by Ron Chernow
24. Flexner, George Washington, 2:77.
25. WWR,221. Letter to John Augustine Washington, March 31, 1776.
26. McCullough, 1776, 105.
27. Freeman, George Washington, 4:55.
28. PWR, 3:494. Letter to Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Reed, March 19, 1776.
29. WWR,217. Letter to John Hancock, March 19, 1776.
30. PWR,3:501-2. “Proclamation on the Occupation of Boston,” March 21, 1776.
31. Ibid., 3:514. Letter to John Morgan, March 22, 1776.
32. Ibid., 3:566-69. Letter to John Augustine Washington, March 31, 1776.
33. Stahr, John Jay, 58.
34. Freeman, George Washington, 4:91.
35. PWR,3:508. Letter from Josiah Quincy, March 21, 1776.
36. Ibid., 3:528. Letter to Josiah Quincy, March 24, 1776.
37. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 11.
38. WWR,220. Letter to John Augustine Washington, March 31, 1776.
39. Golway, Washington’s General, 80.
40. Stephenson, Patriot Battles, 230.
41. PWR,4:75. “General Orders,” April 17, 1776.
42. McCullough, 1776, 125.
43. Freeman, George Washington, 4:5.
44. WWR,224. Letter to John Augustine Washington, May 31, 1776.
45. Flexner, George Washington, 2:93.
46. PWR,4:485. Letter from John Parke Custis, June 10, 1776.
47. Ibid., 5:74.
48. Ibid., 5:134. Letter to John Hancock, June 28, 1776.
49. Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, 75.
50. PWR,5:129. “General Orders,” June 28, 1776. 51*. Ibid.
CHAPTER TWENTY: ALL LONDON AFLOAT
1. McCullough, 1776, 142.
2. Ibid., 6.
3. Ibid., 19.
4. Ibid., 131.
5. Callahan, Henry Knox, 64.
6. PWR,5:266. Letter to John Hancock, July 11, 1776.
7. McCullough, 1776, 135.
8. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 31.
9. PWR,5:180. “General Orders,” July 2, 1776.
10. Ibid., 5:181.
11. Ibid., 5:191-93. Letter to John Hancock, July 3, 1776.
12. PWR, 4:11. Letter to Joseph Reed, April 1, 1776.
13. Darnton, George Washington’s False Teeth, 98.
14. Winik, Great Upheaval, 76.
15. Gaines, For Liberty and Glory, 44.
16. Flexner, George Washington, 2:14.
17. Wills, Cincinnatus, 187.
18. PWR,3:386. Letter to Burwell Bassett, February 28, 1776.
19. Ibid., 5:246. “General Orders,” July 9, 1776.
20. Ibid.
21. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 29.
22. PWR,5:258. Letter to John Hancock, July 10, 1776.
23. McCullough, 1776, 141.
24. PWR,5:256-57. “General Orders,” July 10, 1776.
25. Ibid., 5:260. Letter to John Hancock, July 10, 1776.
26. Ibid., 6:54. Letter to the New York Convention, August 17, 1776.
27. Freeman, George Washington, 4:136-37.
28. PWR,10:410. Letter to John Hancock, July 25, 1777.
29. Flexner, George Washington, 1:156.
30. McCullough, 1776, 75.
31. Irving, Life of George Washington, 219.
32. PWR,5:296. Letter from Lord Howe, July 13, 1776.
33. Ibid., 4:11. Letter to Joseph Reed, April 1, 1776.
34. Ibid., 5:297.
35. Freeman, George Washington, 4:139.
36. PWR,5:306. Letter to John Hancock, July 14, 1776.
37. Thompson, Statements Regarding the Physical Appearance, 6.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid., 7.
40. McCullough, 1776, 145.
41. Callahan, Henry Knox, 66.
42. Ibid., 65.
43. Ibid.
44. PWR,5:400-401. “Memorandum of an Interview with Lieutenant Colonel James Paterson,” July 20, 1776.
45. Ibid., 5:401.
46. Ibid., 5:408. Letter to Colonel Adam Stephen, July 20, 1776.
47. Ibid., 5:424. Letter to John Hancock, July 22, 1776.
48. McCullough, 1776, 147.
49. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 87.
