by Edwin Black
85. von Lang, pp. 112, 115.
86. Manuscript Department, University Library, Gottingen No. 5193, cited in Aly and Roth, p. 87.
87. Manuscript Department, University Library, Gottingen No. 5194, cited in Aly and Roth, p. 87.
88. H. Himmler Personnel Order, December 31, 1943, BA NS 48/5; Adolf Eichmann Biography, www.nizkor.org/people/e/eichmann-adolf; von Lang, p.112; also see Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews (New York: Quadrangle Books, Inc., 1961; Harper Colophon Books, 1979), p. 631.
89. Josef Kramer Statement, May 22, 1945 p. 3, PRO TS 26/903, PRO TS 26/903.
90. von Lang, pp. 111, 113, 115; also see Aly and Roth, pp. 86, 87; Arad et al., pp. 358-361.
91. Gutman and Berenbaum, p. 163; Affidavit of Rudolf Hoess, circa April 1946, p. 2, NA RG238.
92. von Lang, pp. 111, 113, 115; Arad et al., pp. 359, 360, 361; also see Aly and Roth, p. 87.
93. Arad et al., p. 262; Raul Hilberg et al., eds., The Warsaw Diary of Adam Czerniakow: Prelude to Doom, transl. Stanislaw Staron and the staff of Yad Vashem (New York: Stein and Day, 1979), p.1; Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (New York: Viking Penguin, Inc., 1963; Penguin Books, 1965), p. 28.
94. “Polish Jews in Tribute,” NYT, April 20, 1946; also see Letter, Polish Embassy to A. Eden, December 9, 1942, PRO FO 371/30924.
95. Isaiah Trunk, Judenrat: The Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe under Nazi Occupation (New York: Macmillan, 1972; Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1972) p. 444.
96. Trunk, p. 441.
97. Trunk, p. 443.
98. Trunk, p. 445.
99. Trunk, p. 446.
100. Raul Hilberg et al. , pp. 384-385, 443; also see Letter, Polish Embassy to A. Eden, December 9, 1942, p. 6, PRO FO 371/30924; Confidential Report from Agent to Polish govern ment on “Liquidation of the Warsaw Ghetto,” circa December 1942, p. 2, PRO FO 371/31097.
XIV: THE SPOILS OF GENOCIDE, I
1. H.K. Chauncey, Memorandum, October 30, 1945, IBM Files; Harold Ungar, “Confidential Memorandum NY-356: The Use of Standardized Accounting and Business Machines in the German Economy,” June 28, 1944, p. 4, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; Letter, H.K. Chauncey to the British Admiralty, April 6, 1948, PRO ADM 1/21025; also see James Connally, History of Computing in Europe (IBM World Trade Corporation, circa 1967), p. 42; also see Letter, H.B. Fellinger to William Esch, June 21, 1945, pp. 2, 3, IBM Files; also see Confidential Report, J.W. Schotte to L.H. La Motte, circa 1941, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
2. “Report on Card Exports from U.S.A., circa 1939-1940,” Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; also see “Report on Card Production and Sales Statistics,” circa 1943, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; Confidential Report, J.W. Schotte to L.H. La Motte, circa 1941, p. 4, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
3. Letter, Commission of Mobility of Law to Dutch Consulate U.S., July 12, 1941, DNA Box 7; also see Connally, p. E-14.
4. Internal IBM Memorandum, circa May 1945, pp. 1, 2, 3, 5, NA RG84; Paraphrase of Telegram, McIvor to Cordell Hull, May 8, 1943, NA RG84.
5. “S.A.Watson Italiana: Confidential Report 287,” pp. 3, 4, submitted by Harold J. Carter, February 21, 1944, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; Paraphrase of Telegram, American Legation to Cordell Hull, June 27, 1943, NA RG84; Internal IBM Memorandum, circa May 1945, pp. 1-5, NA RG84.
6. “S.A. Watson Italiana: Confidential Report 287,” p. 7, submitted by Harold J. Carter, February 21, 1944, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; also see Letter, W.C. Lier to D. Reagan, May 8, 1942, p. 2, NA RG84.
