Book Read Free

This Indian Country

Page 48

by Frederick Hoxie

Fort Gibson, 106, 113, 120, 126

  Fort Lawton, 368

  Fort Niagara, 15–16, 20, 21, 37

  Fort Pitt, 14

  Fort Smith, 118, 120, 125

  Fourteenth Amendment, 228, 231, 236

  Fox, Charles James, 28

  France, 20, 22, 23–25, 27, 28, 32, 35, 41, 42, 58

  in Peace of Paris, 13–14, 28–30, 32–36

  Franklin, Benjamin, 24, 28, 29–35, 54

  “Supplement to the Boston Independent Chronicle,” 31–32

  Fraser, James Earle, 230

  Frémont, John C., 146, 150, 151

  Friends of the Indian, 172

  Fund for the Republic, 344–45, 349, 370

  Gálvez, José de, 25–26, 29

  Garry, Joseph, 329–30, 332, 333, 338–39

  Gayaneshaoh (Harriet Maxwell Converse), 176–78

  General, Levi, 288, 289, 301

  General Allotment Act, 236

  General Federation of Women’s Clubs, 282

  General Land Office, 197

  George III, King, 25, 27–28, 35

  Georgia, 42, 56, 58, 107, 133, 193

  Cherokees and, 70, 83, 84, 99, 110–11, 118, 126–27, 136, 184

  Georgia Compact, 58

  Geronimo, 1, 2, 8, 159, 167, 182

  Gerrish, Captain, 31

  God Is Red (Deloria), 375–78, 380, 383, 384

  GoGee, 200–201, 203, 206, 221

  gold, 145, 152

  Goldwater, Barry, 352

  Gordon, Philip, 265

  Gore, Al, 394, 395

  Governors Interstate Indian Council, 324

  Grant, Ulysses S., 120, 121, 128, 134, 138, 153, 160, 175, 259

  Great Britain, 13–14, 53, 55, 395

  in American Revolution, see American Revolution

  Native American alliances with, 15–23, 37, 42

  in Peace of Paris, 13–20, 22–23, 30–31, 33, 35–36

  Great Lakes, 184, 185

  Greenough, Horatio, 314

  Greenville, 57

  Greenway, John, 366

  Haciendo, Taeglaha, 233

  Haldimand, Frederick, 17–19, 31, 37, 42–43

  Hall, Darwin, 194, 215–17

  Hallowell, Simeon, 250–53, 254

  Hallowell v. United States, 251, 252–53, 254

  Hamilton, Robert, 262

  Hampton Institute, 233–34, 236, 238–39, 253, 255, 261

  Hardin Herald, 284

  Harding, Warren G., 267, 268, 270, 273

  Harkins, George, 80

  Haskell Institute, 255

  Hayes, Jim, 332

  Heacock, Charles, 318

  Hearst, William Randolph, 269

  Hebrews, 387

  Heff, Albert, 246, 249

  Hemphill, John J., 209–10

  Henderson, Daniel, 199, 205–6, 210–11, 212, 214–15

  Hitchcock, Ethan, 200

  Hodge, Frederick, 269

  Holloway, James, 373

  Hopewell agreements, 53–55, 57

  Choctaws and, 53–55, 57, 59–60, 64–65, 67–68

  Hopkins, Lewis, 167–68

  Houghton, Frederick, 214

  House Committee on Territories, 139–41

  House Concurrent Resolution 108, 327–28

  House Indian Affairs Committee, 301

  Howard, Edgar, 296–97

  Howard, O. O., 165

  Hudson Bay Company, 144

  Hyde, James, 303

  Ickes, Harold, 281, 297, 313, 321–22

  Illinois, 59, 83

  Indiana, 59

  Indian Defense League of America, 288, 289

  Indian Memorial Association, 255, 265

  Indian Office (Indian Bureau), 158–59, 176, 181–82, 210, 223, 226, 227, 230–31, 234, 236, 242–44, 246, 249, 268–70, 280, 285–87, 289–91, 293, 298–302, 306–7, 309, 311, 313, 314, 317–19, 326, 332, 334, 346, 353–54, 359

  elimination of, 320–25

  House Concurrent Resolution 108 and, 327

  Mille Lacs Ojibwes and, 183, 189, 193, 195, 201–6, 216, 220, 222

  Montezuma and, 255–56, 263–64, 286

  sit-in at, 369, 371, 376

  Sloan and, 238–40, 256, 258–60, 263, 272–75

  Society of American Indians and, 229, 232

  Winnemucca and, 165, 167, 168, 174, 176

  Indian Reorganization Act (IRA), 296–309, 311–12, 316–17, 320, 331, 369, 372, 373

