra Page 25