7. Connally, pp. 41, 42; H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 5, pp. 1-2, IBM Files; H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 6, pp. 1-2, IBM Files.
8. Letter, P.A. Datsoff to W.C. Lier, May 2, 1942, NA RG84; also see Letter, L.J. Clairis to American Legation Bern, April 20, 1945, NA RG84; also see Letter, R.G. Martens to American Legation Bern, May 4, 1945, NA RG84; also see Letter, W.C. Lier to D. Reagan, June 9, 1942, NA RG84; also see Memorandum, J.H. Tait to D. Reagan, June 19, 1942, NA RG84; also see Letter, J.K. Huddle to W.C. Lier, June 22, 1942, NA RG84; also see J.K. Huddle to Cordell Hull, June 22, 1942, NA RG84; also see Letter, W.C. Lier to J.K. Huddle, July 3, 1942, NA RG84; also see Memorandum, J.H. Tait to D. Reagan, July 8, 1942, NA RG84; Note, D. Reagan to IBM Geneva, April 30, 1945, NA RG84; also see Letter, W.C. Lier to Commercial Attache, November 24, 1944, NA RG84.
9. “Nazi Retribution Widened by Eden,” NYT, December 18, 1942.
10. “Allies Describe Outrages on Jews,” NYT, December 20, 1942.
11. “Jewish Risings Reported,” NYT, July 1, 1940; “Rumania Freezes Wealth,” NYT, October 21, 1940; “Bucharest Seizes Farms,” NYT, October 6, 1940; “Rumania Seizes Farms,” NYT, September 28, 1940; “Rumania Decrees Anti-Jewish Laws,” NYT, September 10, 1940; also see “Memorandum on Anti-Jewish Measures in Roumania Since the End of September, 1940,” pp. 1, 2, 11, 13, 15, PRO FO 371/30002; Report, “The German Minority in Roumania,” PRO FO 371/33266.
12. Encyclopaedia Judaica, s.v. “Rumania,” p. 400; Radu Ioanid, The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction of Jews and Gypsies Under the Antonescu Regime, 1940-1944 (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2000), pp. 57, 58.
13. Ioanid, pp. 57, 58, 111, 170, 196; “Jews Moved From Pruth Area,” NYT, July 6, 1941.
14. Ioanid, p. xxi; Friedrich Burgdorfer, “Die rumanische Volkszahlung 1941: Ein Reisebericht,” Allgemeines Statistisches Archiv 30 (1941/42): 302, 303, 310.
15. Burgdorfer, p. 318.
16. Burgdorfer, pp. 302, 304-306, 307-311; also see Letter, Ludwig Hummer to H.K. Chauncey, October 10, 1941, p. 3, IBM Files.
17. Letter, W.C. Lier to H.K. Chauncey, October 10, 1941, p. 3, IBM Files.
18. Letter, J.C. Milner to J.T. Wilson, August 4, 1938, IBM Files.
19. Burgdorfer, pp. 305, 306, 307, 310, 312, 320.
20. Burgdorfer, pp. 307, 309-310.
21. Burgdorfer, p. 315.
22. Burgdorfer, pp. 307, 310.
23. Transcript, H.K. Chauncey Interview with K. Hummel, circa 1940, IBM Files.
24. Letter, W.C. Lier to H.K. Chauncey, October 10, 1941, IBM Files; Letter, W.C. Lier to Thomas J. Watson, October 9, 1941, p. 4, IBM Files.
25. Letter, W.C. Lier to H.K. Chauncey, October 10, 1941, IBM Files; Letter, W.C. Lier to D. Reagan, June 16, 1942, NA RG84.
26. Ioanid, pp. 63-64, 64-65.
27. Ioanid, pp. 71-74, 80-90.
28. Ioanid, p. 276; Yitzhak Arad et al., eds., Documents on the Holocaust: Selected Sources on the Destruction of the Jews of Germany and Austria, Poland, and the Soviet Union, transl. Lea Ben Dor (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1981; Bison Books, 1999), p. 254.
