by Edwin Black
7. Connally, p. E-12; Memorandum, J.G. Johnston to J.E. Holt, March 25, 1938, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; Letter, J.E. Holt to J.G. Johnston, June 2, 1938, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
8. Volkischer Beobachter, Ausg. Koln, 30 (December 1937) cited in Aly and Roth, p. 24.
9. ZSTAP/M, Rep.77, Title 343, Volume 1, No.107 cited in Aly and Roth, p. 76.
10. “Austria Absorbed in German Reich: The Austrian Situation,” “Vienna Jews Beaten; Stores Plundered,” “Nazi Purge in Linz Now in Full Swing,” NYT, March 14, 1938; “Austrian Shake-Up Is Pressed by Nazis,” “Schuschnigg Under Arrest,” “Hitler Enters a Cheering Vienna,” NYT, March 15, 1938; “Jews Humiliated by Vienna Crowds,” NYT, March 16, 1938; “Jews Scrub Streets in Vienna Inner City,” NYT, March 24, 1938.
11. “Vienna Nazis Widen Drive on Jews; Every Family Reported Suffering,” NYT, June 20, 1938.
12. “Vienna Prisoners Sent to Camp or to Hard Labor on Projects,” NYT, June 3, 1938; “Arrests Continue,” NYT, June 9, 1938; “Non-Jews Hard Hit by Drive in Berlin,” NYT, June 23, 1938.
13. “Austrian Province Ousts 3,000 Jews,” NYT, April 24, 1938.
14. “Employer in Vienna Dismisses 30,000 Jews,” NYT, July 1, 1938.
15. “Freud Leaves Vienna for London Refuge, Declaring He Plans to Come Here Later,” NYT, June 5, 1938.
16. “Jews Scrub Streets in Vienna Inner City,” NYT, March 24, 1938, “New Suicide Wave Breaks Out in Vienna,” NYT, May 7, 1938; “Wave of Suicides Renewed in Vienna,” NYT, June 28, 1938.
17. “Hitler Enters a Cheering Vienna,” NYT, March 15, 1938.
18. Connally, pp. E-9, E-10, E-12,19, 24; “German Nazis Point for Austrian Jews,” NYT, March 13, 1938; Handwritten Notes, circa 1945, IBM Files; see H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 6, July 19, 1945, p. 15, IBM Files.
19. Jochen von Lang, ed., Eichmann Interrogated: Transcripts from the Archives of the Israeli Police, transl. Ralph Manheim (New York: Farrar, Strauss & Giroux, 1983), pp. 46-47.
20. von Lang, pp. 46-47.
21. Letter J.G. Johnston to J.E. Holt, June 14, 1938, p. 2, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; Bruno Blau, “The Jewish Population of Germany 1939-1945,” Jewish Social Studies, p . 162.
22. “Goering Starts Final Liquidation of Jewish Property in Germany,” NYT, April 28, 1938.
23. “Youth Beheaded by Reich,” NYT, December 22, 1938; “Treatment of Prisoners in Concentration Camp at Buchenwald,” B.L. Bracey to Lord Halifax, December 28, 1938, PRO FO 371/21757; “Nazi Tortures Detailed by Britain; Concentration Camp Horrors Told,” NYT, October 31, 1939; “Anti-Jewish Drive Covers All Reich; Arrests Mounting,” NYT, June 19, 1938; “Memorandum of the Concentration Camp at Sachsenhausen,” PRO FO 371/230006; “1,410,000 Nazis’ Captives,” NYT, October 31, 1939.
24. “25 More Lose Citizenship,” NYT, March 4, 1936; “Reich Bars Jews in Trade, Fines Them Billion Marks; Cardinal’s Palace Stoned,” NYT, November 13, 1938; “Half of the Persecuted in Reich Are Christians,” NYT, November 18, 1938; “Viennese Unhappy Under Nazi Rule,” NYT, December 28, 1938.
25. “Berlin Raids Reply to Death of Envoy,” NYT, November 10, 1938; “Anti-Jewish Measures and Treatment of Jews in Germany,” Dr. Bruno Stern, Beresford to Sir S. Gaselee, January 13, 1939, p. 4, PRO FO 371-19918; “Nazis Smash, Loot and Burn Jewish Shops and Temples Until Goebbels Calls Halt,” NYT, November 11, 1938.
