IBM and the Holocaust

by Edwin Black

  122. “List of Papers, Political Affairs-France,” p. 236, 1941, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; Letter, O.E. Hoermann to James Johnson, April 30, 1942, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; Letters, Sidney Homer, Jr. to C.C. McIvor, pp. 2, 3, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; “CEC I.B.M. Subsidiary in France: Confidential Report 332,” pp. 2, 12, submitted by Harold J. Carter, April 10, 1944, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; “S.A. Watson Italiana: Confidential Report 287,” p. 7, submitted by Harold J. Carter, February 21, 1944, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

  123. Letter, J.E. Holt to F.H. Cowles, November 3, 1939, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; Transcript, Telephone Conversation between H.K. Chauncey and J.G. Phillips, January 31, 1941, p. 4, IBM Files.

  124. Letter, O.E. Hoermann to IBM Endicott, April 30, 1942, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; “CEC Quarterly Report, Fourth Quarter 1942,” Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; “CEC I.B.M. Subsidiary in France: Confidential Report 332,” pp. 2, 3-5, 8, 9, submitted by Harold J. Carter, April 10, 1944, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; “Card Exports from U.S.A.,” circa 1942, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

  125. “Card Exports from U.S.A.,” circa 1942, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; “S.A. Watson Italiana: Confidential Report 287,” pp. 2, 6, submitted by Harold J. Carter, February 21, 1944, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

  126. “CEC Quarterly Report, Fourth Quarter 1942,” p. 17, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

  127. Letter, H.K. Chauncey to Thomas J. Watson, December 13, 1940, p. 3, IBM Files.

  128. H.K. Chauncey, Typed Running Notes, December 17, 1940 and December 8, 1940, p. 3, IBM Files.

  129. Letter, H.K. Chauncey to Thomas J. Watson, pp. 2, 4, December 13, 1940, IBM Files.

  130. Letter, H.K. Chauncey to Thomas J. Watson, pp. 2, 4, December 13, 1940, IBM Files; Confidential Memorandum, H. Albert to H.K. Chauncey, circa December 1940, p. 4, IBM Files.

  131. Letter, H.K. Chauncey to Thomas J. Watson, pp. 2, 4, December 13, 1940, IBM Files; Confidential Memorandum, H. Albert to H.K. Chauncey, circa December 1940, p. 11, IBM Files.

  132. H.K. Chauncey, “Outline Submitted for the Reorganization of Dehomag,” circa 1940, p. 10, IBM Files.

  133. H.K. Chauncey, “Outline Submitted for the Reorganization of Dehomag,” circa 1940, p. 3, IBM Files.

  134. Confidential Memorandum, H. Albert to H.K. Chauncey, circa December 1940, p. 11, IBM Files; Transcript, Telephone Conversation between H.K. Chauncey and J.G. Phillips, January 31, 1940, p. 4, IBM Files.

  135. W. Heidinger, “Memorandum to Advisory Committee,” January 18, 1943, p. 10, IBM Files.

  136. Telegram, E. Veesenmayer to Ribbentrop, April 11, 1941, NA NG 5875; also see Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, p. 453.

  137. Letter, E. Veesenmayer and Benzler to Foreign Office, September 10, 1941, NA NG 3354; see Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, p. 437; also see State Department Special Interrogation Mission, Interrogation of Dr. E. Veesenmayer, October 5, 1945, pp. 8-9, NA RG165, 390/35/15/07, Entry 179.

  138. Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, pp. 437-438, 440.

  139. Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, p. 440; State Department Special Interrogation Mission, Interrogation of Dr. E. Veesenmayer, October 5, 1945, p. 10, NA RG165, 390/35/15/07, Entry 179.

  140. Letter, Wagner to von Sonnleithner, July 21, 1943, NA NG 4749; Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, p. 471; Affidavit, Dieter Wisliceny, June 11, 1947, pp. 1-2, NA NG 1823; Memorandum, E. Veesenmayer, December 22, 1943, pp. 1-2, NA NG 4651.

  141. State Department Special Interrogation Mission, Interrogation of Dr. E. Veesenmayer, October 5, 1945, p. 10, NA RG165, 390/35/15/07, Entry 179; Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, pp. 472, 530.

  142. Telegram, E. Veesenmayer to Ambassador Ritter, June 8, 1944, p. 2, NA NG 5620; Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, p. 513; State Department Special Interrogation Mission, Interrogation of Dr. E. Veesenmayer, October 5, 1945, pp. 16-18, NA RG165, 390/35/15/07, Entry 179.