29. Ioanid, p. 242, 276.
30. Ioanid, pp. 242-243, 245.
31. Arad et al., p. 506.
32. Ioanid, p. xxi.
33. “Report of Interests in Primary Allied Organizations, Roumania,” November 23, 1943, NA RG131; Confidential Report, J.W. Schotte to L.H. La Motte, circa Spring 1940, pp. 1, 2, 3, 4, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; H.J. Carter, “Miscellaneous Remarks Pertaining to the Installation of Business Machines and Application of Punched Cards in the Balkan States,” January 14, 1944, p. 3, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
34. Confidential Report, J.W. Schotte to L.H. La Motte, circa Spring 1940, pp. 1, 2, 3, 4, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
35. Letter, W.C. Lier to D.J. Reagan, June 18, 1942, NA RG84.
36. Letter, J.K. Huddle to W.C. Lier, June 23, 1942, NA RG84; also see Letter, W.C. Lier to J.K. Huddle, June 30, 1942, NA RG84.
37. H.J. Carter, “Miscellaneous Remarks Pertaining to the Installation of Business Machines and Applic
ation of Punched Cards in the Balkan States,” January 14, 1944, p. 3, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; “Card Production and Sales Statistics,” circa 1943, p. 2, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; H.J. Carter, “Inventory of Card Printing Machinery in Foreign Countries as of December 1, 1941,” Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; H.J. Carter, “List of Card Consumption, 1938,” Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
38. Letter, W.C. Lier to P.C. Squire, September 18, 1944, NA RG84; Telegram, Harrison to American Embassy London, October 5, 1944, NA RG84; Letter, D.J. Reagan to P.C. Squire, September 22, 1944, NA RG84; Telegram, Secretary of State to Monetary Research Department, October 20, 1944, NA RG84. William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1960), p. 1085.
39. Letter, R. Bachofen to I. Berindei, February 15, 1945, NA RG84.
40. Letter, R. Bachofen to I. Berindei, February 15, 1945, pp. 1-2, NA RG84.
41. “Rumania Pleased by Treaty Terms,” NYT, August 3, 1946; “Rumania Asks Relief,” NYT, November 16, 1946.
42. “Statement of War Losses and Damages in Roumania,” Attachment to Letter, William R. Vallance to A.L. Williams, August 29, 1945, NA RG59 State Department 465.11 EW International Business Machines Corp./7-2946 CS/JEO; Letter, J.T. Wilson to A.E. Clattenburg, August 10, 1944, NA RG59 340.115/8-1045 XR.
43. Martin Gilbert, The Holocaust: A History of the Jews of Europe During the Second World War (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1985), pp. 547-548; Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews (New York: Quadrangle Books, 1961; Harper Colophon, 1979) p. 478.
44. Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, p. 481; also see Gilbert, pp. 547-548.
45. Gilbert, p. 547; Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, pp. 474, 475, 478, 479; Memorandum of Meeting between von Ribbentrop and Popov, November 26, 1941, p. 1, NA RG238, T-1139, Reel 38, Frames 298-314.
46. “Report of Interests in Primary Allied Organization, Bulgaria,” November 23, 1943, NA RG131; Letter, W.C. Lier to D. Reagan, June 9, 1942, NA RG84; also see Letter, P.A. Datsoff to W.C. Lier, May 2, 1942, NA RG84.
47. Letter, P.A. Datsoff to W.C. Lier, May 2, 1942, NA RG84; Letter, W.C. Lier to D. Reagan, June 9, 1942, NA RG84.
48. Letter, P.A. Datsoff to W.C. Lier, May 2, 1942, NA RG84.
49. Letter, W.C. Lier to D. Reagan, June 9, 1942, NA RG84.
50. Letter, J.K. Huddle to W.C. Lier, June 22, 1942, NA RG84.
51. Letter, J.K. Huddle to Cordell Hull, June 22, 1942, pp. 1-2, NA RG84.
52. Letter, W.C. Lier to J.K. Huddle, July 3, 1942, NA RG84; also see Letter, D.J. Reagan to W.C. Lier, July 9, 1942, NA RG84; also see Memorandum, G. Tait to D.J. Reagan, July 8, 1942, NA RG84.
