Catherine Howard
Page 23
34 Ibid., pp. 150, 164.
35 Salzman, England in Tudor Times, pp. 85-6.
36 Nott, Works of Henry Howard, I, App. II, pp. v-vi.
37 Machyn, Diary, pp. 143-4.
38 H.O., pp. 174-5.
39 Cal. S.P. Venetian, II, 918, p. 398.
40 Rye, England as Seen by Foreigners, p. 18.
41 Cal. S.P. Venetian, II, 918, p. 400.
42 Sneyd, A Relation of the Island of England, p. 73.
43 P.R.O., S.P. 6, vol. 2, p. 41.
44 Platter, Travels in England, p. 176.
45 L.P. XXI, ii, 642.
46 H.O., pp. 229, 235.
47 Ibid., pp. 147-8.
48 Ibid., pp. 198-9.
49 Ibid., pp. 155-6.
50 Ibid., pp, 139, 144, 153, 228.
51 Ibid., pp. 139, 145, 154.
52 Harrison, Elizabethan England, p. 181; H.O., p. 150.
53 H.O., pp. 148, 157-8.
54 Prescott, Mary Tudor, p. 7.
55 L .P., XIII, ii, 578.
56 Moryson, An Itinerary, III, p. 407.
57 Chamberlain, Letters, pp. 54-5.
58 Einstein, Tudor Ideals, p. 122.
59 L.P., XVI, 760.
60 Stow, Annales, pp. 581-2.
61 L .P., XVI, 903.
62 Leland, Collectanea, VI, pp. 7-11.
63 H.O., pp. 154-6.
64 Ibid., p. 121; The Booke af Henrie Erle of Arundell, printed in Antiq. Rep., II, pp. 206-7.
65 H.O., p. 157.
66 Sir Thomas More, p. 84.
67 ‘The note and trewth of the moost goodly behavior ... of the Ladie Kateryne ... in marriage ... to Prince Arthur’, printed in Antiq. Rep., II, p. 316; Crisp, Mediaeval Gardens, I, p. 61.
Chapter 5:
1 P.R.O., S.P. 1, vol. 168, f. 60 (L.P., XVI, 1409 (i), sec. 4).
2 L.P., XIV, i, 552.
3 L.P., XV, 823, 850 (6).
4 Ibid., 823.
5 Quoted in Rupp, English Protestant Tradition, p. 117.
6 Foxe, Acts and Monuments, VIII, p. 33.
7 Ibid., VII, p. 550.
8 Hooper, Early Writings, p. 247.
9 Cranmer, Writings, p. 119.
10 Original Letters, I, No. 21, p. 36.
11 Harpsfield, Pretended Divorce, p. 297.
12 Foxe, Acts and Monuments, IV, p. 688.
13 Wilkins, Concilia, III, p. 776.
14 L.P., IX, 583.
15 Ibid., 611, 846.
16 Lords’ Journal, I, p. 105.
17 L.P., IV, iii, 6179.
18 L.P., XIV, i, 1004.
19 Ibid., ii, 750 (2). pp. 281-2.
20 Quoted in Neale, Elizabeth I, p. 316.
21 Arrhaeologia, XXIII, p. 62-3.
22 St. Papers, II, No. 208, pp. 551-2, n. 1.
23 Archaeologia, XXIII, p. 63.
24 L.P., XV, 486.
25 Ibid., 822.
26 Ibid., 823.
27 Ibid., 822.
28 Ibid., 825.
29 Ibid., 823.
30 P.R.O., S.P. 1, vol. 168, ff. 64-5 (L.P., XVI, 1409, pt iii, questions 1, 8, 10).
31 Third Report of the Deputy Keeper, App. II, pp. 264-5.
32 Original Letters, I; No. 105, p. 202.
33 L.P., XVII, 441, p. 252.
34 L.P., XV, 785.
35 Ibid., 429.
36 Quoted in Robson-Scott, German Travellers in England, pp. 22-3.
37 L.P., XV, 662.
38 Ibid., 486.
39 Ibid., 697.
40 Ibid., 737.
41 Ibid.
42 Ibid., 737. 758; L.P. Addenda, I, ii, 1457.
43 Strype, Ecc Mem., I, ii, p. 460.
44 Froude, History of England, III, pp. 320-3.
Chapter 6:
