by Edwin Black
5. BA R22/1933 cited in Gotz Aly and Karl Heinz Roth, Die restlose Erfassung: Volkszahlen, Identifizieren, Aussondern im Nationalsozialismus (Berlin: Rotbuch Verlag, 1984), p. 153.
6. Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, p. 20; “Hope of Reich Jews Is Dimmed by Events,” NYT, September 22, 1935; “New Drive Aimed at Jews in Reich,” NYT, March 21, 1934.
7. “Hope of Reich Jews Is Dimmed by Events,” NYT, September 22, 1935; also see Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, pp. 12, 21; “New Drive Aimed at Jews,” NYT, March 21, 1934; “Large Jewish Store in Berlin Liquidated,” NYT, August 20, 1937.
8. Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, pp. 46-47.
9. Burgdorfer, “Die Juden in Deutschland und in der Welt, Ein Statistischer Beitrag zur biologischen, beruflichen und sozialen Struktur des Judentums in Deutschland,” Forschungen zur Judenfrage, Volume 3, Hamburg 1938, cited in Aly and Roth, p. 60, n32; Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, pp. 34, 37; also see Dispatch, British Embassy to Foreign Dept., June 14, 1935, FO 371/18861; “Text of Hitler’s Speech to Reichstag at Nuremberg,” NYT, September 16, 1935.
10. “Big Nazi Conclave Will Start Today,” NYT, September 10, 1935.
11. “Hitler Gets Sword As Congress Opens,” NYT, September 11, 1935; photo, NA RG242 Item 242-HB-15014M.
12. “Reich Adopts Swastika As Nation’s Official Flag,” NYT, September 16, 1934; Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, pp. 21-22.
13. Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, pp. 43-53.
14. Dispatch No. 135, British Consulate General, Munich to Eric Phipps, British Embassy, Berlin, September 27, 1934, PRO FO 371/18881; “Bautzen County Summary for June 1, 1935 to December 31, 1937,” Race Political Office, Main Office III to Reich Family Research Office, August 9, 1938, BA R1509/812.
15. Letter, Chief of the Security Police to the Chief of the Order Police, October 12, 1936, ZSTAP/M, Rep 77, Tit. 343 cited in Aly and Roth, p. 69.
16. Dispatch, British Embassy to Foreign Dept., June 14, 1935, FO C 4760; Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, pp. 34, 37, 43.
17. Burgdorfer, “Die Juden in Deutschland und in der Welt, Ein Statistischer Beitrag zur biologischen, beruflichen und sozialen Struktur des Judentums in Deutschland,” Forschungen zur Judenfrage, Volume 3, Hamburg 1938, cited in Aly and Roth, p. 60; Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, p. 46.
18. “Text of Hitler’s Speech to Reichstag at Nuremberg,” NYT, September 16, 1935; photos, NA RG242 Items 242-HB-15014a, 242-HB-15012, and 242-HB-15022a45.
19. “Text of Hitler’s Speech at Nuremberg,” NYT, September 16, 1935; “Reich Adopts Swastika As National Flag,” NYT, September 16, 1935.
20. “Text of Hitler’s Speech at Nuremberg,” NYT, September 16, 1935.
21. “Text of Hitler’s Speech at Nuremberg,” NYT, September 16, 1935.
22. “Text of Hitler’s Speech at Nuremberg,” NYT, September 16, 1935.
23. “Reich Adopts Swastika As National Flag,” NYT, September 16, 1935.
24. “Text of Hitler’s Speech at Nuremberg,” NYT, September 16, 1935.
25. Letter of Resignation of James G. McDonald to Secretary General of the League of Nations, Annex, p. 1, December 27, 1935, FO 371/19918.
26. Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, p. 60.
27. Letter of Resignation of James G. McDonald to Secretary General of the League of - Nations, December 27, 1935, FO 371/19918.
28. “All Jews Quit Hersbruck,” NYT, May 28, 1935; “German Town to Bar Jews,” NYT, July 17, 1934.
29. Thomas J. Watson, Jr., and Peter Petre, Father, Son & Co.: My Life at IBM and Beyond (New York: Bantam Books, 1990), p. 54.
30. “Nazi Plan to Buy Out All Jewish Firms; Stress Bargains Resulting from the Boycott,” NYT, September 24, 1935.
