21. Charles E. Hughes, “An Imperishable Ideal of Liberty Under Law,” available at http://c0403731.cdn.cloudfiles.rackspacecloud.com/collection/papers/1930/1932_1013_LibertyHughesT.pdf.
22. Gilbert Jr., “The United States Supreme Court Building,” p. 303.
23. Blodgett, “Cass Gilbert, Architect,” p. 634.
24. Id. at 634 n.44.
25. Ibid.
26. Proceedings in Commemoration of the 50th Anniversary of the Opening of the Supreme Court Building, 474 U.S. v–xxi (Oct. 7, 1985).
27. “Statement Concerning the Supreme Court’s Front Entrance, Memorandum of Justice Breyer,” Journal of the Supreme Court of the United States: October Term 2009, available at http://www.supremecourt.gov/orders/journal/jnl09.pdf, pp. 831–32.
HUMBLE BEGINNINGS
The First Decade of the United States Supreme Court
1. U.S. Const. art. III, §1.
2. Judiciary Act of 1789 §1, 1 Stat. 73
3. Friedman and Israel, The Justices, vol. 1, p. 10.
4. Id. at 42.
5. Id. at 65.
6. Id. at 111.
7. Ibid.
8. United States Senate, “Supreme Court Nominations, 1789–Present,” available at http://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/reference/nominations/reverseNominations.htm.
9. Friedman and Israel, The Justices, vol. 1, p. 127.
10. Id. at 128.
11. Judiciary Act of 1789, 1 Stat. 73.
12. Friedman and Israel, The Justices, vol. 1, pp. 32, 42.
13. Id. at 18.
14. Id. at 44–45.
15. Id. at 43.
16. Id. at 45; see also Independent Chronicle (Boston), Aug. 13, 1795, in Maeva Marcus and James R. Perry, eds., The Documentary History of the Supreme Court of the United States, 1789–1800, vol. 2 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), p. 780.
17. Friedman and Israel, The Justices, vol. 1, p. 46.
18. Id. at 46.
19. United States Senate, “Supreme Court Nominations, 1789–Present,” available at http://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/reference/nominations/reverseNominations.htm.
20. Ibid.
21. Friedman and Israel, The Justices, vol. 1, p. 66.
22. Id. at 230.
23. Id. at 233.
24. Id. at 19–20.
25. Marcus and Perry, The Documentary History of the Supreme Court, vol. 1, p. 162.
26. Ibid.
27. Gerald T. Dunne, “Early Court Reporters,” in Yearbook of the Supreme Court History Society 1976, pp. 61, 62.
28. Id. at 62.
29. Id. at 63.
30. Id. at 62–63.
31. Id. at 63.
32. Sandra Day O’Connor, The Majesty of the Law: Reflections of a Supreme Court Justice (New York: Random House, 2003), p. 26.
33. Ibid.
34. Dunne, “Early Court Reporters,” p. 63.
35. Id. at 64.
36. Id. at 61.
37. Worcester v. Georgia, 31 U.S. (6 Pet.) 515 (1832).
38. See “Worcester v. Georgia (1832),” in The New Georgia Encyclopedia, available at http://www.newgeorgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2720.
39. George Washington to William Cushing, September 30, 1789, in Marcus and Perry, eds., The Documentary History of the Supreme Court, vol. 1, p. 29.
ITINERANT JUSTICE
Riding Circuit
1. James Iredell to Timothy Pickering, June 16, 1798, in Marcus and Perry, eds. The Documentary History of the Supreme Court, vol. 3, p. 278 (emphasis added).
2. William Paterson, “Notes for Remarks on Judiciary Bill” and “Notes on Judiciary Bill Debate,” June 23, 1789, in Marcus and Perry, eds., The Documentary History of the Supreme Court, vol. 4, pp. 410–417.
3. William H. Rehnquist, Grand Inquests: The Historic Impeachments of Justice Samuel Chase and President Andrew Johnson (New York: Morrow, 1992), pp. 52, 92–93, 104.
4. James Iredell to Hannah Iredell, Sept. 19, 1791, in Marcus and Perry, eds., The Documentary History of the Supreme Court, vol. 2, pp. 210.
5. James Iredell to Hannah Iredell, Nov. 11, 1791, in ibid., p. 229.
6. James Iredell to Hannah Iredell, April 27, 1792, in ibid., p. 272.
7. James Iredell to Hannah Iredell, April 10, 1798, in Marcus and Perry, ed., The Documentary History of the Supreme Court, vol. 3, p. 245.
8. Thomas Johnson to George Washington, Jan. 16, 1798, in Marcus and Perry, eds., The Documentary History of the Supreme Court, vol. 2, p. 344.
