Theater of the World
Page 33
PAGES 211–212:
‘The work first on’ | Sverdrup, translated by Ethel Harriet Hearn (1904)
‘The orders I received’ | Sverdrup, translated by Ethel Harriet Hearn (1904)
PAGE 212:
‘take lessons from the two races’ | Sverdrup, translated by Ethel Harriet Hearn (1904)
‘very intelligent for a’ | Sverdrup, translated by Ethel Harriet Hearn (1904)
PAGES 213–214:
‘from which it was evident’ | Reproduced in Ingstad, 24.
Skippers, seamen and farmers would gather | Ingstad, 32.
So say wise men | Ingstad, 296.
PAGE 215:
An Icelandic map from | Ingstad, 205.
PAGE 218:
The Icelandic Annals | Reproduced in Ingstad, 168.
PAGES 218 and 220:
‘beyond Norway, which is the’ | Adam of Bremen, 214.
Roger Barlow | Williams, 8.
On a globe dating | The ‘Lenox’ globe. Its creator is unknown.
PAGES 221–222:
The lack of reliable | Williams, 11.
Best had been a member of | Williams, 17.
The next day they encountered | De Veer,
PAGE 223:
The map shows a Mare Magnum | Hessel, 81.
PAGES 223–224:
Along the way, Baffin discovered | Williams, 42–4.
In 1619, three years after | Williams, 55.
PAGES 224–225:
‘a revelation of that’ | Cited in Williams, 59.
The Russians explored | Lainema & Nurminen, 104–129.
Three years later | Lainema & Nurminen, 113–114.
PAGE 228:
‘it is always much better to omit’ | Cited in Williams, 120.
PAGES 228–229:
In a letter dated October | Williams, 147.
‘a Map that the most illiterate’ | Cited in Williams, 146.
‘We may consider Hudson’s-Bay’ | Cited in Williams, 53.
PAGE 229:
The sentiments of the two | Williams, 177.
PAGE 233:
Surgeon John Rae | Williams, 331–2.
PAGES 236–237:
‘More than 40,000 miles’ | Cited in Williams, 345.
What might not these four | Sverdrup
‘Tuesday, March 20’ | Sverdrup
PAGES 237–238:
‘Early in the morning’ | Sverdrup, translated by Ethel Harriet Hearn (1904)
‘When I got back’ | Sverdrup, translated by Ethel Harriet Hearn (1904)
One day, Sverdrup | Sverdrup, translated by Ethel Harriet Hearn (1904)
PAGES 238–239:
Isachsen Land | According to the Canadian authorities, Isachsen has the worst weather in Canada, scoring 99 points out of 100 on the severe weather index.
‘When we look at the map’ | polarhistorie.no/personer/Gunnar%20Isachsen
PAGE 239:
‘justified sovereignty…’ | Cited in Drivenes, 2004, 176.
PAGES 240–241:
‘On Norwegian expeditions…’ | Isachsen (1934).
‘The difficulties for…’ | Isachsen (1934).
‘On these maps, which…’ | Isachsen (1934).
AS SEEN FROM ABOVE
PAGE 243:
‘The earth shook’ | Cited in Sass.
PAGE 244:
‘My table is covered’ | Cited in Finnegan, 49.
The photographs were placed | Finnegan, 49.
PAGE 245–246:
During a demonstration | youtube.com/watch?v=q3beVhDiyio
‘This arrangement has, of course’ | Flight.
PAGES 246–247:
‘I hope none of you’ | Cited in Hylton, 16.
Members of the cavalry | Finnegan, 39.
The first British reconnaissance planes | Finnegan, 17.
In September 1914 | Finnegan, 25.
‘I discovered the positions’ | Cited in Finnegan, 28.
PAGES 247–248:
But despite this, nobody | Finnegan, 34.
‘Our intelligence show was’ | Cited in Finnegan, 49–50.
PAGES 248–249:
‘I had had a camera as a boy’ | Cited in Finnegan, 432.
‘Photography again’ | Cited in Finnegan, 431.
‘Photography is a good job’ | Cited in Finnegan, 438.
‘It was something hugely satisfying’ | Cited in Finnegan, 432.
PAGE 252:
‘The reading and interpretation’ | Cited in Finnegan, 445.
PAGES 252–253:
‘The First World War paved the way’ | Ween, 521.
‘We have flown above’ | Skappel & Widerøe, 83–7.
PAGE 254:
‘Military conquests require’ | Cited in Paule, 9.
PAGE 255:
In the summer of 1932 | Luncke, 347–61.
On 21 June | Ween, 530.
PAGE 256:
In 1936, Arild Widerøe | Skappel & Widerøe, 88–93.
