Tasty
Page 27
of protomammals, 23–27
tools for tracking course of. See Genetics
of vision, 28–31
See also Natural selection
Evolutionary Biology Institute, 63
Expressions of the Emotions in Man and Animals, The (Darwin), 138
Facial expressions, 31, 49, 124, 138–43, 145, 147–48
Famines, 64, 136, 193
Fats, 39, 43, 107, 191, 194–97, 202, 211
in cheese, 88–89, 225
in meat, 32, 43, 50, 210
receptors for, 12, 195
Felder, Dan, 216–17, 221–24
Fermentation, 77–85, 99, 102, 136, 150, 191, 215–18
flavors released by, 90, 93, 96, 98
See also specific foods and beverages
Fertile Crescent, 78
Fessler, Daniel, 144
Fetal development, mammalian, 27
Firmenich flavor company, 232
Fish, jawless, 21–23, 61
Fisher, R. A., 62
FitzRoy, Robert, 135, 136
Flavoring-Principle Cookbook (Rozin), 183
Fleischman, Adam, 235–37
Florence, University of, 80
Florida, University of, 242
Folgers coffee, 202
Fongoli chimps, 43
Fonseca-Azevedo, Karina, 41
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 132
Foodpairing company, 232
Ford, E. B., 62
Ford, Norma, 57
Fore tribe, 140–42
Formaldehyde, 131
For Whom the Bell Tolls (Hemingway), 75
Fossils, 18–22, 26–27, 35–38, 63, 166–67
Fowler, Gerald, 162
Fox, Arthur L., 53–55, 58, 59, 61, 62, 65, 67
Fox, Vicente, 48
France, 76, 113, 117, 118, 156–57, 193, 217
cuisine of, 221
National Centre for Scientific Research, 86, 147
National Institute for Deaf-Mutes, 155
wines of, 242–43
Franklin, Benjamin, 117
French Guiana, 29
Freud, Sigmund, 6, 120, 121, 176
Freudian slip, 5
Frontal cortex, 186, 203, 206. See also Orbitofrontal cortex
Fructose. See High-fructose corn syrup
Fruit flies, 49, 69, 119
Fuchs, Leonhard, 169
Functional MRI (fMRI) scans, 12, 92, 95, 97, 128, 194, 203–6, 244
Fungi, 20, 78, 90, 136, 222, 224. See also Molds; Yeasts
GABA receptors, 76
Galápagos Islands, 135
Ganjavıˉ, Nez˙aˉmıˉ, 112
Gawker website, 209
Genetic engineering, 129, 181
Genetics, 57–59, 62–64, 85, 90, 98, 141, 192, 221
Mendelian, 54–56
See also DNA
Genocide, 153
Germany, 84, 157, 169, 176, 193
in World War II, 189
Gesher Benot Qa’aqov cave (Israel), 32–34, 40, 43, 64
Gimme! Coffee, 50–53
Glucose, 118, 130
Glutamates, 96–97, 234, 235
Goats, 67, 78, 86–88, 103
Goebbels, Joseph, 153
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 22
Google, 209
Goren-Inbar, Naama, 32–34
Greeks, 114, 116
ancient, 5, 7, 92, 102, 120, 194
Greenland, 66
Greenland shark, 150–52
Grimod de La Reynière, Alexandre-Balthazar-Laurent, 219
Groningen, University of, 11
Haas, Jedd, 76, 77
Habitats, 34, 37, 43, 45, 49, 54, 65
Hadrocodium wui, 27
Hagfish, 21–23
Haidt, Jonathan, 105
Hákarl, 150–52, 215
Hänig, David P., 2–4
Harbour, Scott, 225
Harvard University, 1, 2, 26, 41, 192, 200
Center for Systems Biology, 222
Hearing, sense of, 6, 21, 48, 93
Heat receptors, 179–81
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 32
Hedonic hotspots, 123, 126, 128, 165, 185, 196, 202
Heirloom varieties, 242
Herding, 78, 86–88, 102, 103
Heredity. See Genetics
Hemingway, Ernest, 75
Henry, Amanda, 36–37