  Indian Rights Association (IRA), 163, 176, 177, 182, 210, 237, 247, 259–60, 275, 332, 361

  Mille Lacs Ojibwes and, 183, 192, 193, 195, 201

  Winnemucca and, 165, 170

  Indians at Work, 302, 307–8, 309

  Indians of All Tribes, 367–68

  Indian Springs, Treaty of, 76

  Indian studies programs, 382–83, 399

  Indian Task Force, 353

  Indian Territory, 7, 108, 184, 193, 208–9, 235, 241, 247, 248, 396

  Cherokees and, 102–7, 109

  Choctaws and, 51, 104

  dissolution of, 107, 137, 141

  extension of federal authority over, 130–31

  formation of, 103

  intertribal councils and, 113–16

  Okmulgee conventions and, 132–35

  settlement in, 103–4

  tax laws and, 127–29

  Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, An (Smith), ix, 10

  In re Heff, 246–47, 249

  integration, 333

  Inter-Tribal Council of the Five Civilized Tribes, 346

  Iroquois, 23, 37, 42, 271, 287–88, 299, 322

  Israel, 380

  Jackson, Andrew, 2–3, 63, 65–66, 70, 75–76, 82–87, 89–92, 94, 97, 107, 110, 112, 113, 123, 133

  meeting with Choctaws at Doak’s Stand, 66–69, 75, 87, 91

  Jackson, Helen Hunt, 163

  James, George Wharton, 269

  Jay, John, 31–35

  Jefferson, Thomas, 10, 48, 58, 59, 61

  Choctaw land purchase and, 59

  Jemison, Alice, 6, 8, 281, 283, 286, 288–92, 295, 299–302, 311–14, 320–23, 328, 331–32, 334–35, 347

