by Edwin Black
89. Letter, F. De Asua to F.W. Nichol, March 10, 1943, NA RG84; also see Letter, J.J. Rein-stein to F.W. Nichol, August 14, 1943, NA RG84; also see “Card Production and Sales Statistics,” circa 1943, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; also see “S.A.Watson Italiana: Confidential Report 287,” p. 6, submitted by Harold J. Carter, February 21, 1944, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
90. Letter, W.C. Lier to P.C. Squire, April 29, 1942, pp. 1-2, NA RG84.
91. Letter, W.C. Lier to D. Reagan, May 8, 1942, NA RG84.
92. Internal IBM Memorandum, circa May 1945, pp. 3, 4, NA RG84.
93. Cablegram, W.C. Lier to IBM New York, July 21, 1942, NA RG84; Internal IBM Memorandum, circa May 1945, p. 5, NA RG84.
94. Internal IBM Memorandum, circa May 1945, p. 2, NA RG84.
95. Internal IBM Memorandum, circa May 1945, p. 5, NA RG84.
96. Internal IBM Memorandum, circa May 1945, p. 5, NA RG84.
97. IBM Application for License to Secretary of Treasury, License No. 223994, September 18, 1941, p. 1, NA RG59 State Department 840.51 Frozen Credits/4064; Letter, J.G. Phillips to Cordell Hull, October 10, 1941, NA RG59 State Department 840.51 Frozen Credits/4064.
98. “S.A. Watson Italiana: Confidential Report 287,” p. 6, submitted by Harold J. Carter, February 21, 1944, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; “CEC I.B.M. Subsidiary in France: Confidential Report 332,” pp. 1-2, submitted by Harold J. Carter, April 10, 1944, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; Letter, D. Reagan to W.C. Lier, June 11, 1942, NA RG84.
99. Cablegram, C. Delcour to F.W. Nichol, November 17, 1941, IBM Files; also see Letter, W.C. Lier to H.K. Chauncey, October 10, 1941, IBM Files; also see Letter, W.C. Lier to Thomas J. Watson, October 9, 1941, IBM Files; also see Nancy Foy, The Sun Never Sets on IBM (New York: William Morrow & Company, Inc., 1975), pp. 30, 31; Letter, W.C. Lier to P.C. Squire, April 29, 1942, pp. 1, 2, NA RG84; also see Internal IBM Memorandum, circa May 1945, pp. 1, 2, 3, 5, NA RG84.
100. Letter, W.C. Lier to P.C. Squire, April 29, 1942, pp. 1-2, NA RG84.
101. Letter, W.C. Lier to P.C. Squire, April 29, 1942, pp. 1-2, NA RG84.
102. Letter, G. Daufresne de la Chevalerie to J.T. Wilson, August 4, 1939, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
103. Foy, p. 31.
104. Foy, p. 35.
105. Letter, P.C. Squire to D.J. Reagan, May 22, 1945, NA RG84.
106. Letter, P.C. Squire to D.J. Reagan, May 22, 1945, NA RG84.
107. Letter, J.K. Huddle to P.C. Squire, January 22, 1945, NA RG84.
108. Note, C. Delcour, February 13, 1945, NA RG84.
109. Note, C. Delcour, February 13, 1945, NA RG84.
110. Letter, D.J. Reagan to Marcel Vaidie, July 5, 1945, NA RG84.
111. Letter, J.K. Huddle to P.C. Squire, January 22, 1945, NA RG84; also see Foy, p. 35; Diary of Charles Cassidy, 303rd Bomb Group (Hells Angels) 360th Bmb. Sqdn cited at www.west.net/~macpuzl/internee.html, p4.
XV: THE SPOILS OF GENOCIDE, II
1. “Civil Affairs Guide: Preservation and Use of Key Records in Germany,” June 6, 1944, OMGUS D802-83, U59 War Department Pamphlet No. 31-123, pp. 18, 20, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
2. “Civil Affairs Guide: Preservation and Use of Key Records in Germany,” June 6, 1944, OMGUS D802-83, U59 War Department Pamphlet No. 31-123, pp. 21, 58, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
3. “Civil Affairs Guide: Preservation and Use of Key Records in Germany,” June 6, 1944, OMGUS D802-83, U59 War Department Pamphlet No. 31-123, p. 47, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
4. British Intelligence Note, January 12, 1945, PRO FO 1032/1583; also see FIAT Weekly Target Digest 21 (February 10, 1946), PRO FO935/53.