Herculano-Houzel, Suzana, 41
Herr’s Potato Chips, 190
High cuisine, 191, 192, 221
High-fructose corn syrup, 107–8, 118, 130
Hildibrandsson, Kirstján, 151–52
Hippocampus, 103, 145, 205
Hispaniola, 114–15, 168
Hitler, Adolf, 253
Homer, 102
Homo erectus, 33, 41, 64
Homo sapiens, 32, 38, 40, 42, 63, 80, 96, 139, 143, 163
Howler monkeys, 29–30, 81
Hull, Clark, 120
Human evolution, 17, 31–45, 53, 78, 81–82, 154
bitter sensitivity in, 63–68
of brain size and structures, 23, 25, 37–38, 42–44, 96, 128
cooking in, 31–33, 39–43, 221
omnivorous diet and, 197
sugar consumption and, 107, 119, 128
toolmaking in, 33–34
Humble cuisine, 191, 193
Hume, David, 5–6
Hungary, 169
Hunter-gatherers, 67, 68, 78, 135, 197, 211
Huxley, Julian, 62
Hypothalamus, 42, 121, 174
IBM, 233–34
Ice Age, 78
Iceland, 150–52, 215
Ikeda, Kikunae, 234
Immune system, 72, 90, 144
behavioral, 145, 154
Incas, 193
India, 8, 66, 110–11, 162, 169, 181, 238
Industrial food systems, 191–92
Industrial Revolution, 114
Inosine 5’-monophosphate, 97
In Search of Lost Time (Proust), 23, 94
Insects, 24, 35, 75, 80, 148, 232
as food resource, 243–44
Insula, 95, 145–47
International Congress of Genetics (Edinburgh, 1939), 62
Inuit, 66
Iowa, University of, 197
Iowa Primate Learning Sanctuary, 39
Iran, 65, 86, 112
Ireland, 189–90, 193
Islam, 112
Isothiocyanates, 72
Israel, 32, 64
Italy, 70, 77, 80, 156
vineyards in, 80
Itard, Jean-Marc-Gaspard, 155
Iyengar, Sheena, 205
Jains, 111
James, William, 119–20
Japan, 89, 141, 142, 209, 234–35
cuisine of, 215, 216, 222–24, 237–38
Jasper Hill Farm, 225–29
Jawless fish, 21–23, 61
Jeopardy! (TV show), 233
Jerusalem, 113
Jesus, 197
Jews, 50
dietary laws of, 153
Jiahu (China), 82–85, 99
Johns Hopkins University, 131
Johnson, Alan Kim, 197
Juba, King, 178
Junk food, 191, 192, 212
Kant, Immanuel, 5–6
Kanzi, 39–40
Katsuobushi, 215–16, 222, 235
Kautilya, 111
Kehler, Andy and Mateo, 228–29
Keller, Thomas, 220
Kenya, 38, 67
Keysers, Christian, 11
Kickstarter, 2
12
Kilimanjaro, Mount, 45
Kitab al-Tabikh, 112
Klee, Harry, 242
Koji, 85, 89–90, 222
Kurti, Nicholas, 219, 230
Kuru, 141
Kuyavia (Poland), 88
Lactobacillus, 87, 88, 151
Lactose, 87–88, 225
Lahousse, Bernard, 232–33
Lake Assal, 44–45
Lalueza-Fox, Carles, 63
Landrau, Jacob, 50–52
Laudan, Rachel, 191
Lay’s potato chips, 190
Leakey, Louis and Mary, 38
Le Coutre, Johannes, 203
Lee, T. S., 174–75, 179
Leknes, Siri, 186
Le Magnen, Jacques, 197–98
Lepper, Mark, 205
Liebig, Justus von, 157–58
Lille, University of, 217
Linemeyer, David, 208
Linnaeus, Carl, 8, 114
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 143
Louis XVI, King of France, 193
Love and Death (film), 20
“Lucy,” 36
Mad cow disease, 151
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 11
functional. See Functional MRI (fMRI) scans
Maillard reactions, 40, 158, 197, 230
Malapa cave (South Africa), 36
Malaysia, 80
Malson, Lucien, 154
Mammals, 87, 143, 165, 197
evolution of, 24–27, 29, 31, 34, 42, 164
See also Primates
Marie Antoinette, Queen of France, 193