  143. Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, p. 531; also see State Department Special Interrogation Mission, Interrogation of Dr. E. Veesenmayer, October 5, 1945, pp. 16-18, NA RG165, 390/35/15/07, Entry 179.

  144. Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, pp. 535, 538.

  145. Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, pp. 547, 548-553.

  146. Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, p. 550.

  147. Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, p. 552.

  148. Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, pp. 552-3.

  149. Handwritten List, “1938 Card Consumption of European Countries,” Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; see “Confidential Memorandum NY 249-C (Supplemental): Location, Number and Use of All Business Machines in the City of Rome,” Appendix A, pp. vii, viii, submitted by H.J. Carter, January 14, 1944, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; also see “Confidential Memorandum NY 249-D: Use of Business Machines by the Italian State Railways,” pp. 1-3, submitted by H.J. Carter, March 8, 1944, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; also see H.J. Carter, “Miscellaneous Remarks Pertaining to the Installation of Business Machines and Applications of Punched Cards in the Balkan States,” January 14, 1944, pp. 2, 3, 5, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

  150. Handwritten List, “1938 Card Consumption of European Countries,” Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; “Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen GmbH: Confidential Report 242,” pp. 1, 3, submitted by Harold J. Carter, December 8, 1943, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

  151. “Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen GmbH: Confidential Report 242,” pp. 1, 3, submitted by Harold J. Carter, December 8, 1943, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; “Confidential Memorandum NY 249-D: Use of Business Machines by the Italian State Railways,” pp. 1-2, 4, 6, 8-9, submitted by H.J. Carter, March 8, 1944, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; see H.J. Carter, “Miscellaneous Remarks Pertaining to the Installation of Business Machines and Applications of Punched Cards in the Balkan States,” January 14, 1944, pp. 2, 3, 5, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; Handwritten List, “1938 Card Consumption of European Countries,” Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

  152. Handwritten List, “1938 Card Consumption of European Countries,” Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; “Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen GmbH: Confidential Report 242,” pp. 1, 3, submitted by Harold J. Carter, December 8, 1943, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

  153. “Confidential Memorandum NY 249-D: Use of Business Machines by the Italian State Railways,” p. 8, submitted by H.J. Carter, March 8, 1944, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; “Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen GmbH: Confidential Report 242,” p. 3, submitted by Harold J. Carter, December 8, 1943, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; H.J. Carter, Interview with J.W. Schotte, June 14-16, 1943, p. 13, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

  154. Handwritten List, “1938 Card Consumption of European Countries,” Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

  155. H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 4, July 19, 1945, p. 9, IBM Files; Handwritten List, “1938 Card Consumption of Euro
pean Countries,” Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

  156. H.J. Carter, “Miscellaneous Remarks Pertaining to the Installation of Business Machines,” January 14, 1944, pp. 3-4, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

  157. H.J. Carter, “Miscellaneous Remarks Pertaining to the Installation of Business Machines,” January 14, 1944, p. 5, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

  158. H.J. Carter, “Miscellaneous Remarks Pertaining to the Installation of Business Machines,” January 14, 1944, p. 5, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

  159. “Confidential Memorandum NY 249-D: Use of Business Machines by the Italian State Railways,” p. 4, submitted by H.J. Carter, March 8, 1944, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

  160. H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 6, July 19, 1945, pp. 2-3, IBM Files.

  161. H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 6, July 19, 1945, pp. 2-3, IBM Files.

  X: THE STRUGGLE TO STAY IN THE AXIS

  1. “Reich Jews Sent to South France; 10,000 Reported Put Into Camp,” NYT, November 9, 1940.

  2. “Walls Will Enclose Warsaw Jews Today; 500,000 Begin ‘New Life’ in Nazi-Built Ghetto,” NYT, November 26, 1940.

  3. “Rumania Emerges From ‘Revolution’; Death Toll Nearly 400, Wounded Exceed 300—Terror Reign Lasted for Eight Days,” NYT, December 5, 1940.

  4. “One Arrival on Liner Nyassar Tells of Cholera Killing Men in Concentration Camps in France,” NYT, December 5, 1940.

  5. “Property of Jews in Alsace Is Confiscated; Finer Furnishings Sent to Reich by Trainload,” NYT, December 17, 1940

  6. “Netherland Jews Must Register,” NYT, January 14, 1941.

  7. “300 Jews Reported Slain,” NYT, January 25, 1941.

  8. “Misery and Death in French Camps,” NYT, January 26, 1941.

