Pornland
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16. “The Directors,” Adult Video News, August 2005, http://www.avn.com/video/articles/22629.html (accessed August 23, 2008).[back]
17. Robert J. Stroller and I. S. Levine, Coming Attractions: The Making of an X-Rated Video (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press), quoted in Robert Jensen, Getting Off: Pornography and the End of Masculinity (Boston: South End, 2007), 69.[back]
18. This discussion board offers insight into porn fans as they regularly dialogue with each other. Although some posts could well have been planted by the industry to market a specific product, the sheer volume of posts suggests that this is an authentic porn discussion group.[back]
19. Adult DVD Talk, July 12, 2007, http://forum.adultdvdtalk.com/forum/topic.dlt/topic_id=104388/forum_id=1/cat_id=1/104388.htm (accessed April 10, 2009).[back]
20. Adult DVD Talk, May 22, 2007, http://forum.adultdvdtalk.com/forum/topic.dlt/topic_id=101587/forum_id=1/cat_id=1/101587.htm (accessed April 10, 2009).[back]
21. Adult DVD Talk, May 23, 2007, http://forum.adultdvdtalk.com/forum/topic.dlt/topic_id=101587/forum_id=1/cat_id=1/101587.htm (accessed April 10, 2009).[back]
22. Martin Amis, “A Rough Trade,” Guardian, March 17, 2001, http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4153718,00.html (accessed September 8, 2008).[back]
23. Erik Jay, “Gonzo: Taking a Toll,” XBIZ News, September 10, 2007, http://xbiz.com/articles/83870 (accessed March 2, 2008).[back]
24. The Adult Industry Medical (AIM) Health Care Foundation, founded in 1998 by Dr. Sharon Mitchell, is, according to its Web site, “a non-profit corporation formed to care for the physical and emotional needs of sex workers and people who work in the adult entertainment industry.” The organization provides HIV and STD testing and treatment, counseling services, and support groups. For more information, see http://www.aim-med.org/about/.[back]
One: Playboy, Penthouse, and Hustler
1. Pornography is defined here as any product that is produced for the primary purpose of facilitating arousal and masturbation. While there may be other uses for the product (for example, Playboy as a magazine to teach men how to live a playboy lifestyle), its main selling feature for the producer, distributor, and consumer (whether overtly or covertly) is sexual arousal[back]
2. Thomas Weyr, Reaching for Paradise: The Playboy Vision of America (New York: Times Books, 1978).[back]
3. Michael Kimmel, Manhood in America: A Cultural History (New York: Free Press, 1996), 255. Some of the books on the subject are Frank Brady, Hefner (New York: Macmillan, 1974); Russell Miller, Bunny: The Real Story of Playboy (London: Michael Joseph, 1984); Barbara Ehrenreich, Hearts of Men (New York: Anchor, 1983).[back]
4. Stephanie Coontz, The Way We Never Were: American Families and the Nostalgia Trap (New York: Basic Books, 1992); Elaine Taylor May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York: Basic Books, 1998); Douglas Miller and Marion Nowak, The Fifties: The Way We Really Were (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1977).[back]
5. Miller, Bunny, 44. [back]
6. Coontz, The Way We Never Were, 24.[back]
7. Quoted in Miller and Nowak, The Fifties, 154.[back]
8. Ibid.[back]
9. Coontz, The Way We Never Were, 33.[back]
10. Ehrenreich, Hearts of Men, 30.[back]
11. Kimmel, Manhood in America, 240.[back]
12. Ehrenreich, Hearts of Men, 36.[back]
13. Miller and Nowak, The Fifties, 164–67.[back]
14. Philip Wylie, Generation of Vipers (New York: Rinehart, 1942), 99, quoted in Kimmel, Manhood in America, 254.[back]
15. Playboy, December 1953, 16.[back]
16. Quoted in Ehrenreich, Hearts of Men, 47.[back]
17. Playboy, September 1958, 78.[back]
18. Playboy, September 1963, 92.[back]
19. Playboy, June 1954, 38.[back]
