IBM and the Holocaust

by Edwin Black

  88. Presser, p. 35.

  89. H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 7, May 1, 1944, IBM Files; Moore, p. 64; also see Presser, p. 37; “Card Exports from USA,” 1943, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; “CEC I.B.M. Subsidiary in France: Confidential Report 332,” fn p. 12, submitted by Harold J. Carter, April 10, 1944, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; Connally, pp. E-10, E-13.

  90. Le “Fichier Juif:” Rapport de la Commission presidee par Rene Remond au Premier Ministre (France: Plon, 1996).

  91. Jacques Adler, The Jews of Paris and the Final Solution: Communal Response and Internal Conflicts, 1940-1944 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), p. 3.

  92. Adler, pp. 5-6, 34; see “8,000 Parisians Sent Home,” NYT, May 27, 1941; Michael R. Marrus and Robert O. Paxton, Vichy France and the Jews (New York: Schocken Books, 1983), pp. 65, 80.

  93. Adler, pp.3, 8-9, 35.

  94. Madrid Chancery, “Treatment of Jews in Unoccupied France,” February 27, 1942, PRO FO 371/32056; Letter, Madrid Chancery to Refugee Department, Foreign Office, February 20, 1942, PRO FO 371/32056; Foreign Research and Press Service, “Position of Jews in France,” July 15, 1942, PRO FO 371/32056; Confidential Minute, “Jews in France: August 1941-June 1942,” July 6, 1942, PRO FO 371/32056.

  95. Marrus and Paxton, pp. 75-76, 86-87.

  96. Adler, p. 87; also see Marrus and Paxton, pp. 84-85, 87, “Jew Exempted by Vichy,” NYT, April 20, 1941, and “Vichy Keeps Jew in Office,” NYT, January 25, 1941.

  97. “DeGaulle Assails Anti-Jewish Laws,” NYT, November 14, 1940.

  98. M.E.W. [Ministry of Economic Warfare] Intelligence Weekly 44 (December 19, 1942): 1, PRO FO 837/15; “CEC Quarterly Report, Fourth Quarter 1942,” pp. 6, 6-2, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

  99. “CEC Quarterly Report, Fourth Quarter 1942,” pp. 6, 6-2, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

  100. Marrus and Paxton, pp. 100, 243.

  101. “Censuses: A Critique of the Sources,” Analytical Franco-Jewish Gazetteer, 1939-45, p. 87; “Vichy Warns All Jews to Obey New Decree,” NYT, June 22, 1941; Typed Summary of Files, X. Vallat to Vice President Baur, March 2, 1943, YIVO Frame 416 #000002; Letter, Head of Department of Provisional Administrators to Prefect of Police, December 1, 1941, AJ 38/118; Letter, General Commission on Jewish Questions to X. Vallat, October 6, 1941, AJ 38/1142; also see Handwritten Letters, circa July 1941, June 16, 1941, July 9, 1941, July 10, 1941, AJ 74 JA; also see Letter, X. Vallat to C. Platon, June 24, 1941, AJ 38/1142; Letter, Secretary of State of Interior to Prefects in Unoccupied Zone, July 29, 1941, AJ 38/118; also see Note, General Commission on Jewish Questions, January 26, 1943, AJ 38/118; Henri Phillipe Petain, “Loi: portent prolongation du delai prevu par la loi du 2 juin 1941 prescrivent le reconsement des juifs,” AJ 38/ 1142; “Vichy Easing Jewish Law,” NYT, July 13, 1941; also see Note, X. Vallat to Vice President of Council, July 9, 1941, AJ 38/1142; Letter, X. Vallat to Minister of Interior, January 23, 1942, AJ 38/61 M70; also see Le “Fichier Juif,” p. 65; “Census of All Jews Is Planned in France” NYT, April 22, 1941; Letter, X. Vallat to Secretary of State for National Economy and Finance, June 21, 1941, AJ 38/61M49; Letter, X. Vallat to Ministry of Interior, circa June 1941, AJ 38/69 M20.

