Patrick Henry

by Thomas S. Kidd

  41 Patrick Henry to Elizabeth Aylett, August 20, 1796, in Henry Family Papers, Virginia Historical Society; Patrick Henry, “To the People of the United States,” Gazette of the United States (Philadelphia), November 15, 1796.

  42 Patrick Henry to John Preston, November 29, 1796, in Henry, Patrick Henry, 3:424; Patrick Henry to General Samuel Hopkins, November 29, 1796, in Rhoda Doubleday, Atlantic Between (New York, 1947), 621–22.

  43 Patrick Henry to Wilson Cary Nicholas, November 29, 1796, Patrick Henry Letters, Library of Virginia.

  44 Albert J. Beveridge, The Life of John Marshall (Boston, 1916–19), 2:411.

  45 Patrick Henry to Archibald Blair, January 8, 1799, Patrick Henry Letters, Library of Virginia.

  46 Archibald Blair to Patrick Henry, January 13, 1799, in Henry, Patrick Henry, 3:427–28.

  47 George Washington to Patrick Henry, January 15, 1799, in The Papers of George Washington: Digital Edition, ed. Theodore Crackel (Charlottesville, VA, 2007).

  48 Patrick Henry to George Washington, February 12, 1799, in ibid.

  49 John Taylor to James Madison, March 4, 1799, in The Papers of James Madison, ed. David B. Mattern, et al. (Charlottesville, VA, 1991), 17:245–46.

  50 Joseph Martin to Patrick Henry, April 2, 1799, in Publications of the Southern History Association 6 (1902): 30.

  51 Henry, Patrick Henry, 2:607–10; Douglas Bradburn, “A Clamor in the Public Mind: The Opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts,” William and Mary Quarterly 3rd series, 65, no. 3 (July 2008): 593–94 n.46.

  52 Thomas Jefferson to Archibald Stuart, May 14, 1799, in Oberg, Papers of Thomas Jefferson, 31:110.

  53 Dorothea Henry to Elizabeth Aylett, [June 1799], in “Two Unpublished Henry Letters,” ed. Hugh Buckner Johnston, William and Mary Quarterly 2nd series, 21, no. 1 (January 1941): 33–34.

  Epilogue: “Mourn Virginia Mourn!”:

  The Legacy of Patrick Henry

  1 Vermont Gazette, June 6, 1799, 2.

  2 Virginia Gazette, June 11, 1799, in Richard R. Beeman, Patrick Henry: A Biography (New York, 1974), 190.

  3 Journal of the House of Delegates (Richmond, VA, 1799), 22.

  4 William Wirt, Sketches of the Life and Character of Patrick Henry, 15th ed. (New York, 1857), 442–43.

  5 Thomas Jefferson to William Wirt, August 4, 1805, in “Jefferson’s Recollections of Patrick Henry,” ed. Stanislaus Henkels, Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 34, no. 4 (1910): 387; Andrew Burstein, “Immortalizing the Founding Fathers: The Excesses of Public Eulogy,” in Mortal Remains: Death in Early America, ed. Nancy Isenberg and Andrew Burstein (Philadelphia, 2003), 92; William R. Taylor, Cavalier and Yankee: The Old South and American National Character (New York, 1964), 68–69.

  6 Hinton Rowan Helper, Compendium of the Impending Crisis of the South (New York, 1860), 91.

  7 Alexander Stephens, A Constitutional View of the Late War Between the States (Philadelphia, 1868–70), 163; P. H. Fontaine, “New Facts in Regard to the Character and Opinions of Patrick Henry,” DeBow’s Review (October 1870): 824, 826.

  8 Albert J. Beveridge, “The Star of Empire” (1900), at http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/2282/216471.

  9 Bernard Mayo, Myths and Men: Patrick Henry, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson (Athens, GA, 1959), 2.

  10 www.wallbuilders.com/LIBissuesArticles.asp?id=126; David Limbaugh, Persecution: How Liberals Are Waging War Against Christianity (New York, 2004), 347.

  11 George Morgan, The True Patrick Henry (Philadelphia, 1907), 456–62.

  12 James Madison, Federalist #48, in The Federalist, ed. George W. Carey and James McClellan (Indianapolis, 2001), 256.

  INDEX

  Abolitionists

  See also Emancipation; Manumissions

  Adams, John

  First Continental Congress and

  on Henry as a military commander

  ideological purity of

  as presidential candidate

  as vice president

  Adams, Samuel

  Addison, Joseph

  Administration of Justice Act

  Afghanistan, war in

  African-Americans

  free, burgeoning population of

  smallpox-infected

  See also Slavery; Slaves; Slave trade

  Age of Reason (Paine)