20. Weyr, Reaching for Paradise, 2.[back]
21. Naomi Barko, “A Woman Looks at Men’s Magazines,” Reporter, July 7, 1953, 29–32.[back]
22. Ibid., 30.[back]
23. Weyr, Reaching for Paradise, 5.[back]
24. Ibid., 34.[back]
25. The original name for the magazine was Stag Party, but shortly before the publication date, Hefner received a letter from a lawyer representing a field-and-stream magazine called Stag saying that there could be possible confusion between the two magazines. Hefner agreed to change the name, and Playboy was born. Miller, Bunny, 42–44.[back]
26. Ibid., 39.[back]
27. Ibid., 44–45.[back]
28. Quoted in Weyr, Reaching for Paradise, 35.[back]
29. Weyr, Reaching for Paradise, 43.[back]
30. Playboy, December 1953, 41.[back]
31. Playboy, January 1954, 4.[back]
32. George Lipsitz, Time Passages: Collective Memory and American Popular Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990), 44.[back]
33. Dichter, quoted in ibid., 47.[back]
34. May, Homeward Bound, 29–32.[back]
35. Weyr, Reaching for Paradise, 55.[back]
36. Brady, Hefner, 95.[back]
37. Weyr, Reaching for Paradise, 32.[back]
38. Business Week, June 28, 1969.[back]
39. Weyr, Reaching for Paradise.[back]
40. Quoted in Brady, Hefner, 128.[back]
41. Ibid., 129.[back]
42. Miller, Bunny, 182.[back]
43. Newsweek, March 2, 1970, 71.[back]
44. Miller, Bunny, 189.[back]
45. Forbes, March 1, 1971, 19; Business Week, August 9, 1969, 98; Time, November 7, 1969, 88.[back]
46. Newsweek, March 2, 1970, 71; Time, November 7, 1969, 88.[back]
47. Miller, Bunny, 194.[back]
48. Ibid.[back]
49. Playboy Advertising Rate Card #44, n.d. [back]
50. Hustler, 1984, 7. [back]
51. Hustler, 1974, 4.[back]
52. Hustler, 1983, 5; Hustler, 1988, 5.[back]
53. Hustler, July 1988, 7.[back]
54. Newsweek, February 16, 1976, 69.[back]
55. Ellen McCracken, Decoding Women’s Magazines: From Mademoiselle to Ms. (New York: St. Martin’s, 1993), 15.[back]
56. Playboy Demographic Profile, Fall 1995. [back]
57. Hustler Reader Profile, Fall 1995.[back]
58. Newsweek, March 20, 1978, 36; Time, March 20, 1978, 20.[back]
59. Laura Kipnis, “(Male) Desire and (Female) Disgust: Reading Hustler,” in Cultural Studies, ed. Larry Grossberg, C. Nelson, and P. Treichler (New York: Routledge, 1992), 378.[back]
60. Hustler Reader Profile, Fall 1995.[back]
61. Newsweek, January 1964, 48; Saturday Evening Post, April 28, 1962, 28; Forbes, March 3, 1971, 18.[back]
62. Forbes, March 3, 1971, 18., 17.[back]
63. Time, March 3, 1967, 76; Newsweek, January 6, 1964, 48.[back]
64. Time, March 20, 1978. [back]
65. People, August 2, 1993, 92.[back]
66. Newsweek, January 14, 1983, 16; Time, March 20, 1978, 20.[back]
67. People, July 20, 1987, 32.[back]
68. Dirk Smillie, “Dangerous Curves,” Forbes, April 7, 2008, http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2008/0407/056_print.html (accessed October 2, 2008).[back]
69. “Penthouse Owner Sued by Guccione,” South Florida Business Journal, February 24, 2006, http://southflorida.bizjournals.com/southflorida/stories/2006/02/27/story3.html (accessed March 6, 2008).[back]
70. Smillie, “Dangerous Curves.”[back]
71. Jennifer Ordoñez, “Penthouse Gets Pious,” Newsweek, May 19, 2008, 47.[back]
72. Ibid.[back]
73. Smillie, “Dangerous Curves.”[back]
74. Xeni Jardin, “Life, Liberty, and Pursuit of Porn,” February 19, 2004, http://www.wired.com/politics/security/news/2004/02/62343?currentPage=all (accessed March 24, 2009).[back]
75. Stuart Miller, “Risqué Business,” Multichannel News, June 16, 2008, 12–17.[back]
76. Ibid.[back]
77. Steven J. Dubner, “
Chris Napolitano on George Bush, the State of Porn, and Why Playboy Is Still Hot,” New York Times, August 27, 2007, http://freakonomics.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/08/27/chris-napolitano-on-george-bush-the-state-of-porn-and-why-playboy-doesnt-suck/?ex=1188878400&en=8e13af140c83037e&ei=5070&emc=eta1 (accessed March 9, 2009).[back]