26. “Nazis Smash, Loot and Burn Jewish Shops and Temples Until Goebbels Calls Halt,” NYT, November 11, 1938; “Anti-Jewish Measures and Treatment of Jews in Germany,” Dr. Bruno Stern, Beresford to Sir S. Gaselee, January 13, 1939, PRO FO 371-19918.
27. “Nazis Smash, Loot and Burn Jewish Shops and Temples Until Goebbels Calls Halt,” NYT, November 11, 1938; “Anti-Jewish Measures and Treatment of Jews in Germany,” Dr. Bruno Stern, Beresford to Sir S. Gaselee, January 13, 1939, PRO FO 371-19918.
28. “Nazis Smash, Loot and Burn Jewish Shops and Temples Until Goebbels Calls Halt,” NYT, November 11, 1938.
29. “Nazis Smash, Loot and Burn Jewish Shops and Temples Until Goebbels Calls Halt,” NYT, November 11, 1938.
30. “Washington Calls Envoy from Berlin,” NYT, November 15, 1938; Haskel Lookstein, Were We Our Brothers’ Keepers? The Public Response of American Jews to the Holocaust, 1938-1944 (Toronto: Hartmore House, 1985; New York: Vintage Books, 1988), p. 42; “U.S. and British Voters Found Skeptical on Hitler Pledge to End Demands in Europe,” NYT, November 11, 1938; “Hungary Curbing Nazis,” NYT, July 13, 1938; American History in the 20th Century, “The House on Un-American Activities Committee’s Hearings and the People It Affected,” dorit.ihi.ku.dk/.
31. “Jews Are Ordered to Leave Munich,” NYT, November 11, 1938; “Reich Jews’ Flats Causing Scramble,” NYT, November 28, 1938; see “Reich Orders Ouster of Stateless Jews,” NYT, May 19, 1939.
32. “Extremists Sway Nazis and Jews Are Menaced with More Drastic Rule,” NYT, November 14, 1938; “Jews in Germany Get Extermination Threat,” NYT, November 30, 1938.
33. Letter, J.E. Holt to J.G. Johnston, June 2, 1938, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; Letter, Thomas J. Watson to Cordell Hull, September 23, 1939, NA RG59 600.00171/386.
34. “Reich in Great Need of Raw Materials,” NYT, November 17, 1936; “Germans Are Asked to Economize on Fats,” NYT, January 26, 1936; “Plane Designers Win Nazi Awards,” NYT, September 7, 1938; “Germans Anxious Over 1937 Events,” NYT, January 1, 1937; “Germany Puts Planes in Terrible War Role,” NYT, March 19, 1936; “Reich Restricting Passenger Trains,” NYT, February 4, 1939; “Reports Nazi Mobilization Plan,” NYT, January 16, 1937.
35. “U.S. Trade Efforts Lauded by Watson,” NYT, January 25, 1938; also see “Hull Sees Danger in Autarky’s Rise,” NYT, May 26, 1938; “Watson Back from Tour: Manufacturer Finds ‘Best Ever’ Business in Europe,” NYT, November 18, 1938; see “World Team Work Asked by Watson,” NYT, November 23, 1938; “Approves Trade Treaties: Thomas J. Watson at Vassar Hails Pacts As Peace Aid,” NYT, April 14, 1938; “Watson for Freer Trade,” NYT, April 24, 1937; “Reich in Great Need of Raw Materials,” NYT, November 17, 1936; “Germans Are Asked to Economize on Fats,” NYT, January 26, 1936.
36. “Nazi Prosecution Bars Trade Pacts,” NYT, April 24, 1937; Transcript, Seventeenth Annual Dinner, American Section, International Chamber of Commerce, May 2, 1938, Hagley Accession 1960, Box 8.
37. Thomas J. Watson, Men, Minutes, Money: A Collection of Excerpts From Talks and Messages Delivered and Written at Various Times (New York: International Business Machines, 1934), pp. 781, 885.
38. Draft Letter, Thomas J. Watson to Dr. Hjalmar Schacht, November 25, 1938, IBM Files.
39. Draft Letter, Thomas J. Watson to Dr. Hjalmar Schacht, November 25, 1938, IBM Files.
40. Letter, Thomas J. Watson to Adolph Hitler, November 25, 1938, IBM Files.
41. Letter, Thomas J. Watson to Adolph Hitler, November 25, 1938, IBM Files; Secretary’s Follow-Up, March 7, 1939, IBM Files; Thomas J. Watson, Jr., and Peter Petre, Father, Son & Co.: My Life at IBM and Beyond (New York: Bantam Books, 1990), p. 44.