50. McCullough, 1776, 151.
51. Stephenson, Patriot Battles, 20.
52. Golway, Washington’s General, 90.
53. McCullough, 1776, 153.
54. Ibid., 148.
55. Ibid.
56. WWR,236. Letter to Lund Washington, August 19, 1776.
CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE: DISASTER
1. PWR,5:610. Letter to Jesse Root, August 7, 1776.
2. Ibid., 5:632. Letter to Brigadier General William Livingston, August 8, 1776.
3. Ibid., 6:18. “General Orders,” August 14, 1776.
4. McCullough, 1776, 155-56.
5. WWR,234. Letter to Lund Washington, August 19, 1776.
6. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 90.
7. WWR,239. “General Orders,” August 23, 1776.
8. McCullough, 1776, 161.
9 . PWR,16:490. Letter from Major General Israel Putnam, September 2, 1778.
10. Ibid., 6:129. Letter to John Hancock, August 26, 1776.
11. Ibid., 6:137. Letter to Lund Washington, August 26, 1776.
12. Flexner, George Washington, 2:110.
13. Ibid.
14. PWR, 6:162.
15. Stephenson, Patriot Battles, 239.
16. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 98.
17. Freeman, George Washington, 4:178.
18. Palmer, George Washington and Benedict Arnold, 186.
19. McCullough, 1776, 178.
20. Flexner, George Washington, 2:112.
21. Ibid., 2:114.
22. Stephenson, Patriot Battles, 243.
23. McCullough, 1776, 190.
24. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 101.
25. Schecter, Battle for New York, 165.
26. PWR,6:495. Letter to Lund Washington, October 6, 1776.
27. Ibid., 6:164.
28. Ibid., 6:364. “General Orders,” September 22, 1776.
29. Flexner, George Washington, 2:121.
30. PWR,6:494. Letter to Lund Washington, October 6, 1776.
31. Ibid., 6:114. Letter to the New York Convention, August 23, 1776.
32. Ibid., 6:207. Letter from John Hancock, September 3, 1776.
33. McCullough, 1776, 204.
34. Flexner, George Washington, 2:119.
35. PWR,6:249. Letter to John Hancock, September 8, 1776.
36. Ibid.
37. Ibid., 6:251.
38. Stephenson, Patriot Battles, 245.
39. McCullough, 1776, 211.
40. Brookhiser, Founding Father, 19.
41. Stephenson, Patriot Battles, 245.
42. PWR,6:313. Letter to John Hancock, September 16, 1776.
43. Thompson, Statements Regarding the Physical Appearance, 8.
44. PWR,6:316.
45. Flexner, George Washington, 2:123.
46. PWR,6:313. Letter to John Hancock, September 16, 1776.
47. Ibid., 6:316.
48. Flexner, George Washington, 2:123.
49. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 104.
50. PWR, 6:334.
51. Flexner, George Washington, 2:129.
52. Lengel, General George Washington, 157.
53. PWR,6:320. “General Orders,” September 17, 1776.
54. Ibid., 6:348. “General Orders,” September 20, 1776.
55. Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, 81.
56. Golway, Washington’s General, 96.
57. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 106.
58. PWR,6:370.
59. Ibid., 6:400. Letter to John Hancock, September 25, 1776.
60. Freeman, George Washington, 4:208.
61. Callahan, Henry Knox, 73.
62. WWR,255. Letter to John Augustine Washington, November 6, 1776.
63. Ibid., 249. Letter to Lund Washington, September
30, 1776.
64. Ibid., 250.
CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO: AN INDECISIVE MIND
1. McCullough, 1776, 230.
2. PWR,7:57.
3. Flexner, George Washington, 2:136.
4. PWR,7:52.
5. Flexner, George Washington, 2:140.
6. Lengel, General George Washington, 163.
7. Ibid., 228.
8. PWR,7:115-16. Letter to Major General Nathanael Greene, November 8, 1776.
9. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 113.
10. Freeman, George Washington, 4:235.
11. Flexner, George Washington, 2:145.
12. Ibid., 2:148.
13. PWR,7:106.
14. Ibid., 7:154. Letter to John Hancock, November 14, 1776.
15. McCullough, 1776, 239.
16. PWR,7:163. Letter to John Hancock, November 16, 1776.
17. McCullough, 1776, 240.
18. Lengel, General George Washington, 167.
19. Irving, Life of George Washington, 274.
20. Stephenson, Patriot Battles, 250.
21. McCullough, 1776, 243.
22. Callahan, Henry Knox, 75.
23. PWR,7:104. Letter to John Augustine Washington, November 19, 1776.
24. Freeman, George Washington, 4:293.
25. Ibid., 4:264.
26. Lengel, General George Washington, 168.
27. Stephenson, Patriot Battles, 250.
28. Golway, Washington’s General, 105.
29. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 125.