31. “Munich Seizes Passports to Curb Flight of Jews,” NYT, January 20, 1936; Letter of Resignation of James G. McDonald to Secretary General of the League of Nations, 34, December 27, 1935, FO 371/19918.
32. Westphalen, “Die Hollerith Maschinen Gesellschaft im Dienste der Sparkassen-Statistik,” Hollerith Nachrichten (HN) 54 (October 1935): 726.
33. James Connally, History of Computing in Europe (IBM World Trade Corporation, circa 1967), p. E-9; HN 55 (November 35); also see “EAM Accounts and Revenue by Industry Class,” January 1, 1937, pp. 1, 2, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; CSDIC, “Secret Report: PW Intelligence Bulletin No. 2/57,” April 25, 1945, p. 9, NA RG226; HN 54 (October 1935).
34. CSDIC, “Secret Report: PW Intelligence Bulletin No. 2/57,” April 25, 1945, p. 9, NA RG226.
35. Aly and Roth, p. 68.
36. Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, p. 82; N. Henderson, “Registration of Jewish Businesses in Germany,” PRO FO 371/21635.
37. “Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen GmbH: Confidential Report 242,” Appendix A, p. 4, submitted by Harold J. Carter, December 8, 1943, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; CSDIC, “Secret Report: PW Intelligence Bulletin No. 2/57,” April 25, 1945, p. 9, NA RG226.; Dispatch, British Embassy, Berlin to Foreign Office, No. 236E, February 24, 1936, PRO FO 871/19941; Walther Lauersen, “Organisation und Aufgaben des Maschinellen Berichtwesens des Reichministers fur Rustung und Kriegsproduktion,” December 5, 1945, pp. 3-4, BA R3/17a.
38. CSDIC, “Secret Report: PW Intelligence Bulletin No. 2/57,” April 25, 1945, p. 9, NA RG226; Dispatch, British Embassy, Berlin to Foreign Office, No. 236E, February 24, 1936, PRO FO 871/19941; NA RG242, T-73, Reel 12, RMfRuK/320.
39. Connally, p. E-10, also see p. E-7; Banquet Guests List, November 26, 1935, IBM Files.
40. “Goebbels Utters Threats to Jews,” NYT, May 12, 1934; “Nazis Warn Jews to Stay at Home,” NYT, June 2, 1934.
41. Joint Boycott Council Box 22-E, NYPL; Connally, p. E-10; Dehomag Stationery, IBM Files.
42. Letter, Dehomag to J.T. Wilson, November 16, 1935, IBM Files; see Letter, Dr. Edgar Schulz to Thomas J. Watson, November 27, 1935, IBM Files; Letter, Thomas J. Watson to Dr. B. Fels, December 23, 1935, IBM Files; Letter, Dr. B. Fels to Thomas J. Watson, February 4, 1936, IBM Files; Letter, Thomas J. Watson to Dr. Edgar Schulz, December 19, 1935, IBM Files.
43. Connally, pp. E-11, 36; “Sales School Is Opened,” NYT, July 15, 1936; Letter, H. Rottke to O. Gubelman, October 2, 1935, IBM Files.
44. Connally E-11; see Patent Agreement Between IBM and Gustav Tauschek, September 1, 1930, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
45. Connally, pp. 33, E-11.
46. Connally, p. E-11.
47. “Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen GmbH: Confidential Report 242,” p. 10, submitted by Harold J. Carter, December 8, 1943, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
48. Connally, pp. E-11, E-12; CSDIC, “Secret Report: PW Intelligence Bulletin No. 2/57,” April 25, 1945, p 4, NA RG226; “Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen GmbH: Confidential Report 242,” p. 8, submitted by Harold J. Carter, December 8, 1943, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
49. “Workers, Wages, Sales Increased,” NYT, March 17, 1934; “Business Machines Corporation Reports Steady Rise in Sales,” NYT, April 4, 1934; “Business Machines Gains,” NYT, April 11, 1934.
50. “Earnings Reports by Corporation,” NYT, July 31, 1934; “Large Industrial Increases Income,” NYT, October 27, 1934; “Dividend News,” NYT, November 28, 1934.