42. “Watson Back from Tour,” NYT, November 18, 1938; compare to Letter, Thomas J. Watson to Cordell Hull, September 5, 1938, NA RG59 600.00171/386; “Foreigners Studying in Company School,” NYT, May 9, 1939.
43. “Foreigners Studying in Company School,” NYT, May 9, 1939; Transcript, 18th Annual Dinner, ICC American Section, May 1, 1939, Hagley Accession 1960; William Rodgers, Think: A Biography of the Watsons and IBM (New York: Stein and Day, 1969), p. 74.
44. “World Team Work Asked by Watson,” NYT, November 23, 1938; “T.J. Watson Asks Resources Parley,” NYT, June 27, 1939; Transcript, 18th Annual Dinner, ICC American Section, May 1, 1939, Hagley Accession 1960.
45. Letter, J.E. Holt to J.G. Johnston, June 2, 1938, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; Protocol, D
ecisions Taken During Shareholders Meeting, June 24, 1938, IBM Files.
46. Shareholders’ Meeting Minutes, June 24, 1938, p. 1, IBM Files; Protocol, Decisions Taken During Shareholders Meeting, June 24, 1938, pt. 6, IBM Files.
47. Joint Letter, H. Rottke and K. Hummel to O.L. Gubelman, July 6, 1938, p. 2, IBM Files.
48. Joint Letter, H. Rottke and K. Hummel to O.L. Gubelman, July 6, 1938, p. 2, IBM Files.
49. Joint Letter, H. Rottke and K. Hummel to O.L. Gubelman, July 6, 1938, p. 2, IBM Files.
50. Joint Letter, H. Rottke and K. Hummel to O.L. Gubelman, July 6, 1938, p. 2, IBM Files.
51. Joint Letter, H. Rottke and K. Hummel to O.L. Gubelman, July 6, 1938, p. 2, IBM Files.
52. Letters, Thomas J. Watson to J.E. Holt, August 2, 1938, IBM Files.
53. Letter, J.C. Milner to J.T. Wilson, August 4, 1938, IBM Files.
54. Letter, J.C. Milner to J.T. Wilson, August 4, 1938, IBM Files.
55. Letter, J.C. Milner to J.T. Wilson, August 4, 1938, IBM Files.
56. Letter, J.T. Wilson to J.E. Holt, August 25, 1938, IBM Files; Memo, J.T. Wilson to H.K. Chauncey, August 25, 1938, IBM Files; Letter, J.E. Holt to J.T. Wilson, September 14, 1938, IBM Files.
57. Letter, J.E. Holt to J.T. Wilson, September 14, 1938, IBM Files.
58. Letter, J.E. Holt to J.T. Wilson, September 14, 1938, p. 2, IBM Files.
59. Draft Letter, Thomas J. Watson to Dr. Hjalmar Schacht, August 18, 1937, IBM Files; Edwin Black, The Transfer Agreement: The Dramatic Story of the Pact Between the Third Reich & Jewish Palestine (New York: Macmillan, 1984; Washington, D.C.: Dialog Press, 1999), pp. 185, 186, 264.
60. Letter, J.C. Milner to J.T. Wilson, August 4, 1938, IBM Files; Memorandum, J.T. Wilson to H.K. Chauncey, August 25, 1938, IBM Files.
61. Letter, J.C. Milner to J.T. Wilson, August 4, 1938, IBM Files; Memorandum, J.T. Wilson to H.K. Chauncey, August 25, 1938, IBM Files.
62. State Department Document, American Section of ICC to Secretary of State, January 19, 1934, NA RG G551.2A3A/73; “Double Taxation Convention, United States and France, 1932,” March 24, 1938, NA RG 59 512351.
63. Memorandum, J.T. Wilson to H.K. Chauncey, August 25, 1938, IBM Files.
64. Walther Lauersen, “Organisation und Aufgaben des Maschinellen Berichtwesens des Reichministers fur Rustung und Kriegsproduktion,” December 5, 1945, pp. 3-4, BA R3/17a; H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 4, July 19, 1945, p. 15, IBM Files.
65. MB Report, February 23, 1938, NA RG242 T-73 Reel 11.
66. Draft Letter to Armaments Inspectorate re: Fink Memorandum to Reich Defense Committee, March 31, 1939, NA RG242 T-73 Reel 11.