PAGE 257:
That same year, Viggo Widerøe | Skappel & Widerøe, 111.
‘Many people are indifferent’ | Skappel & Widerøe, 128.
PAGE 258:
‘The importance of this new’ | Skappel & Widerøe, 101–2.
PAGE 263:
The Norwegian Armed Forces submitted | Gleditsch, 407–410.
PAGES 264–265:
‘As far as possible’ | Gleditsch, 410.
‘We could discuss the farm symbol’ | Gleditsch, 412.
‘But the post-war period’ | Cited in Paule, 5.
In 1964, the Norwegian Parliament | Paule, 76.
PAGE 265:
‘Never before had a survey’ | Paule, 13.
PAGE 266:
‘In 1969, Kristian Gleditsch’ | Balle, 438.
‘When presenting plans’ | NOU 1975: 26, 80.
‘Today, there is a particular need…’ | NOU 1975: 26, 80.
In a matter-of-fact and | NOU 1975: 26, 81–9.
BLUE PLANET
PAGE 271:
On 1 February | Felt, 115.
PAGES 272–273:
Tharp had started work | Felt, 93.
‘Girl talk’ | Cited in Felt, 99.
PAGE 273:
In his doctoral thesis | Hestmark, 76.
PAGE 275:
Nor is measuring the depth | Kunzig, 31.
In the wake of | Dahl, 33–8.
PAGE 278:
Norway became a leading | Hausken, Kristoffersen & Svendsen, 99.
PAGE 279:
Two differing views | Kunzig, 34–6.
Two professors | Wille, 6–9.
PAGE 280:
Second, the expedition | Wille, 4.
The steamship DS Vøringen | Wille, 19–22.
PAGE 282:
‘One of the scientific tasks’ | Nansen (vol. 2).
‘I presupposed’ | Nansen (vol. 1).
PAGES 282–283:
In March 1894 | Nansen, (vol. 1).
‘I do not think we shall talk’ | Nansen, (vol. 1).
Nansen wrote a pioneering work | Hestmark, 87.
The sonar system emitted | Kunzig, 39–42.
PAGE 283–284:
While the German ship | Felt, 20.
In 1930, American geologist | Felt, 56.
PAGE 288:
The Second World War had given American women | Felt, 38.
PAGE 289:
Marie Tharp’s first geology tutor | Felt, 71.
PAGE 294:
But Tharp and Heezen didn’t dare | Felt, 113.
PAGES 294–295:
The star of the conference | Felt, 128–130.
That same year, French planes | Meland.
PAGES 295–296:
Few were convinced | Carstens.
In Denmark, exploratory drilling | Sellevold, 8.
In the application made | Sellevold, 18.
In 1963, the Norwegian Geological Survey | Åm, 49–51.
On a ‘Bathymetric Chart | Le
rvik, appendix 18.
PAGES 296–297:
An increasing number of foreign | Johansen, 158.
At around the same time | Felt, 169.
PAGE 298:
We can imagine them leaning | Felt, 224.
PAGE 299:
The panorama is not | Kunzig, 60–4.
PAGES 300–301:
But satellites have also | Kunzig, 64–9.
Sandwell and Smith continued | NASA.
‘The fact is we can learn how this planet’ | Cited in Kunzig, 75.
THE DIGITAL WORLD
PAGE 305:
‘Until two days ago’ | CBS News: ‘Special Report’, 6 October 1957. youtube.com/watch?v=dO33bvFbUCU
It was only 58 centimetres | Eisman & Hardesty, 71–3.
PAGE 306:
On Monday morning | Guier & Weiffenbach, 15; Warren & Worth, 3.
PAGE 307:
‘Man must rise above the Earth’ | Cited in Andersen, Brånå & Lønnum, 227.
The first person to imagine | en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_cannonball
PAGE 308:
The missiles were first | Eisman & Hardesty, 1–7
In the 1920s, the lead architect | Eisman & Hardesty, 11–14.
PAGES 309 and 312:
‘You must understand’ | Cited in Cadbury, 90.
Both von Braun and Korolev | Warren & Worth, 2.
PAGES 312–313:
In 1955, the American | Eisman & Hardesty, 58, 96.
‘a new moon’ | Cited in Cadbury, 147.
His idea was approved at the highest level | Everest, episode 2, 18:20.
The Strela computer | computer-museum.ru.
‘If the base 2 is used’ | Cited in Brotton, 411.
PAGES 313–314:
Late in the evening | Eisman & Hardesty, 74; Cadbury, 165.
‘This is music’ | Cited in Cadbury, 166.
PAGES 314–315:
On the evening of Sputnik’s launch | Everest, episode 2, 39:00.