  102. Le “Fichier Juif,” p. 77; also see Analytical Franco-Jewish Gazetteer 1939-1945, p. 87.

  103. Le “Fichier Juif,” p. 77.

  104. M.E.W. Intelligence Weekly 44 (December 19, 1942): 2, PRO FO 837/15; M.E.W. Intelligence Weekly 37 (October 31, 1942): 1, PRO FO 837/15; M.E.W. Intelligence Weekly 34 (October 31, 1942): 3, PRO FO 837/15; M.E.W. Intelligence Weekly 84 (October 31, 1942): 5, PRO FO 837/15.

  105. Typed Summary of Files, X. Vallat to Vice President Baur, March 2, 1943, YIVO Frame 416 #000002; “Censuses: A Critique of the Sources,” Analytical Franco-Jewish Gazetteer, 1939-45, p. 87; “Vichy Warns All Jews to Obey New Decree,” NYT, June 22, 1941; Letter, Head of Department of Provisional Administrators to Prefect of Police, December 1, 1941, AJ 38/118; Letter, General Commission on Jewish Questions to X. Vallat, October 6, 1941, AJ 38/1142; also see Handwritten Letters, circa July 1941, June 16, 1941, July 9, 1941, July 10, 1941, AJ 74 JA; also see Letter, X. Vallat to C. Platon, June 24, 1941, AJ 38/1142; Letter, Secretary of State of Interior to Prefects in Unoccupied Zone, July 29, 1941, AJ 38/118; also see Note, General Commission on Jewish Questions, January 26, 1943, AJ 38/118; Henri Phillipe Petain, “Loi: portent prolongation du delai prevu par la loi du 2 juin 1941 prescrivent le reconsement des juifs,” AJ 38/ 1142; “Vichy Easing Jewish Law,” NYT, July 13, 1941; also see Note, X. Vallat to Vice President of Council, July 9, 1941, AJ 38/1142; Letter, X. Vallat to Minister of Interior, January 23, 1942, AJ 38/61 M70; also see Le “Fichier Juif,” p. 65; “Census of All Jews Is Planned in France,” NYT, April 22, 1941; Letter, X. Vallat to Secretary of State for National Economy and Finance, June 21, 1941, AJ 38/61M49; Letter, X. Vallat to Ministry of Interior, July 1941, AJ 38/69 M20.

  106. Le “Fichier Juif,” p. 65; also see Letter, X.Vallat to Jean Francois, August 18, 1941, AJ 38/69 M70; Marrus and Paxton, pp. 54-56; see “50,000 French Jews Hit by New Decree,” NYT, October 8, 1940; Handwritten Note, Chief of Statistical Service, April 19, 1943, YIVO Frame 466; Letter, F.O. Ambert to Paris Prefecture of Police, April 15, 1943, AJ 38/69; see Expense Reports for the Months of July and September, 1941, AJ 38/3800; see Le “Fichier Juif,” p. 81.

  107. “50,000 French Jews Hit by New Decree,” NYT, October 8, 1940; Adler, p. 28; also see “Paris Jews Forced to Sell Properties,” NYT, January 15, 1941.

  108. Le “Fichier Juif,” p. 64; Adler, p. 28.

  109. Le “Fichier Juif,” p. 82; also see Marrus and Paxton, p. 243.

  110. Le “Fichier Juif,” p. 69.

  111. Analytical Franco-Jewish Gazetteer 1939-1945, p. 85; also see “Vichy Orders Census,” NYT, June 1, 1941; also see Marshal Petain Law, June 2, 1941, AJ38/1142.

  112. Le “Fichier Juif,” p. 81; Letter, Secretary of the Interior to Police Prefectures, July 29, 1941, AJ 38/118; “Individual Declaration,” AJ 38/1142.

  113. Letter, General Commissioner on Jewish Questions to Admiral Platon, June 24, 1941; AJ 38/118; Note, X. Vallat to Vice President of Council, July 9, 1941, AJ 38/1142; Letter, X. Vallat to Platon, June 24, 1941, AJ38/1142; Note, Secretary of State of the Interior to Prefects of Occupied Zone, July 29, 1941, p. 5, AJ 38/118; Letter, Vichy to Director of Agence HAVAS, July 15, 1941, AJ38/1142; Handwritten Note by Census Staffer, July 9, 1941, AJ 38/74 JA.