67. “Many Jews Quit Berlin,” NYT, July 4, 1937; “Christian Churches Hold 92% of Reich Population,” NYT, December 25, 1937; “Demands Jewish Names,” NYT, August 20, 1938; “Reich Limits Goods for Jewish Concerns,” NYT, December 30, 1937. “August 17, 1938,” www.ushmm.org/outreach/locatchr.htm.
68. “10 Big Reich Cities Lose 40% of Jews,” NYT, May 15, 1938.
69. “Migration Register Is Started in Germany; Plan to Recapture All Emigrants for Race,” NYT, June 22, 1938; “Nazis Hunting 333,000 Wives for Farmers,” NYT, May 6, 1935; “Political Divorces Proposed in Reich,” NYT, January 23, 1936.
70. Letter, Pastor Stich to Reichssippenamt, November 12, 1935, BA R1509/576; see Letter, Reichssippenamt, to Pastor Stich, November 25, 1935, BA R1509/576; also see Memorandum to Dusseldorf NSDAP, March 19, 1937, BA R1509/812 and Anweisung fur Sonderfalle, April 1936, BA R1509/576.
71. Letter, Pastor Stich to Reichssippenamt, November 12, 1935, BA R1509/576.
72. Letter, Reichssippenamt to Pastor Stich, November 25, 1935, BA R1509/576.
73. Memorandum to Dusseldorf NSDAP, March19, 1937, BA R1509/812.
74. Anweisung fur Sonderfalle, April 1936, BA R1509/576.
75. Memorandum to Dusseldorf NSDAP, March 19, 1937, BA R1509/812.
76. Working Report, Race Political Office, County Bautzen, June 1-December 31, 1937, BA R1509/812.
77. Working Report, Race Political Office, County Bautzen, July 5, 1938, BA R1509/812; “Census of Persons Who Must Possess a ‘Labour’ Book,” Sir N. Henderson to Foreign Office, No. 934E, September 4, 1938, PRO FO C9467/138/18; Letter to Reichsfuhrer-SS, BA R1509/555.
78. Letter, J.E. Holt to J.G. Johnston, June 2, 1938, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; Report, H. Rottke to J.G. Johnston, December 18, 1937, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
79. “Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen GmbH: Confidential Report 242,” submitted by Harold J. Carter, December 8, 1943, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; IBM List, December 1, 1937, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
80. Memorandum, J.G. Johnston to J.E. Holt, March 23, 1938, pp. 1, 4, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; Letter, J.E. Holt to J.G. Johnston, June 6, 1938, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
81. Memorandum, J.G. Johnston to J.E. Holt, June 14, 1938, pp. 1, 3, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
82. William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany. (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1960), p. 41.
83. Shirer, p. 417.
84. “Czechs Yield Area to Poles, Disorder Marks Sudeten Entry,” NYT, October 2, 1938; “German Oppression Charged,” NYT, June 5, 1938; “Sudetens Halt Firemen As Jews House Burns,” September 9, 1938.
85. “Refugees Pour Into Prague,” NYT, October 3, 1938.
86. “Terror Reported in Sudenten Areas,” NYT, November 12, 1938; “Czechs Let Refugees in for 48-Hour Stay,” NYT, November 14, 1938; “Ousted Jews Live in Sudeten Fields,” NYT, October 20, 1938; “Jews Left to Starve Near Czech Frontier,” NYT, October 21, 1938; “Czechs Order Relief for Trapped Jews,” NYT, October 22, 1938; “Sokols Ask Prague to Expel Many Jews,” NYT, October 24, 1938; “Nazis Bar Violence on the Czech Jews,” NYT, March 19, 1938.
87. “Ousted Jews Live in Sudeten Fields,” NYT, October 20, 1938; “Czechs Order Relief for Trapped Jews,” NYT, October 22, 1938.
88. “Jews Left to Starve Near Czech Frontier,” NYT, October 21, 1938.
89. “Czechs Will Expel Majority of Jews,” NYT, February 2, 1939; Shirer, p. 448.
90. “Nazis Bar Violence on the Czech Jews,” NYT, March 19, 1938.
91. “Suicide Club,” NYT, August 5, 1939; “Nazis Bar Violence on the Czech Jews,” NYT, March 19, 1938.
92. “Reich Curbs Jews in the Czech Area on Trade Dealings,” NYT, June 22, 1939.
93. H.B. Fellinger, Enclosures 3 and 5, July 19, 1945, IBM Files; Connally, pp. E-9, E-11; Letter, Dr. J. Polak to IBM, September 16, 1937, NA RG59 611.60F31/311; also see Letter, IBM to Harry C. Hawkins, September 20, 1937, NA RG59 611.60F31/311.