Millions watched the events | Everest, episode 2, 43:50.
PAGES 315–316:
The navy and APL launched | Warren & Worth, 9 & 124.
Norway was one of the system’s | Blankenburgh, 93; Danchik, 25.
PAGE 317:
The Cold War made its | Miller.
PAGE 321:
In the early 1960s | Brotton, 413; Greiner.
American cartographer Waldo R. Tobler had taken up| Tobler, 137.
PAGES 322–323:
‘Continuous satellite coverage’ | NOU 1975, 6 & 103.
The geographic surveying of Norway | Østensen, 407.
PAGE 324:
In 1998, Vice President | Cited in Brotton, 419.
PAGE 329:
‘a valuable addition’ | Cited in Brotton, 422.
PAGE 331:
‘Where maps and their makers’ | Brotton, 431.
PAGES 331–332:
‘It is vital that regulators…’ Icomp, 2012.
‘have done a wonderful job’ | Cited in Brotton, 436.
‘If you talk to most people’ | Cited in Brotton, 427.
PAGE 333:
Even now, digital maps are updated | Meyer, mars 2016.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
I am extremely grateful to the National Library of Norway, the Norwegian Mapping Authority, David Rumsey, the library of the Norwegian Directorate of Fisheries, the Norwegian Polar Institute, the National Archives of Norway, the National Library of Sweden, the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, the University of Texas, the Canadian Soil Information Service and the City Archaeological Park of Seradina and Bedolina for their assistance in providing the images for this book.
Front page: National Library of Sweden, Stockholm.
Here: Library of Congress, Washington; here: Library of Congress; here; NASA, Washington; here: Stiftsbibliothek, St. Gallen.
THE FIRST IMAGES OF THE WORLD
Here: © Marretta Alberto for the City Archaeological Park of Seradina and Bedolina, Capo di Ponte; here: Anati, Emmanuel: Civiltà Preistorica della Valcamonica (1964), figure 65; here: National Archives of Norway EA-4056, Samlinger til kildeutgivelse, Kjeldeskriftfondets avskriftsamling, serie F, eske 38–Kjeldeskriftfondets manuskript nr. 222–235, mappenr. 233 (Primary source collections, Kjeldeskriftfondet’s collection of certified copies, series F, box 38–Kjeldeskriftfondet’s manuscript no. 222–235, map no. 233), Oslo; here: University of Toledo website.
LIKE FROGS ABOUT A POND
Here: davidrumsey.com; here: davidrumsey.com; here: National Library of Sweden; here: Library of Congress; here: davidrumsey.com; here: davidrumsey.com.
HOLY GEOGRAPHY
Here: British Museum, London; here: davidrumsey.com; here: Library of Congress; here: Wikimedia Commons.
THE FIRST ATLAS
Here: Museum Plantin-Moretus, Antwerp; here: National Library of Norway; here: National Library of Sweden; here: Library of Congress; here: National Library of Norway; here: archive.org.
VENTURING OUT
Here: National Library of Norway; here: Wikimedia Commons; here: Geheugen van Nederland, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Den Haag; here: National Library of Norway.
THE GREAT SURVEYS
Here: Norwegian Mapping and Cadastre Authority, Hønefoss; here: archive.org; here: Library of Congress; here: Norwegian Mapping and Cadastre Authority; here: Norwegian Mapping and Cadastre Authority; here: National Library of Norway.
WHITE SPACES IN THE NORTH
Here: National Library of Norway; here: National Library of Norway; here: National Library of Norway; here: National Library of Norway.
AS SEEN FROM ABOVE
Here: Alamy; here: National Library of Norway; here: National Library of Norway; here: Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø.
BLUE PLANET
Here: Library of Congress; here: Norwegian Directorate of Fisheries Library, Bergen; here: Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, Stavanger; here: Library of Congress; here: Scripps Institution of Oceanography, San Diego.
THE DIGITAL WORLD
Here: NASA; here: The University of Texas Libraries, Austin; pages
318–319: Canadian Soil Information Service/Service d’information sur les sols du
Canada, Ottawa; here: Google Maps.
FURTHER READING
Aanrud, Roald: ‘Generalforstamtet og norsk kartografi. Et 200-års minne om Johann Georg von Langen’ [‘The Forestry Commission and Norwegian cartography: A 200-year anniversary remembrance of Johann Georg von Langen’] in Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift [Norwegian Journal of Geography], vol. 31, 1977.
Adam of Bremen: Beretningen om Hamburg stift, erkebiskopenes bedrifter og øyrikene i Norden, Thorleif Dahls kulturbibliotek/Aschehoug, Oslo, 1993. Translated by Bjørg Tosterud Danielsen and Anne Katrine Frihagen.