9. Stuart v. Laird, 1 Cranch 299 (1803).
10. Rehnquist, Grand Inquests, pp. 92–93.
11. Id. at 93.
12. Id. at 104.
13. R. Kent Newmyer, “Justice Joseph Story on Circuit and a Neglected Phase of American Legal History,” American Journal of Legal History 14 (1970), p. 126 (quoting Joseph Story to Joseph Hopkinson, Feb. 16, 1840).
14. Joshua Glick, “On the Road: The Supreme Court and the History of Circuit Riding,” Cardozo Law Review 24 (2003), p. 1806; see also Felix Frankfurter and James M. Landis, The Business of the Supreme Court (New York: Macmillan, 1928), p. 49.
15. Glick, “On The Road,” p. 1799 (quoting 33 Annals of Cong. 126 [1819]).
16. Id. at 1799 n.338 (quoting 33 Annals of Cong. 131–32 [1819]).
17. Id. at 1808–09 (quoting Cong. Globe Appendix, 30th Cong., 1st Sess. 642–43 [1848]).
18. Id. at 1809 (quoting Cong. Globe, 30th Cong., 1st Sess. 596 [1848]).
19. Erwin N. Griswold, “The Supreme Court, 1959 Term, Forward: Of Time and Attitudes—Professor Hart and Judge Arnold,” Harvard Law Review 74 (1960), p. 81.
20. See, e.g., John O. McGinnis, “Justice Without Justices,” Constitutional Commentary 16 (1999), p. 543.
21. See statements by Akhil Amar in Federalist Society, “Relimiting Federal Judicial Power: Should Congress Play a Role?,” Journal of Law & Policy 13 (1997), pp. 643–44.
22. See McGinnis, “Justice Without Justices,” pp. 541–43.
THE SUPREME COURT’S CHANGING JURISDICTION
1. Joan Biskupic, Sandra Day O’Connor: How the First Woman on the Supreme Court Became Its Most Influential Justice (New York: Harper Perennial, 2006), p. 104.
2. “Statistics as of July 2, 1982,” Journal of the Supreme Court of the United States: October Term 1981.
3. Eugene Gressman, Kenneth S. Gellar, Stephen M. Shapiro, Timothy S. Bishop, and Edward A. Hartnett, Supreme Court Practice, 9th ed. (Arlington, VA: BNA, 2007), p. 72.
4. Id. at 73.
5. Ibid.; see also Judiciary Act of 1789, 1 Stat. 73.
6. Bennett Boskey and Eugene Gressman, “The Supreme Court Bids Farewell to Mandatory Appeals,” Federal Rules of Decision 121 (1988), pp. 81–82.
7. Edward A. Hartnett, “Questioning Certiorari: Some Reflections Seventy-Five Years After the Judges’ Bill,” Columbia Law Review 100 (2000), p. 1650.
8. Frankfurter and Landis, The Business of the Supreme Court, p. 257.
9. Act of March 3, 1891, 26 Stat. 826.
10. Gressman et al., Supreme Court Practice, p. 75.
11. William H. Rehnquist, The Supreme Court (New York: Knopf, 2001), pp. 236–38.
12. William H. Taft, “The Attacks on the Courts and Legal Procedure,” Kentucky Law Review 5 (1916), p. 18.
13. Byron R. White, “Challenges for the U.S. Supreme Court and the Bar,” Antitrust Law Journal 51 (1982), p. 282.
14. Hartnett, “Questioning Certiorari,” p. 1662.
15. Id. at 1663.
16. Id. at 1648, 1697.
17. Id. at 1643.
18. Rehnquist, The Supreme Court, pp. 236–37.
19. Judicial Improvements And Access To Justice Act, Pub. L. No. 100–702, 102 Stat. 4642 (1988).
20. Boskey and Gressman, “Farewell To Mandatory Appeals,” p. 81.
21. Dick v. New York L
ife Ins. Co., 359 U.S. 437, 449 & n.10 (1959) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting).
22. Supreme Court Rule 10.
23. Id.
24. Lee Epstein et al., The Supreme Court Compendium: Data, Decisions, and Developments (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2007), Table 2–2.
25. Gressman et al., Supreme Court Practice, p. 58.
GOLDEN TONGUES
Oral Advocacy Before the Court
1. William H. Rehnquist, “Oral Advocacy,” South Texas Law Review 27 (1987), p. 289.
2. Shapiro, “Oral Argument in the Supreme Court,” p. 23.
3. Ibid.
4. Chisholm v. Georgia, 2 U.S. (2 Dall.) 419 (1793).
5. Robert M. Ireland, The Legal Career of William Pinkney: 1764–1822 (New York: Garland, 1986), p. 54.
6. Schooner Exchange v. McFaddon, 7 Cranch 116 (1812).
7. Id. at 136.
8. Ibid.
9. Republic of Austria v. Altman, 541 U.S. 677, 688–89 (2004).
10. Schooner Exchange, 7 Cranch at 146.
11. Robert Vincent Remini, Daniel Webster: The Man and His Time (New York: Norton, 1997), pp. 193–94.
12. Seth P. Waxman, “In the Shadow of Daniel Webster: Arguing Appeals in the Twenty-First Century,” Journal of Appellate Practice & Process 3 (2001), p. 523.