78. Izabella St. James, Bunny Tales (New York: Running Press, 2008), 158.[back]
Two: Pop Goes the Porn Culture
1. Reed Johnson, “Porn Stars Are the New Crossover Artists,” Los Angeles Times, November 3, 2008, http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-porn3–2008nov03,0,6573308.story (accessed November 6, 2008).[back]
2. This image has recently been somewhat tarnished as Francis is facing a slew of legal problems ranging from using underage girls to tax evasion. See Richard Verrier, “Tax Evasion Charges Add to Francis’ Legal Woes,” Los Angeles Times, April 12, 2007, http://articles.latimes.com/2007/apr/12/business/fi-girls12 (accessed March 5, 2009).[back]
3. Claire Hoffman, “‘Baby, Give Me a Kiss’—The Man Behind the ‘Girls Gone Wild’ Soft-Porn Empire Lets Claire Hoffman into His World, for Better or Worse,” Los Angeles Times, August 6, 2006, http://www.latimes.com/features/magazine/west/la-tm-gonewild32aug06,0,2664370.story (accessed October 5, 2007).[back]
4. “Girls Gone Wild Helps Shape America,” PR Newswire, March 29, 2007, http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/03–29–2007/0004556380&EDATE= (accessed June 28, 2007).[back]
5. Gretchen Gallen, “Girls Gone Wild Affiliate Program Makes Debut,” XBIZ, February 2, 2006, http://xbiz.com/news_piece.php?cat=2&id=13236 (accessed June 24, 2007).[back]
6. http://members.girlsgonewild.com/bonus (accessed April 24, 2007).[back]
7. http://www.adultcon.com/indexa.html (accessed April 24, 2007).[back]
8. David Sullivan, “IVD Throws Girls Gone Wild Bellagio Bash,” Adult Video News, n.d., http://www.avn.com/index_cache.php?Primary_Navigation=Articles&Action=View_Article&Content_ID=281697 (accessed June 2, 2007).[back]
9. Gallen, “Girls Gone Wild Affiliate Program Makes Debut.”[back]
10. Stephen Ochs, “Joe Francis,” XBIZ, September 1, 2005, http://www.xbiz.com/articles/80073/girls+gone+wild (accessed January 23, 2009).[back]
11. Vicki Mayer has pointed out that, on a televised talk show, the producers call themselves “a documentary film company.” Vicki Mayer, “Soft-Core in TV Time: The Political Economy of a ‘Cultural Trend,’” Critical Studies in Media Communication 22, no. 4 (2005): 302–20.[back]
12. M. Navarro, “The Very Long Legs of ‘Girls Gone Wild,’” New York Times, April 4, 2004, sec. 9.[back]
13. Ariel Levy, Female Chauvinist Pigs (New York: Free Press, 2005), 12.[back]
14. The hip-hop artist Snoop Dog teamed up with Joe Francis in 2002 to make Girls Gone Wild: Doggy Style. One year later Snoop Dog cut ties with Francis because of the lack of black women in GGW.[back]
15. E. Maticka-Tyndale, E. S. Herold, and D. Mewhinney, “Casual Sex on Spring Break: Intentions and Behaviors of Canadian Students,” Journal of Sex Research 35, no. 3 (1998): 254–64, quoted in Karen Pitcher, “The Staging of Agency in Girls Gone Wild,” Critical Studies in Media Communication 23, no. 3 (2006): 204.[back]
16. Matthew Miller, “The (Porn) Player,” Forbes, July 4, 2005, http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2005/0704/124.html (accessed January 24, 2007).[back]
17. “‘I Chose the Right Profession’: Porn Star’s New Book Tells of Rise to Fame,” August 27, 2004, http://www.cnn.com/2004/SHOWBIZ/books/08/27/jenna.jameson (accessed March 6, 2009).[back]
18. Jenna Jameson, interview by Judith Regan, n.d., http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MSzAdntX1As (accessed February 24, 2009).[back]
19. Jenna Jameson, How to Make Love Like a Porn Star (New York: Harper Collins), 96–97.[back]
20. Ibid., 67.[back]
21. Ibid., 132.[back]
22. Adult DVD Talk, February 27, 2008, http://forum.adultdvdtalk.com/forum/topic.dlt/whichpage=3/topic_id=114797/forum_id=1/cat_id=1/reply=1270099#post1270099 (accessed March 3, 2009).[back]
23. Adult DVD Talk, September 11, 2008, http://forum.adultdvdtalk.com/forum/topic.dlt/topic_id=125602/forum_id=1/cat_id=1/125602.htm#post0 (accessed March 3, 2009).[back]
