10. Plutarch, "Advice to Bride and Groom," 140B, D.
n. Martial, Epigrams, 11.104. Treggiari, Roman Marriage: lusti Coniuges from the Time of Cicero to the Time of Ulpian, p. 314.
12. P. Veyne, "The Roman Empire," in P. Veyne, ed., Histoire de la vie privee, ET, A History of Private Life (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987), p. 20, where he indicates that a girl was regarded as an adult at age fourteen, based on M. K. Hopkins, "The Age of Roman Girls at Marriage," Population Studies 18.3 (1965): 309-27. R. P. Saller, "Men's Age at Marriage and Its Consequences for the Roman Family," Classical Philology 82.1 (1987): 21-34, places the age higher and suggests that men were married c. 25 years old.
13. Treggiari, Roman Marriage: lusti Coniuges from the Time of Cicero to the Time of Ulpian, P. 315.
14. B. Rawson, "The Roman Family," in B. Rawson, ed., The Family in Ancient Rome: New Perspectives (London: Croom Helm, 1986), p. 34.
15. Treggiari, Roman Marriage: Iusti Coniuges from the Time of Cicero to the Time of Ulpian, p. 316.
16. See R. A. Bauman, Women and Politics in Ancient Rome (London: Routledge, 1992), pp. 78-90, on their so-called `liberation' and the role of elite women in public life. See also E. D'Ambra, "Virgins and Adulterers," in Private Lives, Imperial Virtues: The Frieze of the Forum Transitorium in Rome (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), ch. 3.
17. E. Fantham et al., "The `New Woman': Representation and Reality," in Women in the Classical World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 280.
18. S. Treggiari, Roman Marriage: lusti Coniuges from the Time of Cicero to the Time of Ulpian, ch. io and p. 446.
i9. This citation is from the early 2nd century B.C. play from Rome by Plautus, Cistellaria, 11. 36-37; for the full discussion see 11. 22-41, which reveal the competition between wives and high class prostitutes in Rome, the latter being of freedwoman status.
20. On the use of the term `so-called after dinners' (ras Xeyop vas EmBsttrvi6as) see Philo, Vit. 54. Xeyoptvas indicates 'popularly but for Philo it meant `erroneously or misleadingly so designated'. Fantham et al., "The `New Woman," pp. 281,285. Or as Cicero, pro Caelio, 2.68, said, `those matters that come afterwards'. Aspects of this have been challenged. M. Wyke, The Roman Mistress (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), and her "Mistress and Metaphor in Augustan Elegy," in I. McClure, Sexuality and Gender in the Classical World: Readings and Sources (Oxford: Blackwell, 2002), ch. 7.
21. Fantham et al., "The `New Woman," p. 280.
22. Fantham et al., "The `New Woman," pp. 281, 285.
23. Fantham et al., "The `New Woman," p. 281.
27. Cicero, ad Atticum, 6.1.24-25.
24. Sallust, Catiline, 25.
25. Cicero, pro Caelio, 32.
26. Cicero, pro Caelio, 35.
28. Tacitus, Annals, 2.85. On the period of 6o days' grace for the husband to prosecute his wife in the courts, see p. 42.
31. Ovid, Art of Love. E. Greene, The Erotics of Domination: Male Desire and the Mistress in Latin Love Poetry (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1998), p. xiii; M. Wyke, "Mistress and Metaphor in Augustan Elegy," in I. McClure, Sexuality and Gender in the Classical World: Readings and Sources, ch. 7, for this portrayal primarily in terms of a metaphor used by poets. She further explores her theme in The Roman Mistress, making comparisons with British television drama, nineteenth-century Italian anthropology, classical coinage and college websites as poetic metaphor, and the Hollywood star system.