5. Hitler Decree, circa 1945, NA RG242, T-73 Reel 10 Frames 1055461-1055462.
6. CSDIC, “Secret Report: PW Intelligence Bulletin No. 2/57,” April 25, 1945, pp. 6-7, NA RG226; Notes, H.K. Chauncey, October 30, 1945, p. 3, IBM Files.
7. CSDIC, “Secret Report: PW Intelligence Bulletin No. 2/57,” April 25, 1945, Item II, pp. 5, 6, NA RG226.
8. “Hospital Cards of Sick Inmates,” circa April 1945, NA RG 242/338, T-1021, Roll 6, Frame 445; “Decoding Key for Concentration Camps,” circa 1945, p. 126, NA RG242/338 T-1021/ Roll 5, Frame 99, JAG.
9. H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 3, July 14, 1945, IBM Files.
10. H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 5, July 30, 1945, p. 1, IBM Files; H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 7, August 4, 1945, IBM Files; H.B. Fellinger, General Report, August 8, 1945, pp. 1-2, IBM Files.
11. W. Heidinger, Memorandum to Advisory Committee, June 18, 1943, p. 9, IBM Files.
12. W. Heidinger, Memorandum to Advisory Committee, June 18, 1943, pp. 6-7, IBM Files.
13. James Connally, History of Computing in Europe (IBM World Trade Corporation, circa 1967), p. E-15; Letter, H.K. Chauncey to Thomas J. Watson, December 23, 1945, p. 4, IBM Files.
14. H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 1, July 10, 1945, pp. 2, 4, 9, IBM Files.
15. H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 1, July 10, 1945, pp. 3, 8, IBM Files.
16. H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 3, July 14, 1945, pp. 1, 2, 4, 6, IBM Files.
17. H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 3, July 14, 1945, p. 10, IBM Files.
18. H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 4, July 19, 1945, IBM Files; H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 2, July 14, 1945, IBM Files.
19. Letter, H.B. Fellinger to MB, circa 1944, NA RG 242, T-73 Reel 11, RmfRuK/292, Frames 1057520-1057526; also see Note, Kurt Passow to H.B. Fellinger, January 5, 1945, NA RG242, T-73 Reel 8, Frame 1053840 RmfRuK/173; Dr. Springer, Memorandum for Files, June 16, 1944, NA RG242, T-73 Reel 8, Frame 1053858 RmfRuK/173; Memorandum, H.B. Fellinger to MB, circa July-August 1944, NA RG 242, T-73 Reel 11/292 RmfRuK.
20. Memorandum, H.B. Fellinger to MB, circa July-August 1944, pp. 3-5, NA RG 242, T-73 Reel 11/292, RmfRuK Frames 1057522-1057524.
21. Dr. Springer, Memorandum for Files, June 16, 1944, NA RG242, T-73 Reel 8, Frame 1053858 RmfRuK/173; also see Memorandum, H.B. Fellinger to MB, circa July-August 1944, pp. 3-6, NA RG242, T-73, reel 11/292 RmfRuK, Frames 1057522-1057525; Letter, O.E. Hoermann to Endicott Employee, April 10, 1942, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
22. Memorandum, H.B. Fellinger to MB, circa July-August 1944, pp. 3-5, NA RG 242, T-73 Reel 11/292, RmfRuK Frames 1057522-1057524.
23. “Lease Contract,” September 15, 1943, NA RG 242, T-73, Reel 8/IBM contracts.
24. “Lease Contracts,” September 15, October 6, 1943, NA RG 242, T-73 Reel 8/IBM contracts.
25. “Memorandum of Licensing Agreement between Wanderer-Werke and Dehomag,” August 7, 1944, IBM Files.
26. “Holiday Bonuses Paid to Employees,” NYT, December 24, 1940.
27. “Holiday Bonuses Paid to Employees,” NYT, December 24, 1940.
28. Letter, James T. Senn to Thomas J. Watson, April 26, 1945, IBM Files.
29. Letter, Alfred Dicke to Thomas J. Watson, May 10, 1945, IBM Files; also see Cablegram, Alfred Dicke to Thomas J. Watson, May 10, 1945, IBM Files.
30. Letter, Alfred Dicke to Thomas J. Watson, May 10, 1945, IBM Files; also see Cablegram, Alfred Dicke to Thomas J. Watson, May 10, 1945, IBM Files.