53. H.J. Carter, “Miscellaneous Remarks Pertaining to the Installation of Business Machines and Application of Punched Cards in the Balkan States,” January 14, 1944, p. 2, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; “Statement of War Losses and Damages in Roumania,” Attachment to Letter, W.R. Vallance to A.L. Williams, August 29, 1945, NA RG59 State Department 465.11 EW International Business Machines Corp./7-2946 CS/JEO; Note, P.C. Squire to J.K. Huddle, January 20, 1945, NA RG84; also see Letter, L.J. Clairis to American Legation, Bern, April 20, 1945, NA RG84.
54. Note, Luther via Weizsacker to von Ribbentrop, September 11, 1942, NA NG 2582 cited in Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, pp. 480-481; Letter, Luther to Weizsacker, September 24, 1942, NA NG 1517 Legal and Trade Political divisions, cited in Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, p. 481.
55. Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, p. 482.
56. Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, p. 482; see two photos cited in www.motlc.wiesenthal.com/gallery/pg17/pg0/pg17054.html and 17052.
57. Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, p. 482; Gilbert, p. 655.
58. Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, p. 482; train photo cited in http://motlc.wiesenthal.com/gallery/pg17/pg0/pg17052.html; see Encyclopaedia Judaica, s.v. “Bulgaria,” pp. 1486-1487.
59. Gilbert, p. 526.
60. Letter, R. Bachofen to P. Datsoff, February 14, 1945, pp. 1, 2, NA RG84.
61. “Statement of War Losses and Damages in Roumania,” Attachment to Letter, William R. Vallance to A.L. Williams, August 29, 1945, NA RG59 State Department 465.11 EW International Business Machines Corp./7-2946 CS/JEO.
62. H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 4, July 19, 1945, pp. 14-15, IBM Files.
63. H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 4, July 19, 1945, pp. 1, 13, IBM Files; Letter and Attachment, J.T. Wilson to A.E. Clattenburg, August 10, 1944, NA RG59 340.115/8-1045 XR; “Report of Interests in Primary Allied Organizations, Poland,” November 23, 1943, NA RG131.
64. Encyclopaedia Judaica, s.v. “Yugoslavia,” p. 874; Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, p. 453.
65. “Serbian Prelate Charges Killing Of 180,000 in Nazi-Invaded Croatia,” NYT, January 3, 1942.
66. Encyclopaedia Judaica, s.v. “Yugoslavia,” p. 877.
67. H.J. Carter, “Report on Card Production and Sales Statistics,” circa 1943, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 4, July 19, 1945, p. 1, IBM Files; Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, p. 453; H.J. Carter, “Miscellaneous Remarks Pertaining to the Installation of Business Machines and Application of Punched Cards in the Balkan States,” January 14, 1944, p. 5, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
68. H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 2, July 14, 1945, pp. 3-4, IBM Files; William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1960), p. 1112; Letter, Lawrence G. Flick to Thomas J. Watson, September 2, 1945, NA RG59 LM197, Reel 19, Frame 372.
69. H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 2, July 14, 1945, IBM Files; Letter, J.T. Wilson to A.E. Clattenburg, August 10, 1944, NA RG59 340.115/8-1045 XR.
70. Telegram, Chapin to Cordell Hull, September 30, 1944, NA RG59 FW351.1121 Virgile, Roger/9-2344 CS/D; also see Letter, EC to IBM, November 2, 1944, NA RG84; H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 5, IBM Files, pp. 4, 9, 11.