Martire d’Anghiera, Pietro, 169
Mason, Arnold, 57
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 59
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 36
Maxwell House coffee, 202
McCabe, Ciara, 97
McDonald’s, 200, 236
McGee, Harold, 163, 220
McGill University, 120
McGovern, Patrick, 81, 83–85, 166
McMenamin, Mark, 18–19, 21, 26
McQuaid, Hannah, 13–14, 58–59, 225–26
McQuaid, Matthew, 13–14, 58–59, 173, 187
Mead, Margaret, 140–41
Meal, Combat, Individual (MCI) ration, 200
Meal, Ready-to-Eat (MRE) ration, 201
Meat, 34, 38–41, 50, 68, 189, 191, 195, 221
bushi made from, 216–17, 222–23
cooking, 32, 40, 43, 44, 96, 158, 192
preserved, 64, 137–39, 153, 156, 157, 200, 222
shark, 151–52
synthetic, 209–10
Mediterranean diet, 70
Megatherium, 135
Memory, 15, 93, 126, 198, 203–5, 244
brain structures involved in, 26, 44, 147, 206
loss of, 1, 145
smell and, 23, 94, 139
Mendel, Gregor, 54–56
Merck pharmaceutical company, 176
Methional, 93
Methyl salicylate, 177
Mexico, 18, 48, 150, 166, 167, 170, 183, 184
pre-Columbian, 50, 176
Michigan, University of, 122
Microbiology, 79, 216, 218, 221, 222
Midas, King, 84
Middle Ages, 112–14, 151
Milner, Peter, 121
Miracle berries, 105, 106, 108, 132
Miraculin, 105–6, 132–33
Molds, 89, 215–17, 221–23, 226–29
Molecular gastronomy, 219, 220
Mollon, John, 29
Momofuku Culinary Lab, 215–17, 219, 221–24, 227, 236
Momofuku restaurants, 215, 239–41
Monell Chemical Senses Center, 14–15, 58, 70
Monkeys, 28–31, 34–35, 81, 127, 143, 205
Monosodium glutamate, 107, 234
Morganucodon oehleri, 24–25, 27, 28, 31
Morocco, 113, 178
Moskowitz, Howard, 199–203, 206
Mount Holyoke College, 18
Mueller, Ken, 60–61
Muhammad, 112
Murphy, Joe, 189–90, 194, 206
Museum of Food and Drink, 240
Muslims, 112, 113
National Academy of Sciences, 55
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9–11, 92, 141
Native Americans, 66, 176. See also names of tribes
Natural selection, 22, 30, 34–35, 42, 185
bitterness sensitivity and, 61, 62, 66
facial expressions and, 138
Nazism, 141
Neanderthals, 58, 59, 63, 64
Neocortex, 25, 27, 42, 44, 95
Nestlé Research Center, 203, 213
Netherlands, lab-grown meat from, 209
Neurons, 15, 73, 92, 95–97, 102, 199, 206
dopamine and, 123, 126–28, 185
facial-muscle, 143, 145, 147
of hedonic hotspots, 126, 185, 186
mapping, 12, 244
spindle, 147–48
See also Receptors
Neurotransmitters, 70, 123–29, 145, 165, 185
New Guinea, 109, 114, 140
New Mexico State University, Chili Pepper Institute, 172
New Orleans, 76
Newton, Isaac, 2, 7
New York City, 215, 223–24, 237–38
Institute of Culinary Education, 234
International Culinary Center, 240
restaurants and bars in, 215, 239–41
sugar consumption in, 108
Nicotine, 164
Nightshade family, 164, 193
Nobel Prize, 9
Noller, Carl, 53
Nordic Food Lab (Copenhagen), 243–44
Obesity, 108, 130, 150, 195
Odyssey (Homer), 102–3
Olds, James, 120–23
Olduvai Gorge, 38
Olfactory mechanisms, 23, 30, 42, 59, 91–92, 94, 122. See also Smell, sense of
On the Origin of Species (Darwin), 138
Operculum, 95