31. Letter, Leonard V. Salisbury to IBM NY, August 22, 1945, IBM Files.
32. Letter, Lawrence C. Frank to Secretary of State, January 5, 1946, NA RG 363.115 International Business Machines Corp./1-546 OS.
33. Letter, Lawrence G. Flick to Thomas J. Watson, September 2, 1945, NA RG59 862.5034/9-2045 CS/LE; also see H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 6, August 10, 1945, p. 5, IBM Files.
34. Letter, Lawrence G. Flick to Thomas J. Watson, September 2, 1945, NA RG59 862.5034/9-2045 CS/LE.
35. Letter, Lawrence G. Flick to Thomas J. Watson, September 2, 1945, NA RG59 862.5034/9-2045 CS/LE.
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36. Letter, Lawrence G. Flick to Thomas J. Watson, September 2, 1945, pp. 1-2, NA RG59 862.5034/9-2045 CS/LE.
37. Letter, Lawrence G. Flick to Thomas J. Watson, September 2, 1945, p. 2, NA RG59 862.5034/9-2045 CS/LE.
38. Letter, Lawrence G. Flick to Thomas J. Watson, September 2, 1945, p. 2, NA RG59 862.5034/9-2045 CS/LE.
39. Letter, Thomas J. Watson to William L. Clayton, September 20, 1945, NA RG59 862.5034/9-2045 CS/D.
40. Letter, W.L. Clayton to J.H. Hilldring, circa October 1945, NA RG59 862.5034/9-2045 CS.
41. Letter, W.L. Clayton to Thomas J. Watson, circa October 1945, NA RG59 862.5034/9-2045 CS/LE.
42. Letter, J.H. Hilldring to W.L. Clayton, November 27, 1945, NA RG59 862.5034/11-2745 CS/D; Lucius D. Clay, 1897-1978, www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/ClayLuciusD/.
43. Letter, J.T. Wilson to State Department, May 18, 1945, NA RG59 362.115 International Business Machines Corp./5-1845 CS/D.
44. Letter, J.T. Wilson to State Department, May 18, 1945, NA RG59 362.115 International Business Machines Corp./5-1845 CS/D.
45. Letter, J.T. Wilson to State Department, May 18, 1945, NA RG59 362.115 International Business Machines Corp./5-1845 CS/D.
46. Letter, State Department to U.S. Political Advisor, July 13, 1945, NA RG59 362.115 International Business Machines Corp./5-1845 CS/D.
47. Report, H.K. Chauncey, October 30, 1945, p. 1, IBM Files.
48. Report, H.K. Chauncey, October 30, 1945, pp. 1, 2, 3, 4, IBM Files.
49. Report, H.K. Chauncey, October 30, 1945, pp. 1, 2, IBM Files; H.K. Chauncey, “Report: Trip to Germany, October 24-30, 1945;” H.K. Chauncey, “Trip Summary, November 16, 1945;” IBM Files; H.K. Chauncey, Note, “Germany,” November 16, 1945, IBM Files.
50. Report, H.K. Chauncey, October 30, 1945, pp. 2, 3, IBM Files.
51. Report, H.K. Chauncey, October 30, 1945, pp. 2, 3, IBM Files.
52. Report, H.K. Chauncey, October 30, 1945, pp. 2, 3, IBM Files.
53. Report, H.K. Chauncey, October 30, 1945, p. 3, IBM Files.
54. Report, H.K. Chauncey, October 30, 1945, p. 4, IBM Files.
55. Report, H.K. Chauncey, October 30, 1945, p. 4, IBM Files; also see “Report: Trip to Germany, October 24-30, 1945,” p. 2, circa November 16, 1945; H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 6, August 10, 1945, IBM Files.
56. Collect Telegram, Norman D. Cann to IBM NY, November 1, 1945, IBM Files; also see Memorandum #1339 to U.S. Political Advisor, “Property in Germany of the International Business Machines Corporation,” November 19, 1945, NA RG59 462.11 EW International Business Machines Corp./11-1945 CS/D.
57. Confidential Report, H.K. Chauncey to Thomas J. Watson, December 23, 1945, IBM Files; also see H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 6, August 10, 1945, IBM Files.
58. “Report on Conditions of IBM Affairs in Germany Sept-Nov 1945,” circa December 1945, pp. 4, 5, IBM Files; H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 6, August 10, 1945, IBM Files.