51. “Business Leaders See Gain Continue,” NYT, January 2, 1935; “Business Machines Increases Income,” NYT, March 7, 1936.
52. Connally, p. 37.
53. “International Business Machines Corporation to Expand Near 32nd St.,” NYT, February 20, 1934; “Insures 6,900 Employees,” NYT, September 25, 1934; “Thousands Get Pay Raises and Bonuses As Industries’ Gift at Yule Season,” NYT, December 22, 1934; Watson, Jr., and Petre, p. 46, and also see “T.J. Watson an Optimist on $1,000-a-day-Income,” NYT, April 30, 1934; “Watson D
efends 6-Figure Income,” NYT, April 8, 1936; “Business Unit Seeks Madison Ave. Site,” NYT, June 28, 1936.
54. “Story of IBM: The Early Years 1890-1938,” www.ibm.com/history; Oral History, Jack S. Futterman, January 23, 1974, www.ssa.gov/.
55. Oral History, Jack S. Futterman, January 23, 1974, www.ssa.gov/.
56. Oral History, Jack S. Futterman, January 23, 1974, www.ssa.gov/.
57. Oral History, Jack S. Futterman, January 23, 1974, www.ssa.gov/.
58. Thomas Graham Belden and Marva Robins Belden, The Lengthening Shadow: The Life of Thomas J. Watson (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1962), p. 163; Connally, p. E-13, and see Oral History, Jack S. Futterman, January 23, 1974, www.ssa.gov/; “Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen GmbH: Confidential Report 242,” fn pp. 1-3, submitted by Harold J. Carter, December 8, 1943, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
59. Saul Engelbourg, International Business Machines: A Business History (Arno Press, 1976), p. 372.
60. Letter, Dehomag to F.C. Elstob, March 8, 1935, IBM Files; Letter, M.G. Connally to F.C. Elstob, February 21, 1935, IBM Files; Application for Relief, Konrad Matzdorf to The Central Revenue Board, February 27, 1935, IBM Files.
61. Letter, O.E. Braitmayer to J.E. Holt, February 21, 1935, IBM Files; Letter, O.E. Braitmayer to W. Heidinger, February 21, 1935, IBM Files; Letter, W. Heidinger to O.E. Braitmayer, March 8, 1935, IBM Files; Letter, W. Heidinger to J.E. Holt, January 20, 1938, IBM Files; Letter, F.C. Elstob to F.W. Nichol, March 20, 1935, IBM Files.
62. Letter, F.C. Elstob to F.W. Nichol, March 20, 1935, IBM Files; see Letter, W. Heidinger to J.E. Holt, January 20, 1938.
63. Letter, W. Heidinger to O.E. Braitmayer, March 3, 1935, IBM Files.
64. Letter, F.C. Elstob to F.W. Nichol, March 20, 1935, IBM Files.
65. Letter, J.C. Milner to H.K. Chauncey, December 13, 1935, IBM Files.
66. H.K. Chauncey, Draft IBM Memorandum, March 27, 1935, IBM Files.
67. Resolutions, Dehomag Board of Directors, April 20, 1936, IBM Files.
68. Report to Dehomag Board of Directors, July 25, 1935, IBM Files.
69. Report to Dehomag Board of Directors, July 25, 1935, IBM Files; Letter, H. Rottke to O.L. Gubelman, October 2, 1935, IBM Files.
70. Letter, H. Rottke to O.L. Gubelman, October 2, 1935, IBM Files.
71. Letter, J.C. Milner to Thomas J. Watson, March 23, 1937, IBM Files.
72. Letter, J.C. Milner to Thomas J. Watson, March 23, 1937, IBM Files.
73. Letter, J.T. Wilson to Dept. of State, May 18, 1945, NA RG59 362.115/5-1845.
74. Private and Confidential Report, Price Waterhouse to IBM Geneva, April 24, 1937, IBM Files; Connally, p. E-10.
75. Memorandum, Proposal for Change of the Contract, J.C. Milner to H.K. Chauncey, December 13, 1935, IBM Files.
76. Memorandum, Heidinger-Watson Agreement, circa May 1936, IBM Files; see also Radiogram, J.E. Holt to Thomas J. Watson, March 20, 1936, IBM Files.