29. Plutarch, "Advice to Bride and Groom," 7, Moralia 139B.
30. Plutarch, "Advice to Bride and Groom," 15, Moralia r40A.
34. Propertius, 1.12. A. W. Allen, "Elegy and the Classical Attitude towards Love: Propertius, I,i," YCR n (1950): 264.
35• See H.-P. Stahl, "`Betrayed Love: Change of Identity' (1.11 and 1.12)" and "`Love's Torture: Prophetic Loneliness' (i.i)," in Propertius: `Love' and War'; Individual and State under Augustus (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), chs. I and II.
32. Fantham et al., "The `New Woman," p. 285.
33. Apuleius, Apology, io.
36. Propertius, IV.1.127-3o.
37. Propertius, 1.5.59-60, 67-68; IL16.11-12.
38. Propertius, I1.8.13-16.
39• T. D. Papanghelis, Propertius: A Hellenistic Poet on Love and Death (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. 115.
40. J. Griffin, "Propertius and Antony," JRS 67 (1977): 17-26, cit. 22. Propertius, I1.6.41, cf. II.7.
41. Propertius, 1.34. Allen, "Elegy and the Classical Attitude towards Love: Propertius I,1;" 276.
42. Griffin, "Propertius and Antony," JRS 67 (1977): 23.
43. Ovid, Art of Love, 2.745-46, 3.747-808.
44. Ovid, Remedies of Love, 357-62.
45. Ovid, Sorrows of an Exile, 2.243-56.
46. Ovid, Amator 1. 37, ii. 38-40.
47. CIL 4.7698.
48. Horace, Odes, 3.6.25-28. See also Pliny, Natural History 14.141; Juvenal, Satires, 1.55ff Suetonius. Augustus, 69.1.
51. R. Syme, "The Error of Caesar Augustus," in History in Ovid (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), ch. 12.
52. J. C. Thibault, The Mystery of Ovid's Exile (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964).
49. Greene, The Erotics of Domination, pp. 105-io6.
50. Sorrows of an Exile, 2.206-n.
53• R. Syme, "The Error of Caesar Augustus," pp. 224-25.
54. Bauman, Women and Politics in Ancient Rome, p. 123.
55. Suetonius, Augustus, 65.
57. See pp. 51-52 for further discussion of Julia.
56. Bauman, "Julia's relations with her family," pp. 109-113; Macrobius, Saturnalia, 2.5.1-9; Lalleius Paterculus, 2.100.3; Suetonius, Tiberius, 10.
60. Bauman, Women and Politics in Ancient Rome, p. 121.
61. "Augustan Poetry and the Life of Luxury" and "Propertius and Antony," JRS 66 (1976): 87-105 and 67 (1977): 17-26, citation 16. He demonstrates this point further in his second essay with Propertius and Mark Antony.
62. E. Schuhmann, "Der Typ der Uxor Dotata in den Komodien des Plautus," Philologus 121 (1997): 45-65.
58. Seneca, Brevitate Vitae, 4.5; Bauman, Women and Politics in Ancient Rome, p. 114.
59. Bauman, Women and Politics in Ancient Rome, p. 119.
65. T. Crisafulli, "Representations of the Feminine: The Prostitutes in Roman Comedy," in T. W. Hillard, R. A. Kearsley, C. E. V. Nixon, A. M. Nobbs, eds., The Ancient Near East, Greece, and Rome, Ancient History in a Modern University (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998), f, p. 223.
66. Crisafulli, "Representations of the Feminine: The Prostitutes in Roman Comedy," pp. 222-23.
67. E. Rawson, `Discrimina ordinum: the lex Julia theatricalis,' PBSR (1987): 83-114.
68. Crisafulli, "Representations of the Feminine: The Prostitutes in Roman Comedy," p. 223.
63. Plautus, Menaechmi, 11. 766-67.
64. Plautus, Mostellaria, 11. 690-97.
69. E. T. Salmon, Roman Colonisation Under the Republic (London: Thames and Hudson, 1969), p. 136; P. Cartledge and A. Spawforth, Hellenistic and Roman Sparta: A Tale of Two Cities (London: Routledge, 1989), p. 104.