59. Letter, H.K. Chauncey to Thomas J. Watson, December 23, 1945, p. 2, IBM Files.
60. H.B. Fellinger, General Report, August 8, 1945, IBM Files; also see H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 1, July 10, 1945, IBM Files; also see H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 2, July 14, 1945, IBM Files; also see H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 3, July 19, 1945, IBM Files; also see H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 4, July 19, 1945, IBM Files; also see H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 5, July 30, 1945, IBM Files; also see H.B. Fellinger, Enclosure 6, August 10, 1945, IBM Files; also see H.B. Fellinger Enclosure 7, August 4, 1945, IBM Files; Letter and Attachment, James W. Gantenbein to J.T. Wilson, November 5, 1946, IBM Files.
61. Letter, H.K. Chauncey to T.J. Watson, December 23, 1945, p. 2, IBM Files.
62. Letter, H.K. Chauncey to T.J. Watson, December 3, 1945, IBM Files.
63. H.K. Chauncey, “Report on German Trip,” circa December 1945, pp. 1-2, IBM Files.
64. H.K. Chauncey, “Report on German Trip,” circa December 1945, pp. 1-2, IBM Files.
65. H.K. Chauncey, “Report on German Trip,” circa December 1945, p. 2, IBM Files.
66. H.K. Chauncey, “Report on German Trip,” circa December 1945, pp. 2-3, IBM Files.
67. H.K. Chauncey, “Report on German Trip,” circa December 1945, p. 3, IBM Files.
68. H.K. Chauncey, “Report on German Trip,” circa December 1945, p. 6, IBM Files; “Report on Conditions of IBM Affairs in Germany Sept-Nov 1945,” circa December 1945, pp. 1, 3, 4, IBM Files.
69. “Report on Conditions of IBM Affairs in Germany Sept-Nov 1945,” circa December 1945, pp. 1-4, IBM Files.
70. Confidential Report, H.K. Chauncey to Thomas J. Watson, December 23, 1945, p. 4, IBM Files.
71. H.K. Chauncey, “Report on German Trip,” circa December 1945, p. 6, IBM Files.
72. Memorandum for H.K. Chauncey, “American Military Laws-Germany,” May 21, 1945, IBM Files.
73. Memorandum for H.K. Chauncey, “American Military Laws-Germany,” May 21, 1945, IBM Files.
74. Letter, William L. Clayton to J.H. Hilldring, NA RG59 862.5034/9-2045 LM 197, Reel 19, Frames 379-380; Memorandum, W.W. Rostow to Thorp, November 1, 1945, NA RG59 862.5034/9-2045 LM 197, Reel 19, Frame 377.
75. Report, H.K. Chauncey, October 30, 1945, p. 1, IBM Files.
76. H.K. Chauncey, “Report on German Trip,” circa December 1945, p. 4, IBM Files.
77. “15 Major Bankers Seized in Germany,” NYT, November 2, 1945; also see “Allies Investigate German Magnates,” NYT, February 17, 1946.
78. “15 Major Bankers Seized in Germany,” NYT, November 2, 1945.
79. “German Magnate Tied to War Plan,” NYT, January 2, 1946.
80. “Factories on Sale in Germany Listed,” NYT, January 6, 1946.
81. “21 Farben Plants Wiped Out by U.S.,” NYT, January 17, 1946; see caption on Photo 43042, I.G. Farben Trial, USHMM August 27, 1947, www.ushmm.org/uia-bin/.
82. “658 German Plants Listed for Payment,” NYT, October 20, 1946.
83. “Industrial Quislings Convicted in Belgium,” NYT, September 6, 1946.
84. “Fears Industrialists May Escape Trials,” NYT, February 1, 1946.
85. Joseph E. Persico, Nuremberg on Trial (New York: Viking Penguin, 1994; Penguin Books, 1995) pp. 53, 54, 111; also see Ann Tusa and John Tusa, The Nuremberg Trial (New York: Atheneum, 1984), pp. 110, 218, 219.
86. “Schacht Insists He Opposed War,” NYT, May 2, 1946; also see “Tribunal Dooms Keitel, Ribbentrop, Streicher, Rosenberg, Jodl,” NYT, October 2, 1946.