  9. Memorandum, W.C. Lier, January 16, 1941, IBM Files; Draft Letter, K. Horak to White, December 3, 1941, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

  10. Letter, W.C. Lier to C.R. Ogsbury, January 16, 1941, p. 2, IBM Files; H.K. Chauncey, Notes of Conversation with Dr. Kimlich, January 30, 1941, IBM Files.

  11. Letter, H. Albert to N.F. Lenssen, January 27, 1941, IBM Files; Transcript, Telephone Conversation between H.K. Chauncey, C.R. Ogsbury, and J.G. Phillips, January 31, 1941, IBM Files.

  12. Transcript, Telephone Conversation between H.K. Chauncey, C.R. Ogsbury, and J.G. Phillips, January 31, 1941, pp. 1-2, IBM Files.

  13. Transcript, Telephone Conversation between H.K. Chauncey, C.R. Ogsbury, and J.G. Phillips, January 31, 1941, IBM Files.

  14. Letter, J.H. Keeley, Jr., to H.K. Chauncey, September 29, 1941, IBM Files; see Transcript, Telephone Conversation between Thomas J Watson and S.E. Woods, September 17, 1941, IBM Files; Letter, S.E. Woods to H.K. Chauncey, September 3, 1941, IBM Files; Letter, Thomas J. Watson to P.T. Culbertson, January 8, 1941, NA RG59 662.1111/29.

  15. James Connally, History of Computing in Europe (IBM World Trade Corporation, circa 1967), p. 25; The Brooklyn Eagle, August 28, 1940, cited in NA RG59 740.00119.

  16. The Brooklyn Eagle, August 28, 1940, cited in NA RG59 740.00119.

  17. Letter, Adolf A. Berle to J. Edgar Hoover, September 18, 1940, IBM Files; Letter, Thomas J. Watson to W.G. Ross, September 6, 1940, p. 2, NA RG59 740.00119.

  18. Letter, Thomas J. Watson to W.G. Ross, September 6, 1940, pp. 1-2, NA RG59 740.00119.

  19. Letter, W.G. Ross to City Editor of the Brooklyn Eagle, September 6, 1940, NA RG59 740.00119.

  20. Letter, Thomas J. Watson to Cordell Hull, Sumner Welles, P.T. Culbertson, and W.G. Ross, September 6, 1940, NA RG59 740.00119.

  21. Letter, M.F. Perkins to Cordell Hull, October 5, 1940, NA RG59 164.12/2778.

  22. Letter, M.F. Perkins to Cordell Hull, October 5, 1940, NA RG59 164.12/2778.

  23. Letter, M.F. Perkins to Cordell Hull, October 5, 1940, NA RG59 164.12/2778.

  24. Letter, J.H. Keeley to H.K. Chauncey, September 29, 1941, IBM Files.

  25. Memorandum, H.K. Chauncey to IBM NY, March 10, 1941, IBM Files; Statement of Fact by Dehomag, circa 1941, p. 2, IBM Files.

  26. Memorandum, H.K. Chauncey to IBM NY, March 10, 1941, p. 1, IBM Files.

  27. Memorandum, H.K. Chauncey to IBM NY, March 10, 1941, pp. 1, 3-4, IBM Files; Letter, W.C. Lier to H.K. Chauncey, October 10, 1941, p. 5, IBM Files.

  28. Memorandum, H.K. Chauncey to IBM NY, March 10, 1941, p. 1, IBM Files.

  29. Memorandum, H.K. Chauncey to IBM NY, March 10, 1941, p. 3, IBM Files.

  30. Memorandum, H.K. Chauncey to IBM NY, March 10, 1941, pp. 4-5, IBM Files.

  31. Memorandum, H.K. Chauncey to IBM NY, March 10, 1941, pp. 4-5, IBM Files; Transcript, H.K. Chauncey Interview with K. Hummel, circa November 1940, p. 1, IBM Files.

  32. Letter, P. Taylor to B.J. Wallace, February 14, 1941, IBM Files; see Translation, Dehomag Letter to IBM NY, February 26, 1941, IBM Files; also see, Memorandum, J.C. Milner to Thomas J. Watson, May 23, 1941, IBM Files.

  33. Letter, P. Taylor to B.J. Wallace, February 14, 1941, IBM Files; Letter, B.J. Wallace to K. Zimmermann, February 14, 1941, IBM Files; see Translation, Dehomag Letter to IBM NY, February 26, 1941, IBM Files; also see Letter, P. Taylor to F.C. Elstob, March 10, 1941, IBM Files.

  34. Foreign Commerce Weekly, June 21, 1941, p. 499, cited in Letter, W.C. Lier to H.K. Chauncey, September 12, 1941, IBM Files.