77. Letter, O.E. Braitmayer to J.E. Holt, May 12, 1935, IBM Files.
78. Notarized Agreement, circa 1938, and attached Affidavit of J.G. Phillips, January 26, 1937, IBM Files; Letter, W.A. Pithie to W.F. Battin, September 4, 1936, IBM Files.
79. “Reich Seizing 25% of Fortunes of Jews; Ruin of Many More Businesses Forecast,” NYT, September 8, 1936.
80. “Nazi Penalties Heavier,” NYT, September 17, 1936.
81. “Streicher Advises Foreigners on Jews,” NYT, September 16, 1936.
82. “McDonald in Poland on Refugee Problem,” NYT, April 19, 1934; Letter of Resignation of James G. McDonald to Secretary General of the League of Nations, December 27, 1935, p. 34, FO 371/19918; “German Refugees Placed at 125,000,” NYT, September 5, 1937.
83. Letter of Resignation of James G. McDonald to Secretary General of the League of Nations, December 27, 1935, p. 34, FO 371/19918.
84. American Section Meeting of the International Chamber of Commerce, May 1, 1934, Hagley ACCT1960, Box 7.
85. White House Telegram, Franklin D. Roosevelt to Thomas J. Watson, February 14, 1935, NA RG59 600.0031/1377; see also Letter, Chauncey Snow to Cordell Hull, May 15, 1933, NA RG59 600.001171/337, Letter, Cordell Hull to Chauncey D. Snow, June 1, 1935, NA RG59 600.001171/337; see also Letter from Assistant Secretary to Carr, May 24, 1935, NA RG59 600.00171/337; see also Letters to J.T. Wilson, May 27, 1935, and Carr, May 25, 1935, NA RG59 600.00171/337.
86. Telegram, Cordell Hull to Thomas J. Watson, November 6, 1935, NA RG59 600.001171/361A.
87. Program, Eighth General Congress of the International Chamber of Commerce, Paris, June 24-29, 1935, NA RG59 600.00171/337.
88. Program, Eighth General Congress of the International Chamber of Congress, Paris, June 24-29, 1935, NA RG59 600.00171/337; “Business Is Divided on 2-Nation Pacts,” NYT, June 28, 1935; “World Chamber Lays Trade Ills to Government Rule of Industry,” NYT, June 30, 1935.
89. ICC Meeting transcripts, American Section Meeting of the International Chamber of Commerce, April 26, 1936, American Chamber of Commerce, Hagley ACCT 1960 Box 8.
90. “NRA Called a Help to Business Ethics,” NYT, June 9, 1935; “Watson Appeals for World Trade,” NYT, January 27, 1935; “Business Is Divided on 2-Nation Pacts,” NYT, June 28, 1935; “France Is Cautious in New Tariff Policy,” NYT, November 17, 1935; “World Now Seeks New Trade System,” NYT, May 22, 1936; “T.J. Watson Returns,” NYT, August 11, 1936.
91. ICC Meeting transcripts, American Section Meeting of the International Chamber of Commerce, April 26, 1937, p. 500, American Chamber of Commerce, Hagley ACCT1960 Box 8.
92. ICC Meeting transcripts, American Section Meeting of the International Chamber of Commerce, April 26, 1937, p. 501, American Chamber of Commerce, Hagley ACCT1960 Box 8.
93. ICC Meeting transcripts, American Section Meeting of the International Chamber of Commerce, April 26, 1937, p. 505, American Chamber of Commerce, Hagley ACCT1960 Box 8.
94. ICC Meeting transcripts, American Section Meeting of the International Chamber of Commerce, April 26, 1937, p. 505, American Chamber of Commerce, Hagley ACCT1960 Box 8.
95. ICC Meeting transcripts, American Section Meeting of the International Chamber of Commerce, April 26, 1937, p. 500, American Chamber of Commerce, Hagley ACCT1960 Box 8.
96. “Watson for Freer Trade,” NYT, April 25, 1937.
97. “Watson Defends 6-Figure Income,” NYT, April 8, 1936; Watson, Jr., and Petre, p. 55; Belden and Belden, pp. 192, 195; William Rodgers, Think: A Biography of the Watsons and IBM (New York: Stein and Day, 1969), p. 121.