13. Shapiro, “Oral Argument in the Supreme Court,” p. 24.
14. McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. 316 (1819).
15. Gibbons v. Ogden, 22 U.S. 1 (1824).
16. Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 17 U. S. 518 (1819).
17. H. H. Walker Lewis, Speak for Yourself, Daniel: A Life of Webster in His Own Words (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1969), p. 62.
18. Kevin T. McGuire, The Supreme Court Bar: Legal Elites in the Washington Community (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1993), p. 15.
19. Lewis, Speak for Yourself, Daniel, p. 67.
20. Ibid.
21. Quoted in Everett Pepperrell Wheeler, Daniel Webster: The Expounder of the Constitution (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1905), pp. 29–30.
22. Id. at 31.
23. Lawrence Meir Friedman, A History of American Law (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1973), p. 273.
24. Warren, The Supreme Court in United States History, vol. 1, p. 471.
25. Quoted in Id. at 473.
26. Shapiro, “Oral Argument in the Supreme Court,” p. 23.
27. Ibid.
28. Quoted in G. Edward White and Gerald Gunther, The Marshall Court and Cultural Change, 1815–1835 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 182.
29. The Rules and Orders of the Supreme Court of the United States No. 53 (Dec. Term 1848); Revised Rules of the Supreme Court of the United States No. 26 (1925); Rules of the Supreme Court of the United States No. 44 (1970).
30. Shapiro, “Oral Argument in the Supreme Court,” pp. 25, 28.
31. A. H. Garland, Experience in the Supreme Court of the United States (Washington, DC: J. Byrne, 1898), p. 5.
32. Id. at 7.
33. A. F. House, “Mr. Justice Field and Attorney General Garland,” Arkansas Law Review 3 (1949), p. 270.
34. Garland, Experience in the Supreme Court, p. 51.
35. Id. at 52.
36. Supreme Court Rule 33(g).
37. Robert H. Jackson, “Advocacy Before the United States Supreme Court,” Cornell Law Quarterly 37 (1951), p. 2.
38. Guide for Counsel in Cases to be Argued Before the Supreme Court of the United States (Oct. Term 2006), p. 10.
39. Ruth Bader Ginsburg, “Workways of the Supreme Court,” Thomas Jefferson Law Review 25 (2003), p. 523.
40. William H. Harbaugh, Lawyer’s Lawyer: The Life of John W. Davis (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), p. 101.
41. Ibid.
42. Williams, Thurgood Marshall, p. 214.
43. Harbaugh, Lawyer’s Lawyer, p. 50.
44. Id. at 503.
45. Mark Tushnet, “Lawyer Thurgood Marshall,” Stanford Law Review 44 (1992), p. 1285.
46. Ibid.
47. Richard Kluger, Simple Justice (New York: Knopf, 1975), p. 672.
48. New York Statesman, Feb. 7, 1824, quoted in Warren, The Supreme Court in United States History, vol. 1, p. 467.
49. John W. Davis, “The Argument of An Appeal,” American Bar Association Journal 26 (1940), p. 895.
50. Id. at 897.
51. E. Barrett Prettyman Jr., “The Supreme Court’s Use of Hypothetical Questions at Oral Argument,” Catholic University Law Review 33 (1984), p. 555.
52. Ginsburg, “Workways of the Supreme Court,” p. 524.
53. William O. Douglas, The Court Years, 1939–1975: The Autobiography of William O. Douglas (New York: Random House, 1980), p. 181.
54. Charles Henry Butler, A Century at the Bar of the Supreme Court of the United States (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1942), pp. 86–87.
55. “Proceedings in Honor of Mr. Justice Brennan,” Harvard Law School Occasional Pamphlet No. 9 (1967), pp. 22–23.
56. John G. Roberts Jr., “Oral Advocacy and the Re-emergence of a Supreme Court Bar,” Journal of Supreme Court History 30 (2005), p. 70.
CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS OF THE COURT
1. 5 U.S.C. § 3331.
2. See U.S. Const. art. II, § 1 (“Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation:—’I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.’ ”).
3. 28 U.S.C. § 453; see also 1 Stat. 76.
4. 28 U. S. C. § 456.