: History of the Archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen, translated by Francis J. Tschan, Columbia University Press, 2002.
Albu, Emily: ‘Rethinking the Peutinger Map’ in Talbert & Unger, 2008.
Åm, Knut: Aeromagnetic Investigation on the continental Shelf of Norway, Stad–Lofoten (62–69°N), Norges geologiske undersøkelse [Geographical Survey of Norway]/Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, 1970.
Andersen, Øystein; Brånå, Geir & Lønnum, Svein Erik: Fotogrammetri [Photogrammetry], NKI, Bekkestua, 1990.
Andressen, Leif T. & Fladby, Rolf (eds.): Våre gamle kart [Our Old Maps], Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, 1981.
Anonymous article from Skilling-Magazin, Saturday 17 December 1870, in Hausken, Kristoffersen & Svendsen (eds.): Norges sjøkartverk. Kystens historie i kart og beskrivelser 1932–1982 [Nautical Charts of Norway: The history of the coast in maps and descriptions 1932–1982], Norges sjøkartverk, Stavanger, 1983.
Anonymous: ‘A brief history of satellite navigation’, news.stanford.edu/pr/95/950613Arc5183.html
Anonymous: ‘Çatalhöyük “Map” Mural May Depict Volcanic Eruption 8,900 Years Ago’. sci-news.com/archaeology/science-catalhoyuk-map-mural-volcanic-eruption-01681.html
>
Anonymous: ‘Chronological History of IBM’, www 03.ibm.com/ibm/history/history/decade_1950.html
Anonymous: ‘How Google Monopolised Online Mapping & Listings Services’, i-comp.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Mapping_and_Listing_Services.pdf
Anonymous: ‘New Seafloor Map Helps Scientists Find New Features’, earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=87276&src=ve
Anonymous: ‘Paris Aero Show’ at flightglobal.com/pdfarchive, pages 1355 and 1356.
Anonymous: ‘Remote Sensing’ at earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/RemoteSensing/
Anonymous: ‘Strela Computer’, computer-museum.ru/english/strela.htm
Anonymous: ‘Transit 1A NSSDCA ID: TRAN1’, nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=TRAN1
‘Apollo 8 Onboard Voice Transcription’, NASA, Houston, 1969.
Aristophanes: Skyene [The Clouds], Aschehoug, Oslo, 1977. In a Norwegian retelling by Knut Kleve.
: The Clouds, translated by Peter Meineck, Hackett Publishing Company, Inc., Indianapolis/Cambridge, 1998.
Aristotle: Meteorologien [Meteorology], Vidarforlaget, Oslo, 2016. Translated by Mette Heuch Berg.
Aristotle: The Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation. Edited by Jonathan Barnes, 1984.
Augustine of Hippo: De doctrina christiana. Om kristen opplæring [On Christian Doctrine], Det Norske Samlaget, Oslo, 1998. Translated by Hermund Slaattelid.
: On Christian Doctrine. The Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers http://faculty.georgetown.edu/jod/augustine/
: City of God. The Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers http://faculty.georgetown.edu/jod/augustine/
: Gudsstaten [City of God], Pax Forlag, Oslo, 1998. Translated by Reidar Aasgaard.
Aujac, Germaine: ‘The Foundations of Theoretical Cartography in Archaic and Classical Greece’ in Harley, J. B. & Woodward, David (eds.), 1987.
: ‘The Growth of an Empirical Cartography in Hellenistic Greece’ in Harley, J. B. & Woodward, David (eds.), 1987.
Bäärnhielm, Göran: ‘Förlaga till Bureus’ Lapplandskarta’ [‘A Copy of Bureus’s Lapland Map’], goran.baarnhielm.net/Kartor/Bureus-forlaga.html
Baker, Chris: ‘The Battle of Neuve Chapelle’, longlongtrail.co.uk/battles/battles-ofthe-western-front-in-france-and-flanders/the-battle-of-neuve-chapelle/
Barlaup, Asbjørn: Widerøes flyveselskap gjennom 25 år [25 Years of the Widerøe Airline], Widerøe, Oslo, 1959.
Bartlett, John R.: ‘Mercator in the Wilderness’ in Becking, Bob & Grabbe, Lester: Between Evidence and Ideology, Brill, Leiden, 2011.
Barton, Cathy: ‘Marie Tharp, oceanographic cartographer, and her contributions to the revolution in the Earth sciences’ in The Earth Inside and Out: Some Major Contributions to Geology in the 20th Century by Oldroyd, David R. (ed.), Geological Society Special Publication, London, 2002.