30. Flexner, George Washington, 2:157.
31. McCullough, 1776, 247.
32. Flexner, George Washington, 2:171.
33. Grizzard, George!, 267.
34. PWR,7:238.
35. Ibid., 7:237.
36. Ibid., 7:237. Letter to Colonel Joseph Reed, November 30, 1776.
37. Ibid., 8:542. Letter from Joseph Reed, March 8, 1777.
38. Ibid., 10:4. Letter to Joseph Reed, June 11, 1777.
39. Ibid., 7:235. Letter from Charles Lee, November 30, 1776.
40. Ibid., 7:256. Letter to John Hancock, December 3, 1776.
41. Flexner, George Washington, 2:167.
42. PWR,7:371. Letter to Samuel Washington, December 18, 1776.
43. Ibid., 7:365. Letter to James Bowdoin, December 18, 1776.
CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE: THE CROSSING
1. PWR,7:321. Letter to Jonathan Trumbull, Sr., December 12, 1776.
2. WWF,19:408. Letter to the President of Congress, August 20, 1780.
3. WWR,257. Letter to John Hancock, December 5, 1776.
4. McCullough, 1776, 262.
5. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 133.
6. McCullough, 1776, 272.
7. PWR,7:370. Letter to Samuel Washington, December 18, 1776.
8. Ibid., 7:415. Letter from Colonel Joseph Reed, December 22, 1776.
9. Irving, Life of George Washington, 283.
10. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 196.
11. Nelson, Thomas Paine, 113.
12. Ibid., 114.
13. PWR,7:423. Letter to Colonel Joseph Reed, December 23, 1776.
14. McCullough, 1776, 168.
15. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 220.
16. Ibid., 203.
17. PWR,7:436. “General Orders,” December 25, 1776.
18. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 218.
19. McCullough, 1776, 271.
20. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 212.
21. Ibid., 218.
22. McCullough, 1776, 276.
23. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 228.
24. McCullough, 1776, 277.
25. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 231.
26. Ibid., 232.
27. Ibid., 190.
28. Ibid., 204.
29. WWR,264. Letter to John Hancock, December 27, 1776.
30. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 248.
31. Ibid., 249.
32. Irving, Life of George Washington, 287.
33. Flexner, George Washington, 2:188.
34. PWR,7:448. “General Orders,” December 27, 1776.
35. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 266.
36. Ibid., 266.
37. Ibid., 144.
38. Ibid.
39. WWR,265. Letter to Robert Morris, George Clymer, and George Walton, January 1, 1777.
40. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 272.
41. PWR,8:123. Letter to John Parke Custis, January 22, 1777.
42. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 272-73.
43. Callahan, Henry Knox, 91.
44. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 300-301.
45. Ibid., 307.
46. Flexner, George Washington, 2:183.
47. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 314.
48. Ibid., 315.
49. Ibid., 318.
50. Ibid., 324.
51. McCullough, 1776, 288.
52. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 333.
53. PWR,7:528.
54. Flexner, George Washington, 2:185.
55. Irving, Life of George Washington, 293.
56. McCullough, 1776, 289.
57. Flexner, George Washington, 2:187.
58. Lengel, General George Washington, 204.
59. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 379.
60. PWR,8:37. Letter to Jonathan Trumbull, Sr., January 10, 1777.
61. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 259.
62. Ibid., 289.
63. Flexner, George Washington, 2:189.
64. Callahan, Henry Knox, 98.
65. McCullough, 1776, 291.
66. PWR,7:529.
CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR: THE BUSY SCENES OF A CAMP
1. PWR,8:123. Letter to John Parke Custis, January 22, 1777.
2. Palmer, George Washington and Benedict Arnold, 203.
3. WWF, 19:408. Letter to the President of Congress, August 20, 1780.
4.Flexner, George Washington, 2:191.
5.PWR,8:61. Letter to Robert Morris, January 13, 1777.
6.Brady, Martha Washington, 114.
7.Flexner, George Washington, 2:198.
8. Ibid., 2:533.
9.WWF, 13:139. “General Orders,” October 23, 1778.
10.Longmore, Invention of George Washington, 193.
11.WWR,269. “Proclamation Concerning Loyalists,” January 25, 1777.
12.Flexner, George Washington, 2:193. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 353.
13.Golway, Washington’s General, 120.
14.Palmer, George Washington and Benedict Arnold, 202.