71. Telegram, Chapin to Cordell Hull, September 30, 1944, NA RG59 FW351.1121 Virgile, Roger/9-2344 CS/D; Letter, Kenneth C. Krentz to Thomas J. Watson, October 9, 1944, NA RG59 State Department FW351.1121 Virgile, Roger/9-2344 CS/D; Letter, Kenneth C. Krentz to Thomas J. Watson, October 9, 1944, NA RG59 State Department FW351.1121 Virgile, Roger/9-2344 CS/D; also see Telegram, E. Caffery to Cordell Hull, October 27, 1944, NA RG59 State Department FW351.1121 Virgile, Roger/9-2344 CS/D.
72. Letter, Kenneth C. Krentz to Thomas J. Watson, October 17, 1944, NA RG59 State Department FW351.1121 Virgile, Roger/9-2344 CS/D; Letter, K.C. Krentz to Thomas J. Watson, October 31, 1944, NA RG59 State Department FW351.1121 Virgile, Roger/9-2344 CS/D; Letter, CEC to IBM, November 2, 1944, NA RG84.
73. “Jews in France Saved by Others,” NYT, December 18, 1945.
74. “Jews in France Saved by Others,” NYT, December 18, 1945; Robert Carmille, Des Apparences a la Realite: Mise Au Point, Le “Fichier Juif”: Rapport de la Commission presidee par Rene Remond au Premier Ministre (1996), p. 13.
75. Memorandum No.3833, Colette Meyer to NA RG59 351.115 International Business Machine Corp./11-2645; also see Letter, J.T. Wilson to A.E. Clattenburg, August 10, 1944, NA RG59 340.115/8-1045 XR.
76. Connally, p. E-10; “Allies Offer Swiss Nazi Asset Share,” NYT, April 4, 1946; also see “Swiss Stand Firm on German Assets,” NYT, April 8, 1946; also see “Coercion on Funds Futile, Swiss Hold,” NYT, April 13, 1946; also see “Swiss Concede Point on German Assets,” NYT, April 19, 1946; also see “Swiss to Yield 50% of German Assets,” NYT, May 22, 1946; also see “Accord on Assets Faces Swiss Fire,” NYT, May 27, 1946; also see “Swiss To Debate Liquidation Pact,” NYT, June 24, 1946.
77. “Investigation in
the New York Agencies of Swiss Banks by the Treasury Department, Washington, June 2, 1942, cited in www.ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/potomac/doc13.html, pp. 1-2.
78. Letter, D.W. Bell to Thomas J. Watson, July 13, 1942, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
79. Letter, D.W. Bell to Thomas J. Watson, July 13, 1942, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
80. Letter, Thomas J. Watson to D.W. Bell, July 20, 1942, and Letter, D.W. Bell to Thomas J. Watson, July 13, 1942, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
81. Confidential Report, IBM Suisse to J.T. Wilson, October 4, 1943, NA RG84; H.J. Carter, “Memorandum for the Files,” May 16, 1944, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
82. “S.A.Watson Italiana: Confidential Report 287,” pp. 6, 7, submitted by Harold J. Carter, February 21, 1944, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; also see Letter, W.C. Lier to D. Reagan, May 8, 1942, NA RG84.
83. Internal IBM Memorandum, circa May 1945, pp. 1-2, NA RG84; “S.A.Watson Italiana: Confidential Report 287,” p. 7, submitted by Harold J. Carter, February 21, 1944, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
84. Internal IBM Memorandum, circa May 1945, pp. 1-4, NA RG84.
85. Internal IBM Memorandum, circa May 1945, pp. 1-4, NA RG84; also see Transcript, Telephone Conversation between J.W. Schotte and W.C. Lier, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
86. Internal IBM Memorandum, circa May 1945, pp. 1, 2, 3-4, 5, NA RG84.
87. Internal IBM Memorandum, circa May 1945, p. 5, NA RG84.
88. Internal IBM Memorandum, circa May 1945, pp. 1-2, NA RG84; also see W.C. Lier, “Chronological Record of Events in Connection with the Proclaimed Lists of Switzerland-IBM Geneva Office,” circa 1945, NA RG84.