  35. Memorandum, W.C. Lier to Thomas J. Watson, May 23, 1941, IBM Files.

  36. Transcript, Resume of Telephone Conversation between H.K. Chauncey and S.E. Woods, September 17, 1941, IBM Files; Letter, S.E. Woods to H.K. Chauncey, September 17, 1941, IBM Files; also see “Statement with Respect to Agreement with Stockholders of Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen, Gesellschaft, m.b.H,” attached to Department of Treasury License Request, License No. NY-253046, circa 1941, IBM Files; Transcript, Resume of Telephone Conversation between S.E. Woods and H.K. Chauncey, October 27, 1941, and attached Treasury Department License No. NY-253046, October 21, 1941, IBM Files.

  37. Treasury Department License No. NY-253046, September 18, 1941, IBM Files.

  38. Letter, S.E. Woods to H.K. Chauncey, September 17, 1941, IBM Files; also see “Statement with Respect to Agreement with Stockholders of Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen, Gesellschaft, m.b.H,” attached to Department of Treasury License Request, License No. NY-253046, circa 1941, IBM Files; Transcript, Resume of Telephone Conversation between S.E. Woods and H.K. Chauncey, October 27, 1941, IBM Files; see Letter, S.E. Woods to H.K. Chauncey, October 29, 1941, and attached Cablegram, October 28, 1941, IBM Files.

  39. Letter, S.E. Woods to H.K. Chauncey, September 17, 1941, IBM Files; Telegram, IBM NY to S.E. Woods, September 18, 1941, IBM Files; “Statement with Respect to Agreement with Stockholders of Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen, Gesellschaft, m.b.H,” attached to Department of Treasury License Request, License No. NY-253046, circa 1941, IBM Files; IBM Application to Secretary of Treasury, License No. 223994, September 18, 1941, IBM Files; Transcript, Telephone Conversation between Thomas J. Watson and S.E. Woods, September 17, 1941, IBM Files; see Letter, W.C. Lier to J.C. Milner, August 29, 1941, IBM Files; Transcript, Telephone Conversation between H.K. Chauncey and S.E. Woods, October 27, 1941, IBM Files.

  40. Letter, W.C. Lier to J.C. Milner, August 29, 1941, IBM Files.

  41. Letter, W.C. Lier to J.C. Milner, August 29, 1941, IBM Files.

  42. Cablegram of August 27, 1941, cited in Letter, W.C. Lier to J.C. Milner, August 29, 1941, IBM Files.

  43. Cablegram of August 27, 1941, cited in Letter, W.C. Lier to J.C. Milner, August 29, 1941, IBM Files.

  44. Letter, W.C. Lier to J.C. Milner, August 29, 1941, IBM Files.

  45. Letter, S.E. Woods to H.K. Chauncey, September 3, 1941, IBM Files.

  46. Letter, S.E. Woods to H.K. Chauncey, September 3, 1941, IBM Files.

  47. Proxy Documents, September 16, 1941, IBM Files; L
etter, W.C. Lier to H.K. Chauncey, October 10, 1941, p. 2, IBM Files.

  48. Transcript, Telephone Conversation between Thomas J. Watson and S.E. Woods, September 17, 1941, IBM Files.

  49. Letter, S.E. Woods to H.K. Chauncey, September 17, 1941, IBM Files; see Telegram, IBM NY to S.E. Woods, September 18, 1941, IBM Files.

  50. Letter, S.E. Woods to H.K. Chauncey, September 17, 1941, IBM Files; see Telegram, IBM NY to S.E. Woods, September 18, 1941, IBM Files.

  51. Letter, S.E. Woods to H.K. Chauncey, September 17, 1941, IBM Files; see IBM Application to Secretary of Treasury, License No. 223994, September 18, 1941, IBM Files.

  52. Cablegram, IBM to S.E. Woods, September 18, 1941, IBM Files; IBM Application to Secretary of Treasury, License No. 223994, September 18, 1941, IBM Files.

  53. IBM Application to Secretary of Treasury, License No. 223994, September 18, 1941, IBM Files.

  54. Transcript, Telephone Conversation between Thomas J. Watson and S.E. Woods, September 17, 1941, p. 2, IBM Files; IBM Application to Secretary of Treasury, License No. 223994, September 18, 1941, IBM Files.

  55. Memorandums to Files, September 19, 1941, as Attachments to IBM Application to Secretary of Treasury, License No. 223994, September 18, 1941, IBM Files.

  56. Memorandums to Files, September 19, 1941, as Attachments to IBM Application to Secretary of Treasury, License No. 223994, September 18, 1941, IBM Files.