5. Office of the Curator, Supreme Court of the United States, “Oaths of Office Taken by the Chief Justices” (2010), available at http://www.supremecourt.gov/about/oath/oathsofthechiefjustices2010.pdf.
6. Office of the Curator, Supreme Court of the United States, “Supreme Court Oath Taking Procedures” (2009), available at http://www.supremecourt.gov/about/oath/oathsproceduresinfosheet2009.pdf.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Office of the Curator, Supreme Court of the United States, “Oaths of Office Taken by the Current Court” (2010), available at http://www.supremecourt.gov/about/oath/Oaths_of_the_Current_Court_10–1-2010.pdf.
14. Tony Mauro, “Change of Venue,” Legal Times, at 4 (March 2, 2009).
15. Office of the Curator, “Oaths of the Chief Justices,” p. 2.
16. Joan Biskupic, “Breyer Takes Court Oath at Chief Justice’s Cottage,” Washington Post, Aug. 4, 1994.
17. Ruth Marcus, “Rehnquist, Scalia Take Their Oaths,” Washington Post, Sept. 27, 1986.
18. Office of the Curator, “Oaths of the Current Court,” p. 2.
19. Ibid.
20. Office of the Curator, Supreme Court of the United States, “Supreme Court Oath Firsts and Other Trivia” (2009), available at http://www.supremecourt.gov/about/oath/supremecourtoathfirstsandtrivia2009.pdf.
21. Brian Lamb, Susan Swain, and Mark Farkas, The Supreme Court: A C-SPAN Book Featuring the Justices in Their Own Words (New York: Public Affairs, 2010), p. 167.
SOME LAUGHS ON THE BENCH
1. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Collected Legal Papers (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1920), p. 292.
2. Jay D. Wexler, “Laugh Track,” Green Bag 2d, 9 (2005), p. 60.
3. Ibid.
4. Adam Liptak, “So, Guy Walks Up to the Bar, and Scalia Says …,” New York Times, Dec. 31, 2005.
5. Lamb, Swain, and Parkas, The Supreme Court, pp. 114–15.
6. Ryan A. Malphurs, “ ‘People Did Sometimes Stick Things in my Underwear’: The Function of Laughter at the U.S. Supreme Court,” Communication Law Review 10 (2010), p. 48.
7. Adam Liptak, �
�Study Analyzes Laughs at Supreme Court,” New York Times, Jan. 24, 2011.
8. Ibid.
9. Malphurs, “The Function of Laughter at the U.S. Supreme Court,” p. 48.
10. Id. at 65.
11. Clare Cushman, Courtwatchers: Eyewitness Accounts in Supreme Court History (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2011), pp. 16–17.
12. John Q. Barrett, “A Rehnquist Ode on the Vinson Court,” Green Bag 2d, 11 (2008), p. 292.
13. Id. at 291.
14. Id. at 301.
15. Id. at 293 and n.17.
16. Glen Elsasser, “Supreme Ironies,” Chicago Tribune, July 11, 1993.
17. Ibid.
18. Barrett, “A Rehnquist Ode,” p. 292.
19. Elsasser, “Supreme Ironies.”
LARGER-THAN-LIFE JUSTICES
1. Paul Kens, Justice Stephen Field: Shaping Liberty from the Gold Rush to the Gilded Age (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1997), pp. 29–30.
2. Munn v. Illinois, 94 U.S. 113, 152 (1876) (Field, J., dissenting).
3. Ibid.
4. Sheldon M. Novick, Honorable Justice: The Life of Oliver Wendell Holmes (Boston: Little, Brown, 1989), p. 205.
5. Buck v. Bell, 274 U.S. 200 (1927).
6. Novick, Honorable Justice, p. 283.
7. Schenk v. United States, 249 U.S. 47 (1919).
8. Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616 (1919) (Holmes, J., dissenting).
9. Novick, Honorable Justice, p. 319.
10. Id. at 263.
11. Id. at 342.
12. James Edward Bond, I Dissent: The Legacy of Chief Justice James Clark McReynolds (Fairfax, VA: George Mason University Press, 1992), p. 121.
13. Id. at 123.
14. West Coast Hotel v. Parrish, 300 U.S. 379 (1937).
15. Marian C. McKenna, Franklin Roosevelt and the Great Constitutional War: The Court-packing Crisis of 1937 (New York: Fordham University Press, 2002), p. 419.
GONE BUT NOT FORGOTTEN
Judicial Retirement
1. Judiciary Act of 1869, 16 Stat. 45 (1869); see also Epstein et al., The Supreme Court Compendium, p. 44.
2. Minor Myers III, “The Judicial Service of Retired United States Supreme Court Justices,” Journal of Supreme Court History 32 (2007), p. 47.
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