Opertech Bio, 206, 208, 229
Opiates, 125
Optics, 7
Orbitofrontal cortex, 93, 96–98, 101–2, 199, 203, 206
damage to, 145–46
Orexin, 126
Organic chemistry, 157
Oxford University, 43, 94, 97, 186, 199
Paleolithic diet, 211
Palmer, Kyle, 206–7
Panama, 81
Paris, 75, 86, 156, 157
Parke-Davis Company, 176, 177
Parkinson’s disease, 123
Parmentier, Antoine-Augustin, 193
Passover, 50
Pasteur, Louis, 217–18
Pasteur, Marie, 218
Patagonia, 135
Pavlovian conditioning, 194
Penicillium roqueforti, 89
Penides, 114
Pennsylvania, University of, 67, 70, 81, 148
Permian extinction, 24
Perry, Linda, 166–67
Persia, 112
Peru, 135, 163, 167
ancient, 84
Phenylindanes, 51
Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC), 53–58, 61, 62, 68, 72
Pheromones, 61, 69
Philippines, 169
Phrenology, 8
Physiology of Taste, The (Brillat-Savarin), 90–91
Phytoliths, 46
Pichia burtonii, 222–23, 227
Pickles, 50, 88, 106
Pinta (ship), 168
Pisa, University of, 69
Pittsburgh, University of, 4
Plantatio
ns, sugar, 115, 116, 118
Plants, 6, 20, 30, 33, 65, 89, 150, 211, 232
breeding and cultivation of. See Agriculture
defenses developed by, 49, 164
Plants (cont.)
genetics of, 54–55
medicinal, 178
pepper. See Chili peppers
in Permian extinction, 24
receptors of, 69
sweet substances produced by, 107, 132
See also specific plants
Plato, 5
Poland, 47, 80, 88
Pollan, Michael, 211
Portugal, 169
Positivism, 2, 4
Post, Mark, 209–10
Potatoes, 13, 72, 155, 166, 174, 183, 198, 199
chips, 190–94, 197, 199, 202, 216
Potts, Rick, 44
Predators, 18–20, 22, 25, 28, 31, 32
Prefrontal cortex, 205
Preservation methods, 64, 158. See also Canning
Primates, 30–31, 38, 41, 43, 143, 171. See also Apes; Chimpanzees; Monkeys
Prions, 151
Prison loaf, 198, 200
Processed foods, 13, 107, 192
Prohibition, 76
Proteins, building blocks of. See Amino acids
Proust, Marcel, 23, 94
Pruetz, Jill, 39, 43
Psychology, 1–3, 155, 184, 200
behavioral, 120–21
Freudian, 5, 6, 120, 121, 176
Quest for Fire (film), 39–40
Quran, 112
Radiation therapy, 106
Ramsay, Gordon, 151
Ranasinghe, Nimesha, 213
Ranciaro, Alessia, 66–68
Reade, Ben, 244
Rebaudioside C, 208–9
Receptors, 59, 69, 76, 126
color, 29
heat, 179–82
smell, 9, 23, 27, 30, 42, 91, 94, 99
taste. See Taste receptors
Reed, Danielle, 58
Regan, Benedict, 29
Rennet, 88, 225
Resiniferatoxin (RTX), 178–79
Retinas, 29, 30, 49, 92
Rhinehart, Rob, 210–13
Rhodopsin, 61
Richard I (the Lionheart), King of England, 113
Riedel, Claus, 4
Riedel, Georg, 4
Rift Valley, 45, 163
Rio de Janeiro, Federal University of, 41
Rodbell, Martin, 59
Rokas, Antonis, 89
Rolls, Barbara, 199
Rolls, Edmund, 97, 199
Romans, ancient, 112, 130
Rowe, Tim, 26–27
Rozin, Elizabeth, 183
Rozin, Paul, 148–50, 152, 183–84, 186
Rusophycus multilineatus, 18
Russia, 191
Rützler, Hanni, 210
Ryba, Nick, 10
Saccharin, 57, 140–42
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 79–80
Sadong tribe, 142
Salt, 2–3, 8, 95, 117, 163, 170, 180, 197, 211, 220, 230
excess, 139, 196, 197
in human body, 179, 195–96
as preservative, 137, 156