24. Adult DVD Talk, January 19, 2007, http://forum.adultdvdtalk.com/forum/topic.dlt/topic_id=115100/forum_id=5/cat_id=1/reply=1206931#post1206931 (accessed March 3, 2009).[back]
25. Adult DVD Talk, January 20, 2008, http://forum.adultdvdtalk.com/forum/topic.dlt/topic_id=115100/forum_id=5/cat_id=1/reply=1206931#post1206931 (accessed March 30, 2009). Chatsworth in Los Angeles is often considered the center of the American porn industry, with companies such as Wicked Pictures, Anabolic Video, and Adult Video News located in the area.[back]
26. According to porn producer and performer Annie Cruz, women make $1,200 for a double penetration scene, $1,300 for multiple penetration by three guys, and $1,500 for double anal. Quoted in Price of Pleasure: Pornography, Sexuality and Relationships (Northampton, MA: Media Education Foundation, 2007).[back]
27. Bob Preston, “Sasha Grey Stars in New Ad for American Apparel,” XBIZ, December 30, 2008, http://www.xbiz.com/news/103170 (accessed March 23, 2009).[back]
28. Adult Video News, n.d., http://www.avn.com/performer/companies/830.html (accessed March 4, 2009).[back]
29. Ann Riley Katz, “Family Guy: Steve Hirsch Followed in His Dad’s Footsteps by Launching His Own Adult Film Company, Now the Leader in a Very Mainstream Business,” Los Angeles Business Journal, November 12, 2007, 29.[back]
30. “MSNBC’s Rita Cosby Delves into Vivid Valley,” Adult Video News, December 15, 2005, http://www.avn.com/index.cfm?objectID=70F9F731-B1EE-818D-931BEAF17B36C7C6&articleID=EDA39917–1372–4B41-C477FEEB259C7491 (accessed January 16, 2006).[back]
31. Kathy Brewer, “The Digital Divide,” Adult Video News, January 3, 2008, http://online.avn.com/articles/1499.html (accessed January 7, 2008).[back]
32. Dreamworlds 3 (Northampton, MA: Media Education Foundation, 2007).[back]
33. Quoted in Matt Ezzell, “Pornography, Lad Mags, Video Games and Boys: Reviving the Canary in the Cultural Coal Mine,” in The Sexualization of Childhood, ed. Sharna Olfman (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2009), 16–17.[back]
34. Laramie D. Taylor, “All for Him: Articles about Sex in American Lad Magazines,” Sex Roles 52, nos. 3–4 (2005): 153–63.[back]
35. Ibid., 162.[back]
36. Ezzell, “Pornography,” 18.[back]
37. Thomas Stanton, “Denver Post Reports on Mainstreaming of Adult,” Adult Video News, July 10, 2006, http://www.avn.com/video/articles/27570.html (accessed April 12, 2007).[back]
38. Jackson Katz, The Macho Paradox (Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks, 2006), 173.[back]
Three: From the Backstreet to Wall Street
1. http://internet-filter-review.toptenreviews.com/internet-pornography-statistics.html#anchor1 (accessed March 20, 2009).[back]
2. Brandweek, October 2000, 41, 1Q48.[back]
3. Jonathan Coopersmith, “Does Your Mother Know What You Really Do? The Changing Nature and Image of Computer-Based Pornography,” History and Technology 22, no. 1 (2006): 1–25.[back]
4. Sinead Carew, “Porn to Spice Up Cell Phones,” January 30, 2008, http://www.reuters.com/article/technologyNews/idUSN3030000720080130 (accessed February 21, 2009).[back]
5. Blaise Cronin and Elisabeth Davenport, “E-rogenous Zones: Positioning Pornography in the Digital Economy,” Information Society 17 (2001): 41.[back]
6. Coopersmith, “Does Your Mother Know What You Really Do?” 6.[back]
7. Ibid., 7.[back]
8. Amanda Spink and Bernard J. Jansen, Web Search: Public Searching of the Web (New York: Springer, 2004), quoted in Coopersmith, “Does Your Mother Know What You Really Do?” 7.[back]
9. Ibid., 8–9.[back]
10. Ibid., 12.[back]
11. Joel Johnson, “Real Touch: Interactive Sex Device Syncs Porn with Belt-Driven USB Orifice (Yay!),” Boing Boing, J
anuary 12, 2009, http://gadgets.boingboing.net/2009/01/12/real-touch-interacti.html (accessed March 21, 2009).[back]