94. Letter, Dr. G. Schneider to Thomas J. Watson, 1, July 4, 1945, IBM Files; H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 3, July 19, 1945, IBM Files; Tabular graph, circa 1938, NA; Aly and Roth, p. 10.
95. Draft Letter, H.K. Chauncey to J.E. Holt, January 11, 1939, IBM Files.
96. Draft Letter, H.K. Chauncey to J.E. Holt, January 11, 1939, IBM Files.
97. Draft Letter, H.K. Chauncey to J.E. Holt, January 11, 1939, IBM Files.
98. Draft Letter, H.K. Chauncey to J.E. Holt, January 11, 1939, IBM Files.
99. Revised Letter, H.K. Chauncey to J.E. Holt, January 17, 1939, IBM Files.
100. Revised Letter, H.K. Chauncey to J.E. Holt, January 17, 1939, IBM Files.
101. Letter, W. Heidinger to J.E. Holt, January 20, 1938, IBM Files; “Tabulation of Profits 1938-39,” IBM Files; Letter, H.K. Chauncey to O.E. Braitmayer, April 25, 1938, IBM Files.
102. Letter, W. Heidinger to J.E. Holt, January 20, 1938, IBM Files.
103. Letter, H. Rottke to J.C. Milner, April 11, 1938, IBM Files; also see Letter, H. Rottke to Thomas J. Watson, May 20, 1938, IBM Files.
10
4. Letter, J.C. Milner to H. Rottke, March 24, 1938, IBM Files; Letter, J. C. Milner to H. Rottke, April 6, 1938, IBM Files; see Letter, H. Rottke to J.C. Milner, April 11, 1938, IBM Files.
105. Letter, H. Rottke to J.C. Milner, April 11, 1938, IBM Files.
106. Letter, Thomas J. Watson to J.E. Holt, August 2, 1938, IBM Files; Letter, W. Heidinger to H. Albert, November 29, 1938, IBM Files; “Report on Dehomag,” Price Waterhouse, December 30, 1938, IBM Files; Letter, Thomas J. Watson to J.E. Holt, August 2, 1938, IBM Files; Draft Letter, H.K. Chauncey to J.E. Holt, January 11, 1939, IBM Files.
107. Protocol of the Special Meeting of the Shareholders of June 24, 1938, IBM Files.
108. “Tabulation of Profits 1938-39,” IBM Files.
109. Letter, W. Heidinger to H. Albert, November 29, 1939, p. 4, IBM Files.
110. Letter, W. Heidinger to H. Albert, November 29, 1939, pp. 2, 4, IBM Files.
111. “Report on Dehomag,” Price Waterhouse, December 30, 1938, pp. 8, 9, IBM Files.
112. “Report on Dehomag,” Price Waterhouse, December 30, 1938, pp. 7, 9, IBM Files.
113. Memorandum, A.R. Van Doren to F.W. Nichol, January 3, 1939, IBM Files.
114. Letter, J.C. Milner to Thomas J. Watson, January 6, 1939, IBM Files.
115. Letter, J.C. Milner to Thomas J. Watson, January 6, 1939, IBM Files.
116. Letter, J.C. Milner to Thomas J. Watson, January 6, 1939, IBM Files.
117. Letter, J.C. Milner to N.F. Lenssen, December 5, 1938, p. 1, IBM Files.
118. Letter, H. Rottke to J.C. Milner, March 13, 1939, p. 1, IBM Files.
119. Letter, H. Rottke to J.C. Milner, March 13, 1939, p. 1, IBM Files.
120. Letter, J.C. Milner to H. Rottke, March 15, 1939, p. 1, IBM Files.
121. J.C. Milner to J.G. Phillips, March 15, 1939, IBM Files.
122. Letter, H.K. Chauncey to J.G. Phillips, March 21, 1939, IBM Files.
123. Radiogram, J.E. Holt to Thomas J. Watson, March 31, 1939, IBM Files; see Letter, W. Heidinger to Thomas J. Watson, April 26, 1939, p. 1, IBM Files.
124. Cablegram, Thomas J. Watson to J.E. Holt, March 31, 1939, IBM Files; Letter, J.C. Milner to J.G. Phillips, March 15, 1939, IBM Files; Letter, H. Albert to N.F. Lenssen, April 24, 1939, IBM Files; Letter, W. Heidinger to Thomas J. Watson, April 26, 1939, IBM Files.