87. “United States Strategic Bombing [USSB] Survey Summary Report (Pacific War),” July 1, 1946, www.anesi.com/ussbs; also see “Report on Visit to Statistical Office, Bad Nauheim,” August 2, 1945, PRO FO 1046/61; also see Excerpts from A Memoir, Part 2, “Tibor Scitovsky: A Proud Hungarian,” 1999, www.hungary.com/hunq/; also see Gabriel Almond, “Size and Composition of the Anti-Nazi Opposition,” APSA Association News (September 1999), www.apsanet.org; also see “The United States Strategic Bombing Survey,” Statistical Appendix to Overall Report (European War), NA RG243, M1013 Final Report of the United States Strategic Bombing Survey, 1945-1947, Reel 1, Office of the Chairman.
88. Almond, “Size and Composition of the Anti-Nazi Opposition,” APSA Association News (September 1999), www.apsanet.org.
89. Almond, “Size and Composition of the Anti-Nazi Opposition,” APSA Association News (September 1999), www.apsanet.org.
90. Report, H.K. Chauncey, October 30, 1945, p. 1, IBM Files; also see “Report on Visit to Statistical Office, Bad Nauheim,” August 2, 1945, PRO FO 1046/61.
91. “Report on Visit to Statistical Office, Bad Nauheim,” August 2, 1945, pp. 1, 2, PRO FO 1046/61.
92. “Report on Visit to Statistical Office, Bad Nauheim,” August 2, 1945, pp. 1, 2, PRO FO 1046/61.
93. “USSB Survey Summary Report (Pacific War),” July 1, 1946, www.anesi.com/ussbs.
94. “Report on Visit to Statistical Office, Bad Nauheim,” August 2, 1945, pp. 1, 2, PRO FO 1046/61; Report, Sir Brian H. Robertson to Lucius D.Clay, September 17, 1945, PRO FO 1046/61.
/> 95. “Minutes of the Fifth Meeting of the Technical Experts, Allied Control Authority, Directorate of Internal Affairs and Communications: Civil Administration Committee, Census/Registration Working Party,” April 18, 1946, p. 4, PRO FO 1005/654; Minutes, “Fifth Meeting of Allied Control Authority,” June 27, 1946, PRO FO 1005/656.
96. Letter, J.T. Wilson to Thomas J. Watson, July 4, 1947, IBM Files.
97. “Dehomag Balance Sheet as of December 31, 1946,” NA RG260 IBM Dehomag.
98. Letter, K. Hummel to Decartelization Branch, November 14, 1947, NA RG260 IBM Dehomag.
99. Letter, H.K. Chauncey to State Department, September 27, 1949, NA RG59 363.115 International Business Machines Corporation/9-2749 CS/M.
AFTERWORD
1. Author Conversations with Georgia Peet-Tanover, November 29, 1999; March 28, 2001.
2. Author Conversations with Georgia Peet-Tanover, November 29, 1999; March 28, 2001.
3. Photo of Hollerith Bunker, Item 26.674/11, Aerial Photo of Dachau, Item 31.953, Dachau Archives; Letter, June 3, 1948, Anton Brenner, Kommission uber Aussenkommandos und Kommandos des Lagers, Dachau Archive 212.
4. Photo of Hollerith Bunker, Item 26.674/11, Aerial Photo of Dachau, Item 31.953, Dachau Archives; Letter, June 3, 1948, Anton Brenner, Kommission uber Aussenkommandos und Kommandos des Lagers, Dachau Archive 212; see also Reinhard Paperfuss, ed., Das Areal der VI. Bereitschaftspolizeiabteilung Dachau: Gelaende- und Gebaeudenutzung, 1915-1993.
5. Kommando 68, Blatt 66-73, International Tracing Service of the Red Cross Archive, in Buchenwald Archive 56-2-31.
6. Memo, Albert Schwartz to Amt D-III WVHA, circa September 23, 1944, Thuringisches Hauptstaatsarchiv Weimar, NS 4/133.
7. Memo, Albert Schwartz to Amt D-III WVHA, circa September 23, 1944, Thuringisches Hauptstaatsarchiv Weimar, NS 4/133.
8. Handwritten Prisoner Roster, Buchenwald Abteilung Hollerith, August 18, 1944, Kommando 68, Blatt 66-73, International Tracing Service of the Red Cross Archive, in Buchenwald Archive 56-2-31; handwritten tally, Buchenwald Abteilung Hollerith, August 17, 1944, Kommando 68, Blatt 66-73, International Tracing Service of the Red Cross Archive, in Buchenwald Archive 56-2-31.