  114. Letter, Head of the Department of Provisional Administrator to Prefect of Police, December 1, 1941, AJ38/118; Typed Summary of Files, X. Vallat to Vice President Baur, March 2, 1943, YIVO Frame 416 #000002; Handwritten Note, April 19, 1943, YIVO Frame 466; Typed Lists with Handwritten Totals, Head Commissioner of Police of Eur-et-Loire to Police Chief of Orleans, June 6, 1942, AJ 38/1142.

  115. Letter, Secretary of State of Interior to all Prefects, July 29, 1941, p. 5, AJ38/118.

  116. Expense Report for September 1941, AJ 38/3800; also see Bill for Cleaning and Maintenance of Typewriters, March 24, 1943, AJ 38/3800.

  117. Le “Fichier Juif,” pp. 72-73.

  118. Le “Fichier Juif,” p. 85.

  119. Letter, R. Carmille to X.Vallat, June 18, 1941, p. 2, AJ38/61 M49.

  120. Robert Carmille, Des Apparences A La Realite: Mise Au Point, Le “Fichier Juif”: Rapport de la Commission presidee par Rene Remond au Premier Ministre (1996). pp. 3, 69, 141; Letter, R. Carmille to X. Vallat, June 18, 1941, pp. 1-2, AJ 38/61/M49; Geheim-Akten uber Fremde Staaten (Frankreich), Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, Abteilung fur Wehrmacht-Propaganda, OKW /1605, NA RG242, T-77 Reel 1027, Secret File on Foreign States, Item d.

  121. Bull Computers Chronological History, perso.club-internet.fr.febcm/english/chronoa3.htm, p. 3; “CEC Quarterly Report, Fourth Quarter 1942,” p. 25, Department of Justice, Department of War, Economic Warfare S
ection, NA RG60; Connally, p. E-14.

  122. Le “Fichier Juif,” p. 143.

  123. “Vichy Maps Plan of Identity Cards,” NYT, October 22, 1941; also see Le “Fichier Juif,” p. 76; also see Des Apparences A La Realite, p. 8; “Von der Ware zur Nummer,” Wirtschaftsblatt der Deutschen Allgemeinen Zeitung, October 10, 1942.

  124. “Vichy Maps Plan of Identity Cards,” NYT, October 22, 1941; “Vichy Orders Census,” NYT, June 1, 1941; Le “Fichier Juif,” p. 75; Letter, R. Carmille to X. Vallat, June 18, 1941, AJ 38 61 M49; Rene Carmille, La Mecanographie dans les Administration, 2nd edition, circa Fall 1941.

  125. Letter, R. Carmille to X. Vallat, June 18, 1941, AJ 38/61/M49.

  126. Letter, X. Vallat to R. Carmille, June 21, 1941, AJ 38/61/M49.

  127. Le “Fichier Juif,” pp. 67, 68-69, 85.

  128. Le “Fichier Juif,” p. 67.

  129. Le “Fichier Juif,” pp. 84-85.

  130. Le “Fichier Juif,” pp. 68, 85; Letter, X. Vallat to Puecheu, January 23, 1942, AJ38 61 M70.

  131. Le “Fichier Juif,” p. 68.

  132. “CEC Quarterly Report, Fourth Quarter 1942,” p. 25, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

  133. Annette Kahn, Le Fichier (Paris: Robert Laffont, 1993), p. 41; Adler, p. 76; Kahn, p. 41; also see Marrus and Paxton, p. 243 and “French War Camps Now Confine Jews,” NYT, May 19, 1941.