15.WWF,16:58. Letter to Major General Robert Howe, August 6, 1779.
16. WWR,344. Letter to Elias Boudinot, May 3, 1779.
17. WWF, 14:277. Letter to Major Benjamin Tallmadge, March 21, 1779.
18. Ibid.
19. PWR,7:489. Letter to Robert Morris, December 30, 1776.
20. Weintraub, General Washington’s Christmas Farewell, 120.
21.PWR,9:9. Letter to Elisha Boudinot, March 29, 1777.
22.Ibid., 79. Letter to Joseph Reed, April 7, 1777.
23.Ibid.
24.WWF, 14:291. Letter to Major General Alexander McDougall, March 25, 1779.
25.PWR,4:112-13. Letter to John Hancock, April 23, 1776.
26.Ibid., 8:584. Letter to Samuel Washington, March 15, 1777.
27.Ibid., 5:462. Letter to John Hancock, July 25, 1776.
28.Jefferson, Writings, 1319.
29.Flexner, George Washington, 2:401.
30.Lee, Experiencing Mount Vernon, 30.
31.Golway, Washington’s General, 118.
32.Flexner, George Washington, 2:302.
33.Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, 89. PWR, 2:407. Letter to Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Reed, November 20, 1775.
34.PWRT,3:41. Letter to John Adams, September 25, 1798.
35. Massachusetts Historical Society. Timothy Pickering Papers, P-31, Reel 52, p. 27.
36. Ibid., P-31, Reel 51, p. 106.
37
. WWR,200. Letter to Joseph Reed, January 14, 1776.
38. WWF, 20:293. Letter to the President of Congress, November 5, 1780.
39. Freeman, George Washington, 4:210.
40. WWR,190. Letter to William Woodford, November 10, 1775.
41.WWF,18:45. Letter to the Board of War, February 23, 1780.
42.Ibid., 14:400. “General Orders,” April 17, 1779.
43.Ibid., 24:261. “General Orders,” May 16, 1782.
44. PWR,15:82. “General Orders,” May 9, 1778.
45. WWF, 16:13. “General Orders,” July 29, 1779.
46. WWR,228. “General Orders,” July 9, 1779.
47. PWR,2:74. Letter to Samuel Washington, September 30, 1775.
48. WWF, 24:432. Letter to James McHenry, July 18, 1782.
49. Thompson, Statements Regarding the Physical Appearance, 12.
50. Thompson, “‘As If I had Been a Very Great Somebody.’”
51. PWR,9:322.
52. Ibid.
53. Ibid., 9:321-22.
54. Ibid., 9:321.
55. WWR,413. Letter to Sarah Bache, January 15, 1781.
56. Stephenson, Patriot Battles, 177.
57. Ibid.
58. PWCF,2:412. Letter to William Gordon, March 8, 1785.
59. Gaines, For Liberty and Glory, 15.
60. Grant, John Adams, 304.
61. WWF,22:353. Letter to Joseph Jones, July 10, 1781.
62. Unger, Lafayette, 4.
63. Ibid., 7.
64. Gaines, For Liberty and Glory, 36.
65. Ibid., 37.
66. Unger, Lafayette, 30.
67. Gaines, For Liberty and Glory, 63.
68. Ibid., 67.
69. PWR,10:602.
70. Gaines, For Liberty and Glory, 6.
71. Ibid., 93.
72. Ibid., 70.
73. Ibid.
74. Flexner, George Washington, 2:215.
75. Ibid.
76. Schiff, Great Improvisation, 55.
77. PWR,8:382. Letter to John Hancock, February 20, 1777.
78. Isaacson, Benjamin Franklin, 341.
CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE: DARKNESS VISIBLE
1. Palmer, George Washington and Benedict Arnold, 223.
2. Flexner, George Washington, 2:211.
3. PWR,10:290. Letter to Major General Philip Schuyler, July 15, 1777.
4. Ibid., 10:410. Letter to John Hancock, July 25, 1777.
5. Ibid., 10:506. Letter to Jonathan Trumbull, Sr., August 4, 1777.
6. Palmer, George Washington and Benedict Arnold, 231.
7. Ibid., 232.
8. PWR,11:52. Letter to John Hancock, August 23, 1777.
9. Ibid., 11:53.
10. Ibid., 11:51. “General Orders,” August 23, 1777.
11. Gaines, For Liberty and Glory, 71-72.
12. PWR,11:148. “General Orders,” September 7, 1777.
13. Ibid., 11:157. “General Orders,” September 6, 1777.