  Collier and, 291–92, 299–300, 302, 305, 311–14

  column of, 290–91

  Jemison, La Verne, 289

  Jennings, Francis, 397

  Jimerson, Raymond, 288, 300

  Johnson, Andrew, 120

  Johnson, Lyndon B., 275, 352–53, 364, 366

  Johnson, Napoleon, 318, 319–20, 321, 323–25, 330

  Johnson, Olof, 200, 201

  Johnson, Richard, 79

  Johnson, Robert, 128–29

  Johnson, William, 15, 19

  Jones, William, 197–98, 202

  Jordan, David Starr, 269

  Jose, Nelson, 340, 342

  Joseph, Chief, 4, 171

  Kansas, 104, 119, 124, 185

  Katallagete: Be Reconciled, 373–75

  Kealear, Charles, 255

  Keeler, W. W., 344–48, 349, 351, 355

  Kellogg, Laura Cornelius, 225, 226, 231–32, 257, 271

  Kellogg, Orrin J., 271

  Kendrick, Benjamin, 284

  Kennedy, John F., 344–46, 352

  Kennedy, Robert F., 344

  Kentucky, 14, 42

  Kickapoos, 48, 115

  King, Martin Luther, Jr., 352

  Kingsbury, Cyrus, 88, 89

  Kiowa-Apaches, 104, 113

  Kiowa Comanche reserve, 248

  Kiowas, 1
04, 113, 114, 135

  Knox, Henry, 54, 56

  La Farge, Oliver, 346, 347, 349

  La Flesche, Francis, 173–74, 175, 178

  La Follette, Robert, 261, 274, 282

  Lake Manitoba, 184

  Lake Superior, 185

  Lakotas, 108

  land allotments, 139, 177, 226–27, 242, 245, 247–49, 261, 272, 280, 320

  citizenship and, 237

  Flournoy Livestock and Real Estate Company and, 242–44

  General Allotment Act, 236

  Indian Reorganization Act and, 296, 297

  Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock and, 248

  Ojibwes and, 186, 191–92, 212, 215–16, 247

  Omahas and, 235–42, 245–46

  Sloan and, 238–42, 243

  tax exemptions and, 245–46

  Latimer, Joseph W., 289–90, 291

  Latin America, 42

  lawyers, 209–10, 381, 385–86

  League for the Extension of Democracy to the American Indians, 263, 265

  League of Nations, 288, 289

  Lee, Arthur, 24–25

  Lee, Daniel, 289

  Lee, Robert E., 120

  LeFlore, Greenwood, 64, 82, 84–90

  LeFlore, Louis, 63–64

  Leonard, John, 366

  Leslie, John, 39, 40

  Leupp, Francis, 256–57

  Life Among the Piutes (Winnemucca), 150–57, 163–65, 171, 173, 174–75

  Livingston, Robert, 30

  Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, 248

  Look, 324

  Louis XVI, King, 23–24, 25

  Louisiana, 29

  Luzerne, Chevalier de la, 29–30

  Mackinac, 29

  Madigan, La Verne, 349

  Malheur Reservation, 149, 152, 155, 157–58

  Mann, Horace, 151

  Mann, Mary Peabody, 151, 164, 170

  Manzomaunay, 187

  Marchand, Clothilde, 290

  Marchand, Sehoy, 19–20

  Marchie Tiger v. Western Investment Company, 251–53

  marriage, 161–62, 163

  Marshall, John, 135

  Marshall, Thurgood, 333

  Marty, Martin, 187

  Maynor, Lacey, 347

  McDonald, James, 5, 7, 45–98, 99, 106, 208, 218, 230, 280, 281, 399

  background of, 49

  as Choctaw advocate, 50–52, 69, 96

  Choctaw declaration to Congress crafted by, 76–78, 97

  Choctaw government and, 81–82

  at Choctaw negotiations in Washington, D.C., 71–75, 78, 81

  citizenship as viewed by, 90–95, 96

  Civilization Fund and, 60–61

  death of, 94–95, 97

  education of, 49, 60–63

  education as viewed by, 79–80, 81, 95

  and Jackson’s meeting with Choctaws, 69

  land owned by, 89

  legal studies of, 49, 62, 63, 79–80

  McKenney and, 60–61, 72, 74, 76, 78, 79, 81, 86

  move to Washington, D.C., 60

  Pitchlynn and, 50, 80, 85–86, 92–93, 95–96

  political ambitions of, 94–95

  return to Mississippi, 71

  and Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, 88, 93

  Vose on, 95–96

  McGillivray, Alexander, 15, 19–22, 23, 34, 36, 39–40, 42, 48, 49, 50, 56, 60, 396

  O’Neil and, 21–22

  McGillivray, Lachlan, 19–20, 21, 33

  McGovern, George, 344

  McIntosh, Daniel, 139–40

  McIntosh, Roly, 114, 140

  McKee, John, 65

  McKenney, Thomas L., 60–63, 72, 74, 76, 78, 79, 81, 86

  McKinley, William, 197

  McLaughlin, James, 202–5, 210, 212, 223, 243

  McLean, John, 49, 62

  McNickle, D’Arcy, 6, 7–8, 281, 283, 292–95, 307–10, 316–19, 323–28, 330, 331, 334–35, 338, 339, 344–47, 350

  Collier and, 294–95, 307–10, 316

  “Meat for God,” 294

  National Congress of American Indians and, 7–8, 317–19

  The Surrounded, 293–94

  They Came Here First, 325–26

  McNickle, William, 292

  Means, Russell, 369, 372

  “Meat for God” (McNickle), 294

  Meegeesee, 194, 197, 200, 201, 204, 206, 212, 214, 219–23, 243

  Meritt, Edgar, 267, 272

  Mexican Americans, 370–71

  Mexican War, 146, 158

  Mexico, 110, 144, 182

  Miamis, 48, 78, 115

  Michelet, Simon, 205

  Miles, Nelson, 269

  military:

  draft, 263

  integration of, 333

  Mille Lacs Investment and Improvement Company, 217

  Mille Lacs Ojibwes, 5, 7, 181–223, 229, 230, 243, 396

  allotments and, 186, 191–92, 212, 215–16, 247

  Beaulieu and, 195–99, 202, 205–6, 210, 212–14, 221

  Court of Claims suit of, 183, 210–23, 225

  efforts against removal, 184–95

  Indian Office and, 183, 189, 193, 195, 201–6, 216, 220, 222

  Indian Rights Association and, 183, 192, 193, 195, 201

  lobbying in Washington, D.C., 183, 195–206

  Minnesota Chippewa fund and, 219–20, 221

  white settlers and, 197, 199–200

  mining, 147, 152

  Minnesota, 185, 186, 187, 188, 193, 196, 206, 209, 327

  Minnesota Chippewa fund, 219–20, 221

  Miró, Estevan, 40

  missionaries, 173, 177, 291

  Mississippi, 58–59, 83, 107, 133, 184

  Choctaws and, 51, 58–59, 62, 65–69, 71–75, 84–94, 96–97, 230

  Mississippi River, 58

  Missouri, 114

  Mohawks, 18–19, 22–23, 29, 37

  Monroe, James, 65, 66, 70–71, 76

  in Choctaw negotiations, 73, 74

  Montana, 184

  Montezuma, Carlos, 225, 226, 229, 231, 232–33, 253–58, 260, 263–68, 271, 286, 289, 313