  134. Adler, pp. 75, 76; Kahn, pp. 61, 62-63.

  135. Marrus and Paxton, pp. 225-226; also see Kahn, pp. 99-102.

  136. Le “Fichier Juif,” pp. 77-78, 80.

  137. Le “Fichier Juif,” p. 78.

  138. Cynthia J. Haft, The Bargain and the Bridle: The General Union of the Israelites of France, 1941-1944 (Chicago: Dialog Press, 1983), p. 2.

  139. Haft, pp. 22, 23; Letter, Georges Edinger to X. Vallat, April 8, 1943, YIVO Frame 450 #000032; Handwritten List, Chief of Service, April 19, 1943, YIVO Frame 466; also see six forms, n.d., UGIF, YIVO Folder 107 / 96 MK 490.86 UGIF records, 1940-1944, Frames 2, 5, 7-9 #000001, 000005-000007; also see note, UGIF to X. Vallat, April 1, 1943, YIVO Frame 447 #00029; also see Letter, A. Baur to X. Vallat, April 1, 1943, YIVO Frame 444 #000026; also see Letter, UGIF to X. Vallat, March 19, 1943, YIVO Frame 436 #000019.

  140. Haft, p. 23.

  141. Haft, pp. 22, 62.

  142. Haft, pp. 62, 104.

  143. Bulletin (col. I, no. 27), July 24, 1942, cited in Haft, p. 68.

  144. Haft, p. 77.

  145. Haft, p. 112.

  146. Marrus and Paxton, pp. 246-247.

  147. Marrus and Paxton, p. 246.

  148. Marrus and Paxton, p. 255.

  149. Letter, X.Vallat to Ministry of the Interior, January 23, 1941, AJ38/61 M70; Des Apparences A La Realite, p. 10.

  150. Des Apparences A La Realite, p. 23.

  151. Des Apparences A La Realite, p. 6.

  152. Des Apparences A La Realite, p. 6.

  153. Des Apparences A La Realite, p. 33.

  154. Le “Fichier Juif,” p. 145; Des Apparences A La Realite, pp. 8, 13, 15, 22; “Vichy Maps Plan of Identity Cards,” NYT, October 22, 1941.

  155. Des Apparences A La Realite, p. 10.

  156. Des Apparences A La Realite, p. 10.

  157. Des Apparences A La Realite, p. 19.

  158. Des Apparences A La Realite, p. 17b.

  159. Des Apparences A La Realite, pp. 19-20.

  160. Moore, p. 91.

  161. Moore, p. 91.

  162. Moore, p. 91.

  163. Floor Plan and Attached Memo, Central Administration for Building Construction, May 18, 1944, BA R83 Niederlande/54.

  164. Moore, pp. 92-93, 218; Confidential Memorandum, circa 1946, p. 20, PRO FO 371/46796; Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, p. 372; Presser, 216; William Seltzer, “Population Statistics, The Holocaust, and the Nuremberg Trials,” Population and Development Review 24(3): 525.

  165. Confidential Memorandum, circa 1946, p. 20, PRO FO 371/46796; Presser, p. 482.

  166. Presser, p. 483.

  167. Moore, p. 100.

  168. Marrus and Paxton, p. 226; Handwritten Note, X. Vallat, April 19, 1943, YIVO Frame 466; Typed Summary, X. Vallat to Baur, circa 1943, YIVO Frame 416#000002; also see Adler, p. 48.

  169. Moore, pp. 198, 199; Des Apparences A La Realite, pp. 2, 13; William Seltzer, “Population Statistics,” pp. 525, 546.

  170. Presser, p. 539; also see Moore, p. 2 and Encyclopaedia Judaica, s.v. “Netherlands,” p. 989.

  171. Encyclopaedia Judaica, s.v. “France,” pp. 32-33; also see Adler, pp. xi, 3, 5; also see Marrus and Paxton, p. 343 and Moore, p. 2.