98. Draft Letter, Thomas J. Watson to Dr. Hjalmar Schacht, circa November 1937, IBM Files.
99. “Report to the Associates of the Dehomag Company,” October 6, 1936, pp. 4-5, 9, IBM Files.
100. “Report to the Associates of the Dehomag Company,” October 6, 1936, pp. 4-5, 9, IBM Files; Letter, J.E. Holt to J.G. Johnston, June 2, 1938, NA RG60.
101. “Thomas J. Watson Is Decorated by Hitler for Work in Bettering Economic Relations,” NYT, July 2, 1937.
102. Letter, Thomas J. Watson to Cordell Hull, February 12, 1937, NA RG59 600.00171/369; Louis P. Lochner, ed. and transl., The Goebbels Diaries 1942-1943 (New York: Doubleday & Co., Inc, 1948); also see “Salute for Hitler at Trade Congress,” NYT, June 29, 1937; “Hitler Meets International Chamber Delegates,” NYT, July 13, 1937.
103. Press Release, ICC, October 22, 1937, NA RG59; Letter, Decker to Taylor, May 26, 1939, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; see Letter, Chevalerie to J.T. Wilson, August 4, 1939, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
104. Telegram, White House to Thomas J. Watson, June 27, 1937, NA RG59.
105. Internationale Wirtschaft 7/8 (July-August 1937): 6; Volkischer Beobachter, June 28, 1937.
106. “Salute for Hitler at Trade Congress,” NYT, June 29, 1937.
107. “Salute for Hitler at Trade Congress,” NYT, June 29, 1937.
108. “Salute f
or Hitler at Trade Congress,” NYT, June 29, 1937.
109. “Germans Plead for Colonies at World C. of C.,” New York Herald Tribune, June 29, 1937.
110. “Salute for Hitler at Trade Congress,” NYT, June 29, 1937.
111. “Germans Plead For Colonies at World C. of C.,” New York Herald Tribune, June 29, 1937; “Salute for Hitler at Trade Congress,” NYT, June 29, 1937.
112. “Salute for Hitler at Trade Congress,” NYT, June 29, 1937.
113. Internationale Wirtschaft 7/8 (July-August 1937): 6-8.
114. The Goebbels Diaries 1942-1943, pp. 20-21; Belden and Belden, p. 196.
115. The Goebbels Diaries 1942-1943, pp. 20-21.
116. “Thomas J. Watson Is Decorated by Hitler for Work in Bettering Economic Relations,” NYT, July 2, 1937; “Watson Sends Hitler Notes of Gratitude,” NYT, July 6, 1937; see also Watson, Jr., and Petre, p. 55; Internationale Wirtschaft 7/8 (July-August 1937): 7.
117. Rodgers, p. 114.
VI: WAR CARDS
1. “Watson Sends Hitler Notes of Gratitude,” NYT, July 6, 1937.
2. Letter, Ilse Meyer to Thomas J. Watson, July 4, 1938, IBM Files.
3. “Reich Orders Jews to Hold No Meetings,” NYT, April 14, 1937; “Jewish Cafes Closed in Reich,” NYT, August 27, 1937; “Ghetto Zones for Jews Decreed in Berlin Parks,” NYT, August 18, 1937; “Special Seats for Jews,” NYT, September 16, 1937; “Germans to Raze Synagogue,” NYT, September 28, 1938; “Munich’s Main Synagogue Being Wrecked by Nazis,” NYT, June 13, 1938.
4. “Jewish Clothiers Gain,” NYT, October 9, 1937; “Warns Jews Owning Boarding Houses,” NYT, September 2, 1938; “Jews to Lose Permits,” NYT, September 21, 1938; “‘Business Ghetto’ Is Berlin’s Aim,” NYT, June 27, 1938; “Anti-Jewish Drive Covers All Reich; Arrests Mounting,” NYT, June 19, 1938; “Anti-Jewish Raids Continue in Berlin,” NYT, June 18, 1938.
5. James Connally, History of Computing in Europe (IBM World Trade Corporation, circa 1967), p. E-12.
6. Gotz Aly and Karl Heinz Roth, Die restlose Erfassung: Volkszahlen, Identifizieren, Aussondern im Nationalsozialismus (Berlin: Rotbuch Verlag, 1984), p. 25.