  Monzomaunay, 206, 217, 218, 219, 223

  Morgan, Arthur, 281

  Morgan, Lewis Henry, 161

  Morris, Page, 198

  Murie, James, 254–55

  Murray, James, 344

  Mushulatubbe, 66–67, 80, 81–82, 90

  Myer, Dillon, 327

  Myers, Henry, 284

  Napoleon I, 58

  Nation, 270

  National Advisory Committee of One Hundred, 269–71, 273, 285, 303

  National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 225, 228

  National Congress of American Indians (NCAI), 7–8, 317–26, 329–31, 335, 338–39, 343, 344–47, 349–63, 400

  convention of 1964, 338–42, 366

  convention of 1965, 358–59

  convention of 1966, 361

  Deloria selected as executive director of, 340–42, 343

  Deloria’s resignation from, 363–64

  emergency conference of, 328–35, 341

  Indian Plan of, 323–25

  newsletter of, 357–58

  National Council of Churches, 9

  National Indian Youth Council (NIYC), 351, 362, 364

  National Park Service, 315

  Native American Rights Fund, 381

  Native Americans:

  decentralized leadership among, 83

  increase in prosecution against, 83

/>   intertribal negotiations among, 109, 113–16

  nationalism and, 109

  popular images of, 230, 271–72

  removal as inevitable for, 78–79

  sophistication in, 123

  Navajos, 108, 159, 306–7, 316, 329

  Naygwonabe, 214–15, 221

  Nebraska, 185, 236

  Nelson, Knute, 186, 199, 200, 202, 223

  Nelson Act, 186, 187, 190, 192, 203

  Nevada, 147, 151–52, 153, 156

  New Deal, 6, 7, 274, 277–83, 286, 291, 295, 298, 307, 310, 311, 312, 314–16, 319–20, 322, 328, 333–35, 396

  New Echota, Treaty of, 105, 126–27

  New Mexico, 271, 324, 381

  New Orleans, 29, 55, 63, 67, 73

  New Republic, 272

  “New Trail, A,” 349, 351

  New York State, 287, 300, 301, 327

  New York Times, 291, 337, 349, 360, 366

  Nez Perces, 247

  Nicholson, Jacob, 111

  Niles Weekly Register, 70, 85

  Nixon, Richard, 370

  Noble, John, 193–94, 197, 203

  North, Frederick, 18, 26–27

  North Carolina, 58

  Northwestern Federation of American Indians, 254

  Oakes, Richard, 371

  Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO), 353, 365

  Office of Indian Affairs, 81

  O’Hara, Warren, 303

  Ohio, 42, 59

  Ojibwes, 48, 184–85, 188, 265

  Mille Lacs, see Mille Lacs Ojibwes

  removal of, 186

  Oklahoma, 51, 103, 107, 111, 130, 141, 297, 328

  Okmulgee conventions, 132–35

  Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe, 386

  Omahas, 209, 234–38, 240–41

  citizenship and, 235–37

  land allotments and, 235–42, 245–46

  Sloan and, 233, 234, 238–41

  Thurston County and, 237–38, 245–47, 249–50, 254

  Oneidas, 287

  O’Neil, Arturo, 21–22, 39–40

  Ontario, 287–88

  Oochalata (Charles Thompson), 137–38

  Oregon, 104, 144, 158, 184, 328

  Ormsby, Margaret, 147

  Ormsby, William, 147

  Osage, 113–16, 262

  Otoe and Missouria tribe, 209

  Our Indian Bureau System (Latimer), 290

  Paiutes, 108, 144–46, 220

  in Bannock War, 149, 152–53, 156

  Christians and, 153–54, 156

  diseases and, 146–47, 153

  governance system of, 155

  at Malheur, 149, 152, 155, 157–58

  at Pyramid Lake, 147, 148, 152

  Winnemucca and, 147–58, 165–68, 171

  Winnemucca’s school for, 169–70, 171

  at Yakama, 149, 153–54, 156, 167, 168

  Pala Reservation, 184

 

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