70. J.-J. Aubert, "Direct Management and Public Administration: Four Case Studies," in Business Managers in Ancient Rome: A Social and Economic Study of Institores, 200 B.C.-A.D. 250 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1994), ch. 5, esp. pp. 523-47.
71. R. Wallace and W. Williams, "Roman Rule in the Near East," in The Three Worlds of Paul of Tarsus (London: Routledge, 1998), ch. 6. For a study of an individual province see S. Mitchell, ed., "The Administration of Roman Asia from 133 B.C. to A.D. 250," in Lokale Autonomic and romische Ordnungsmacht, ed. W. Eck (Munchen: R. Oldenbourg, 1999), pp. 17-46.
72. E. Badian, Publicans and Sinners: Private Enterprise in the Service of the Roman Republic (Oxford: Blackwell, 1972); and D. Braund, ed., The Administration of the Roman Empire, 241 BCAD 193 (Exeter: Exeter University Press, 1988).
73. C. Ando, Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire (Berkeley: Uni
versity of California Press, 2000); R. Lawrence and J. Berry, eds., Cultural Identity in the Roman Empire (London: Routledge, 1998). For a detailed discussion of this in relation to Gaul see A. Woolf, Becoming Roman: The Origins of Provincial Civilization in Gaul (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), and for Greece generally see S. E. Alcock, Graecia Capta: The Landscapes of Roman Greece (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
74. M. C. Hoff and S. I. Rotroff, The Romanization of Athens: Proceedings of an International Conference, Oxbow Monograph 94 (Oxford: Oxbow Books, 1997).
75. See inscriptions cited in my "On Introducing Gods to Athens: An Alternative Reading of Acts 17:18-20," TynB 47.1 (1996): 71-90.
76. See Hoff and Rotroff, The Romanization of Athens.
77. C. Nepos, Lives of Foreign Generals, praef. 6.
78. T. P. Wiseman, Catullus and His World: A Reappraisal (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), P. 3.
79. N. Petrochilos, Roman Attitudes to the Greeks (Athens: National and Capodistrian University of Athens, 1974); A. Wardman, Rome's Debt to Greece (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1977); J. Griffin, "Augustan Poetry and the Life of Luxury," pp. 87-105, and "Propertius and Antony," pp. 17-26; and R. O. A. M. Lyne, The Latin Love Poets from Catullus to Horace (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980), pp. 8-17 and 192-98.
8o. S. E. Wood, Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images, 40 B.C.-A.D. 69 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1999), p. i.
81. Juvenal, Satires, V1.617.
82. Wood, Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images, 40 B.C.-A.D. 69, p. 2.
83. Her husband was a famous Athenian who was a Greek resident of Athens and also its leading orator and benefactor, Lives of the Sophists, 545-66.
84. J. H. Kent, Corinth: The Inscriptions, 1926-195o (Princeton: American School of Classical Studies, 1966), VII1.3, no. 128.
85. Hoff and Rotroff, The Romanization of Athens.
86. The Suda, FHG 3.52off. Diogenes Laertius and Aulus Gellius preserve fragments of her 33 books but nothing remains of her works on sexuality.
87. R. MacMullen, "Women in Public in the Roman Empire," Historia 29 (i98o): 217-18.
88. For an overall discussion see R. Hawley, "Marriage, Gender, and the Family in Dio," in S. Swain, ed., Dio Chrysostom: Politics, Letters, and Philosophy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), ch. 5, esp. pp. 133-34, where he notes that the sheer number of references illustrate the problem and the concern of Dio on the issues of marriage fidelity and promiscuousness.
9i. Lex Coloniae Genetivae Juliae Ursonensis, ch. CXXXIII, LXVI.
89. Dio Chrysostom, Or. 7.141-42; D. A. Russell, Dio Chrysostom, Orations VII, XII, XXXVI, Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), P. 155.
9o. R. Hawley, "Marriage, Gender, and the Family in Dio," p. 133. On this oration see also P. Desideri, "City and Country in Dio," and J. Ma, "Public Speech and the Community in the Euboicus," Dio Chrysostom: Politics, Letters, and Philosophy, ch. 3 and 4.