  Albemarle County, Virginia

  Alcohol bribes

  Alexander the Great

  Algerians

  Alien Act

  Allinson, Samuel

  American Philosophical Society

  American Revolution

  catalysts of the

  credit for the

  faltering commitment to the war effort in the

  final battle of the

  greatest orator of the, reputation as the

  key grievances remaining from the

  legacy of the, concern for the

  lingering bitterness following the

  most electrifying speech of the

  prelude to the

  promise of the

  sacrifices made in the, as defense against debt collectors

  setting the stage for the Civil War

  shot that began the

  slavery and

  state debts incurred during the

  See also specific states and people involved in the Revolution

  Anglican Church

  See also Church of England

  Anglicans

  Annapolis conference

  Anne, Queen of Great Britain

  Anti-Catholicism

  Anti-Christianism

  Anti-federalists

  Antislavery views

  Antoinette, Marie

  Arms, right to bear

  Arnold, Benedict

  Articles of Confederation

  Atheism

  Authority

  center of, shift in the

  established, challenging

  See also Parliamentary authority

  Aylett, Elizabeth Henry (daughter)

  Bacon, Nathaniel

  Bacon’s Rebellion

  Baptism

  Baptists

  Barbary states and pirates

  Barré, Isaac

  Barton, David

  Benezet, Anthony

  Berkeley, Norborne

  Berkeley, William

  Beveridge, Albert J.

  Bible, the

  Big government, issue of

  See also Consolidated power, issue with

  Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom

  Bill of Rights

  Black people. See African-Americans

  Blair, Archibald

  Bland, Richard

  Bland, Theodorick

  Boanerges (“Sons of Thunder”)

  Board of Customs

  Boone, Daniel

  Boston, Massachusetts

  Boston Massacre

  Boston Port Bill

  Boston Tea Party

  Boycotts

  Brandywine Creek, Pennsylvania

  Braxton, Carter

  Bribery

  Britain

  modified political union between America and, call for a

  post-revolution relations with

  Seven Years’ War and

  British creditors, repaying, issue of

  British government system

  British House of Commons

  British House of Lords

  British settlers, religious, plan to attract

  Brunskill, John

  Bruton Parish Church

  Brutus

  Bunker Hill, battle of

  Burgoyne, John

  Bush, George W.

  Caesar, Julius

  Caligula

  Camden, South Carolina

  Camm, John

  Canada

  Carrington, Edward

  Carter, Landon

  Carter, Robert

  Catholic Church, view toward the

  Catholics

  Cato

  C
ato, A Tragedy (Addison)

  Centralized government, danger of. See Consolidated power, issue with

  Charleston, South Carolina

  Charlotte County, Virginia

  Charlotte, North Carolina

  Charlottesville, Virginia

  Checks and balances, system of

  Cherokees

  Chesapeake Bay

  Chickahominy Indians

  Christ. See Jesus Christ

  Christian, Anne Henry (sister)

  Christian conservatives

  Christian republicanism

  Christian settlers, attracting, plan of

  Christian, William

  Christianity

  French attacks on

  slavery and

  See also specific branches and denominations

  Christmas menu

  II Chronicles 20:15

  Church and state, separation of

  Church of England

  See also Anglican Church; Anglicans; Episcopal Church

  Cicero

  Cincinnatus

  Civil spirituality

  Civil War

  Civil war, possibility of

  Clark, George Rogers

  Clark, William

  Clinton, George

  Clinton, Henry

  Cocke, Bowler

  College of New Jersey

  College of William and Mary

  Collier, George

  Colonial congress. See First Continental Congress; Second Continental Congress

  Commerce

  interstate, power to regulate

  renewing, with Britain

  See also Trade

  Committee of correspondence

  Common Sense (Paine)

  Concord, Massachusetts, battle in

  Confederate apologists

  Confederation Congress

  Mississippi River treaty and the

  reluctance to aid Virginia

  taxation issue and the

  Congresses. See Confederation Congress; First Continental Congress; Second Continental Congress; U.S. Congress

  Connecticut

  Consolidated power, issue with

  See also National vs. state power

  Constitutional Convention

  Constitutional View of the Late War Between the States (Stephens)

  Constitutions. See U.S. Constitution; Virginia Constitution

  Contemporary issues, Henry’s thoughts on, speculation over

  Continental army

  campaign to replace commander of the

  creation of the

  defeats of the

  enlarging the, difficulty of

  merging Virginia military regiments into the

  problem with state militias in the

  recruitment campaign for

  sufferings of the, using, in court

  supplying the, difficulty of

  at Valley Forge

  victories of the

  Virginia’s perilous state and the

  Continental Association

  Continental Congress. See First Continental Congress; Second Continental Congress

  Continental currency

  Cornwallis, Charles (Lord)

  Corporate financial bailouts

  Corruption

  Cowpens, battle of, South Carolina

  Creek Indians

  Creswell, Nicholas

  Crèvecoeur, St. John de

  Currency

  Custis, John Parke

  Custis, Martha. See Washington, Martha

  Customs duties/tariffs

  See also Taxes

  Dabney, George (cousin)

  Dandridge, Dorothea. See Henry, Dorothea Dandridge (2nd wife)