  XII: IBM AND THE WAR

  1. H.J. Carter, Memorandum for the Files, May 16, 1944, p. 1, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; H.J. Carter, H.J. Carter, “Control in Business Machines,” circa 1944, pp. 1, 18, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

  2. H.J. Carter, Memorandum for the Files, May 16, 1944, pp. 1, 8, 14, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; H.J. Carter, “Control in Business Machines,” circa 1944, pp. 1, 18, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

  3. H.J. Carter, “Control in Business Machines,” circa 1944, pp. 1, 18, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

  4. Typed Notes, IBM Geneva to H.K. Chauncey, October 20, 1941, p. 19, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

  5. H.J. Carter, “Control in Business Machines,” circa 1944, pp. 1-3, 8-9, 13, 7-18, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

  6. “1,800 in Europe on New Blacklist; Windsor’s Swedish Friend On It,” NYT, January 15, 1942.

  7. “U.S. Ousts Five Aniline Executives As ‘Personifying’ Nazi Domination,” NYT, January 14, 1942.

  8. “Arnold Says Standard Oil Gave Nazis Rubber Process,” NYT, March 27, 1942; also see “Standard Oil’s German Patents Demanded by Government Agency,” NYT, May 25, 1944.

  9. “Standard Oil Tried to Deal in France in ’41, Says Arnold,” NYT, March 28, 1942.

  10. Maurice W. Altaffer, “Report on Watson A.G.,” June 16, 1942, NA RG84, Foreign Service Posts of the Department of State, Bern 711.2 Watson.

  11. “Report in Connection with the Proclaimed List of Certain Block Nationals,” June 16, 1942, NA RG84, Foreign Service Posts of the Department of State, Bern 711.2 Watson.

  12. FO Minute, PRO FO 837/311.

  13. H.J. Carter, Attachment, Draft Notes of Interview with J.W. Schotte, circa June 1943, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

  14. H.J. Carter, Attachment, Draft Notes of Interview with J.W. Schotte, circa June 1943, p. 2, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

  15. H.J. Carter, Interview with J.W. Schotte, September 15, 1944, pp. 2-3, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

  16. H.J. Carter, Draft Notes of Interview with J.W. Schotte, June 14-16, 1943, pp. 1, 3-4, 17-18, 20, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; H.J. Carter, Memorandum for the Files, May 16, 1944, pp. 2-4, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60 ; H.J. Carter, “Use of IBM Machines,” circa 1943, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

  17. H.J. Carter, Memorandum for the Files, May 16, 1944, p. 3, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; “CEC I.B.M. Subsidiary in France: Confidential Report 332,” pp. 4-5, 6-7, 9, 13-14, submitted by Harold J. Carter, April 10, 1944, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; H.J. Carter, Draft Notes of Interview with J.W. Schotte, June 14-16, 1943, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

  18. H.J. Carter, Draft Notes of Interview with J.W. Schotte, June 14-16, 1943, p. 12, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.


  19. H.J. Carter, Draft Notes of Interview with J.W. Schotte, June 14-16, 1943, p. 13, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

  20. H.J. Carter, Draft Notes of Interview with J.W. Schotte, June 14-16, 1943, pp. 4, 9, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

  21. H.J. Carter, Draft Notes of Interview with J.W. Schotte, June 14-16, 1943, p. 23, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

  22. H.J. Carter, “International Business Machines Corporation, File Search of the Foreign Division,” May 16, 1944, pp. 2-4, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

  23. H.J. Carter, “International Business Machines Corporation, File Search of the Foreign Division,” May 16, 1944, pp. 1-2, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

  24. H.J. Carter, “International Business Machines Corporation, File Search of the Foreign Division,” May 16, 1944, p. 1, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

  25. H.J. Carter, “International Business Machines Corporation, File Search of the Foreign Division,” May 16, 1944, p. 2, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

  26. H.J. Carter, “International Business Machines Corporation, File Search of the Foreign Division,” May 16, 1944, pp. 1-2, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

  27. H.J. Carter, “International Business Machines Corporation, File Search of the Foreign Division,” May 16, 1944, p. 3, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

  28. H.J. Carter, “International Business Machines Corporation, File Search of the Foreign Division,” May 16, 1944, p. 3, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.

  29. H.J. Carter, “International Business Machines Corporation, File Search of the Foreign Division,” May 16, 1944, p. 3, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.