1. E. Fantham, et al., "The `New Woman': Representation and Reality," in Women in the Classical World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), P. 290.
2. In any case the former would be difficult to assess and the latter would be a matter of an investigation of the lifestyle of each poet, with the conclusions dependent on extant primary material.
3. R. A. Bauman, Women and Politics in Ancient Rome (London: Routledge, 1992), p. 105.
4. J. A. Crook, "Augustus: Power, Authority, Achievement," in A. K. Bowman, E. Champlin, and A. Lintott, eds., The Augustan Empire, 43 BC-AD 69, 2nd edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), vol. X, ch. 3, p. 131.
6. Horace makes reference to the law against adultery in the Centennial Hymn of 17 B.C., which is discussed on pp. 45, 49-50. See L. F. Raditsa, "Augustus' Legislation concerning Marriage, Procreation, Love Affairs and Adultery," ANRW II 13 (1980): 296-97.
7. Suetonius, Augustus, 34, 40.5.
5. For a full discussion of the Augustan laws see S. Treggiari, Roman Marriage: lusti Coniuges from the Time of Cicero to the Time of Ulpian (Oxford: Clarendon Press, i99i), pp. 6o- 8o.
8. Bauman, Women and Politics in Ancient Rome, p. 105. For a full discussion see Raditsa, "Augustus' Legislation concerning Marriage, Procreation, Love Affairs and Adultery," pp. 278-339.
9. Raditsa, "Augustus' Legislation concerning Marriage, Procreation, Love Affairs and Adultery," p. 310.
10. W. W. Buckland, A Text-book of Roman Law from the Time of Cicero to the Time of Ulpian (Oxford: Clarendon Press, i99i), p. 115.
n. Raditsa, "Augustus' Legislation concerning Marriage, Procreation, Love Affairs and Adultery," p. 319.
12. Aullus Gellius, Attic Nights, io:23. On the limited exercising of this power in Republican times see pp. 17-19.
13. The Digest, 48.5.25, Raditsa, "Augustus' Legislation concerning Marriage, Procreation, Love Affairs and Adultery," pp. 312-13.
14. Fantham, "The `New Woman," p. 290.
15. It is, in fact, an aspect of this legislation that has been overlooked. `I know of no comprehensive treatment of this important subject, i.e., 'Augustus's intervention in the field of clothing, T. A. J. McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 154, citing P. Zanker, Power of Images in the Age of Augustus (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1988). See more recently A. T. Croom, "Women's Clothing," in Roman Clothing and Fashion (Stroud: Tempus Publishers, 2000), ch. 4.
16. McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law, p. 154.
17. McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law, p. 154.
i8. E. Eyben, Restless Youth in Ancient Rome (London: Routledge, 1993), p. 232.
i9. Valerius Maximus, Memorable Doings and Sayings, 6.3.10. See also Plutarch, Moralia 267C, where Calus in 166 B.c. divorced his wife because he saw her with her dress pulled over her head.
20. Valerius Maximus, Memorable Doings and Sayings, 6.3.10, 12.
21. McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law, p. 162. In a later period, Tertullian, Pallio 4.9, records that `matrons had adopted the dress of prostitutes and vice versd, a situation that should have invited the unfriendly attention of public officials.
22. Diodorus of Sicily, 12.21; cf. Athenaeus, Deipnosophists, 12.521B, who cites Phylarchus, Histories, 25, as his source.
23. P. Culham, "Did Roman Women Have an Empire?" in M. Golden and P. Toohey, eds., Inventing Ancient Culture: Historicism, Periodization, and the Ancient World (London: Routledge, 1997), p. 203.
24. The Digest, 23.3.44.
25. R. Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), p. 80. See also Treggiari, Roman Marriage: lusti Coniuges from the Time of Cicero to the Time of Ulpian, p. 195.
26. Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy, p. 80.
27. Suetonius, The Life of Horace. For a helpful discussion of his role as a public voice in Augustan society see R. O. A. M. Lyne, "Horace in the First Augustan Period; The Adoption of the Role of Public, Moral Poet: Literary Strategies" and "The Resumption of the Role: 17-12 B.C.," in Horace: Behind the Public Poetry (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), chs. 4, H.
29. G. Williams, "Poetry in the Moral Climate of Augustan Rome," JRS 52 (1962): 35.
28. Horace, Carmen Saeculare, ll. 13-20, 45-48, 57-60.
31. Horace, Carmen Saeculare, 11. 18-19, 45.
32. Horace, Carmen Saeculare, ll. 11-12.
33. Bauman, Women and Politics in Ancient Rome, p. 15.
34. Propertius, I1.7, 11. 1-5. F. Cairns, "Propertius on Augustus' Marriage Law," Grazer Beitrager 8 (1979): 185-205.
35• Williams, "Poetry in the Moral Climate of Augustan Rome," 29.
30. Williams, "Poetry in the Moral Climate of Augustan Rome," 34.
36. Bauman, Women and Politics in Ancient Rome, p. io6.
37. Treggiari, Roman Marriage: lusti Coniuges from the Time of Cicero to the Time of Ulpian, pp. 294-98.
38. Raditsa, "Augustus' Legislation concerning Marriage, Procreation, Love Affairs and Adultery,
" p. 318, citing Suetonius, Tiberius, 35; Tacitus, Annals, 2.85; Dio Cassius, 48.5.11, 20.
39. Dio Cassius, 55.io.16.
40. R. A. Bauman, Lawyers and Politics in the Early Roman Empire: A Study of Relations Between the Roman Jurists and the Emperors from Augustus to Hadrian (Munich: C. H. Beck, 1989), p. 51, n. 141.
41. Suetonius, Augustus, 34.2.
42. Horace, Satires, 11.5.11.23-29; Raditsa, "Augustus' Legislation concerning Marriage, Procreation, Love Affairs and Adultery," p. 322.
43. Suetonius, Augustus, 34.
44. Seneca, De beneficiis, 3.16.2.
45. Dio Cassius, 56.1.2.
46. P. A. Brunt, Italian Manpower, 225 B.C.-A.D. 14 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971), pp. 113ff. on the census.
47. See also Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, I1.24-26.1, for an extended discussion on the traditional philosophical argument that the state depended on households and, of course, the children produced from marriages.
48. Dio Cassius, 54.16.1-2.
49. Treggiari, Roman Marriage: Iusti Coniuges from the Time of Cicero to the Time of Ulpian, p. 195.
50. Juvenal, Satires VII, 11. 266-67.
51. Horace, Odes, IV.i5, ii. 3, 9-12. The Arcade of Janus had two entrances which were kept open during wars and closed during a time of peace.
54. Raditsa, "Augustus' Legislation concerning Marriage, Procreation, Love Affairs and Adultery," p. 317.
55. Cicero, de Republica, 2, 37, 63.
52. Horace, Odes, IV.5, 11. 21-24.
53. Suetonius, Life of Horace.
56. Tacitus, Annals, 3.25-28.
57. Raditsa, "Augustus' Legislation concerning Marriage, Procreation, Love Affairs and Adultery," p. 322.
58. Raditsa, "Augustus' Legislation concerning Marriage, Procreation, Love Affairs and Adultery," pp. 290-94.
61. Raditsa, "Augustus' Legislation concerning Marriage, Procreation, Love Affairs and Adultery," pp. 293-94. He cites Velleius, 2, ioo, quidquid liberet pro licito vindicans.
59. Seneca, Brevitate Vitae, 4.5.
60. Seneca, De beneficiis, 6.1-2.
65. Dio Cassius, 55.10.10, 14.
62. Bauman, Women and Politics in Ancient Rome, p. n6.
Roman Wives, Roman Widows Page 25