  Dandridge, Nathaniel West

  Davies, Samuel

  Deane, Silas

  Debt relief, seeking

  Debts/indebtedness

  Declaration of Independence

  Declaration of Rights (Virginia)

  Declaratory Act

  Deism

  Demosthenes

  Dickinson, John

  Doddridge, Philip

  Duncanson, James

  Dunmore, Governor

  Duties. See Customs duties/tariffs

  Dysentery

  East India Company

  Edwards, Jonathan

  Emancipation

  See also Abolitionists; Manumissions

  Enlightenment

  Episcopal Church

  See also Anglican Church; Anglicans; Church of England

  Ethical license

  Evangelicals

  Eve, George

  Executive office. See President, office of

  Executive vs. legislative power

  Farris, Michael

  Fauquier, Francis

  Favorable trade status, granting

  Federal spending, issue of

  Federalist Party

  Federalists

  opposition to the U.S. Constitution and the

  Federalist, The (Madison, Hamilton and Jay)

  Financial bailouts of companies

  Financial meltdown (2008)

  First Amendment

  First Continental Congress

  initial plan resulting in the

  See also Second Continental Congress

  First Great Awakening. See Great Awakening

  Fithian, Philip Vickers

  Fleming, William

  Fontaine, Patrick Henry

  Fort Detroit, Great Lakes region

  Fort Duquesne, Pennsylvania

  Fort Necessity battle

  France

  alliance with

  See also French Revolution; Seven Years’ War

  Franklin, Ben

  Freedom

  of the press

  religious

  of speech

  true

  See also Liberty

  Freeing slaves. See Emancipation

  French and Indian War. See Seven Years’ War

  French Revolution

  Gage, Thomas

  Galloway, Joseph

  Gardoqui, Don Diego Maria de

  Gaspee (British schooner), burning of the

  Gates, Horatio

  General Assembly of Virginia. See Virginia legislature/assembly

  General assessment plan

  General Court of Virginia. See Virginia General Court

  George III, King of Great Britain

  George II, King of Great Britain

  George I, King of Great Britain

  Georgia

  Germantown, Philadelphia

  Gilmer, George

  Glorious Revolution (1688–89)

  God

  dependence on

  referring to

  seeking guidance from

  Gooch, William

  Goochland County Committee

  Gordon, Thomas

  Gospel of Mark

  Government

  big, issue of

  colonial, of Virginia

  good, Henry’s view of

  See also specific government institutions

  Governmental power, issue of. See National vs. state power

  Governor’s (royal) council

  Grayson, William

  Great Awakening

  Great Bridge battle

  Greek republic

  Greene, Nathanael

  Grenville, George

  Guilford Courthouse, North Carolina

  Habeas corpus

  Hamilton, Alexander

  advocate for the new Constitution

  Articles of Confederation and

  plans to bolster public credit

  Hanover County, Virginia

  described

  Hanover Presbytery

  Hanovers, the

  Harrison, Benjamin

  Hastings, Selma

  Helper, Hinton Rowan

  Henry, Alexander (son)

  Henry, Anne (daughter)

  Henry, Anne. See Christian, Anne Henry (sister)

  H
enry County, Virginia

  Henry, Dorothea Dandridge (2nd wife)

  Henry, Edward “Neddy” (son)

  Henry, Elizabeth “Betsey” (daughter). See Aylett, Elizabeth Henry (daughter)

  Henry, John (father)

  Henry, John (son)

  Henry, Martha (daughter)

  Henry, Patrick

  accusations of treason against

  advocating strict interpretation of the Constitution

  affiliating with Federalists, Jefferson on

  Alien and Sedition Acts and

  aligning with the Federalist Party

  American memory of

  anger over Virginia’s perilous state

  as an Anglican

  animosity between Jefferson and

  as anti-federalist

  ascension to the House of Burgesses

  Barbary states and

  as bartender

  on the Bill of Rights

  birth of

  and the Boston Port Bill

  brother-in-law on religious beliefs of

  call to defend liberty

  career of, main themes of the

  cheated by his half-brother

  childhood of

  Christian conservatives’ view of

  compared to John Adams

  Continental army and

  as Continental Congress delegate

  corruption and

  death of

  debate over declaring independence and

  declining political office/diplomatic positions

  in defense of Christianity

  denounced by Dunmore

  education of

  elected to the House of Delegates

  endorsing Marshall for Congress

  enhanced popularity of, period of

  erroneous reports of his death

  on executive power

  family of

  as a father

  financial independence regained by

  First Continental Congress and

  as first-time land owner

  following Cornwallis’s surrender

  and the Gaspee commission

  general assessment plan and

  on God and liberty

  as governor of Virginia

  Great Awakening and

  as greatest orator of the Revolution

  historians on

  Henry, Patrick (continued)

  ideas of, using, during Civil War era

  image of, appropriating the, by the Left and the Right

  importance of religion to

  impost proposal and

  indebtedness of

  Intolerable Acts and