1 L.P., XVIII, i, 873 (these are the words of Katherine Parr, Henry’s sixth wife, spoken at her wedding).
2 Herman V, A brefe dedaratyon of the dewty of maried folkes, A 2v; Vives, Office and duetie of an husband, R v2.
3 Hume, Chronicle of Henry VIII, pp. 75-6.
4 L.P., XV, 902.
5 Thomas, The Pilgrim, note E, p. 119.
6 Giustinian, The Court of Henry VIII, I, pp. 85-6.
7 Ibid., pp. 90-1.
8 Ibid., II, p. 313.
9 Pollard, Henry VIII, p. 185.
10 L.P., VI, app. 7; XII, i, 126; Harpsfield, Pretended Divorce, p. 278.
11 L.P., XV, 848; Byrne, The Letters of Henry VIII, p. 82.
12 Quoted in Hole, English Home-life, p. 71.
13 L.P.. IV, ii, 4858: XIV, i. 144.
14 L.P.. XV, 954.
15 Nichols, Epistles of Erasmus, I, p. 457.
16 Giustinian, The Court of Henry VIII, I, pp. 86-7.
17 Cal. S.P. Venetian, IV, 694, p. 293.
18 Hall, Henry VIII, I, p. 320.
19 L.P., X. 307.
20 Cal. S.P. Spanish, IV, i, 160, p. 221.
21 Cavendish, Life of Wolsey, p. 184.
22 Roper, Life of More, p. 21.
23 Hall, Henry VIII, I, p. 27.
24 Thomas, The Pilgrim, p. 79.
25 Quoted in Chamberlin, Private Character of Henry the Eighth, p. 380.
26 L.P., XIII, i, 56.
27 Garvin, The Great Tudors, p. 31.
28 Chamberlin, Private Character of Henry the Eighth, pp. 268-82.
29 McNalty, Henry VIII, a Difficult Patient, pp. 95, 159-61, 198.
30 Cal. S.P. Spanish, IV, ii, 775, p. 225.
31 Giustinian, The Court of Henry VIII, I, p. 237.
32 Third Report of the Deputy Keeper, p. 255.
33 L.P., XIV, ii, 153.
34 H.O., p. 156, cap. 62.
35 L.P., II, i, 1495; XVI, 127.
36 Cal. S.P. Spanish (Elizabeth), I, 31, p. 67.
37 P.P.C., VII, p. 352.
38 Cal. S.P. Spanish, IV, ii, 1061, p. 638.
39 L.P., XV, 954.
40 More, Utopia, p. 35.
41 L.P., XVI, 589.
42 L,P., XV, 954.
43 Ibid.
44 Giustinian, The Court of Henry VIII, II, p. 314.
45 Ibid., p. 312.
46 L.P., III, i, 1297.
47 L.P., II, ii, 3163.
48 L.P., VI, 775.
49 L.P., IV, iii, 6111, p. 2729.
50 Byrne, Letters of Henry VIII, p. 86.
51 Cal. S.P. Spanish, IV, ii, 1061, p. 636.
52 McNamara, Miscellaneous Writing of Henry the Eighth, p. 173.
53 L.P., XIX, ii, 21.
54 Holinshead, Chronicles, IV, p. 910; L.P., XIII, ii, 1140.
55 L.P., III, ii, 3082.
56 Cal. S.P. Venetian, II, p. 151.
57 L.P., XIV, ii, 165.
58 Greene, James the Fourth, act IV, scene 5, p. 211.
59 Sir Thomas More, p. 28.
60 P.R.O., S.P. 1, vol. 167, f. 159 (L.P., XVI, 1339).
61 Nucius, Second Book of Travels, p. 16.
62 L.P., XVI, 106.
63 Quoted in Einstein, Tudor Ideals, p. 190, from Richard Compton, The Mansion of Magnanimity, Sig. E.
64 B.M., Lansdowne MSS, 238, fol. 294.
65 P.R.O., S.P. 10, vol. 8, No. 37. p. 66.
66 Cobbett, State Trials, I, p. 1045.
67 Quoted in Allen, Political Thought, p. 132, from The Homily of 1571.
68 L.P. XVI, 1359.
69 Ibid., 1426.
70 Sir Thomas More. p. 82.
71 Stapleton, Life of More, p. 192.
72 L.P., XVI, 641.
73 Smith, De Republica Anglorum, p. 63.
74 Ibid., p. 62.
Chapter 7:
1 L.P., XI, 285.
2 Thomas, The Pilgrim, note F, p. 157.
3 Ibid., p. 155.
4 H.M.C., Marquis of Bath, II, p. 9.
5 Hume, Chronicle of Henry VIII, p. 77.
6 Quoted in Camden, Elizabethan Woman, p. 100.
7 L.P., XVI, 1389.
8 Ibid., 804.
9 Wriothesley, Chronicle, I, p. 124.
10 L.P., XV, 21 (The L.P. gives this inco
rrectly as the household of Anne of Cleves).
11 Quoted in Salzman, England in Tudor Times, p. 92.
12 Camden, Elizabethan Woman, pp. 178-80, 188-9.
13 Stubbs, Seventeen Lectures, p. 284.
14 Cal. S.P. Venetian, IV, 824.
15 Thomas, The Pilgrim, note F, pp. 154-5: Nucius, Second Book of Travels, p. 48; L.P., XVI, 60.
16 L.P., XVI, 12.
17 Foxe, Arts and Monuments, V, p. 555.
18 L.P., XIII, i, 995.
19 L.P., XVII, 178.
20 L.P., XVI, 590.
21 Ibid., 589.
22 Camden, Elizabethan Woman, p. 24.
23 L.P., XVI, 864.
24 Ibid., 314.
25 Thomas, The Pilgrim, note F, p. 154-5.
26 L.P., XVI, 240, 421.
27 L.P., XV, 976; Harpsfield, The Pretended Divorce, p. 260.
28 L.P., XVI, 712.
29 Ibid., 1332.
30 Ibid., 1317.
31 P.R.O., S.P. 1, vol. 161, ff. 101-2 (L.P., XV, 875).
32 Third Report of the Deputy Keeper, App. II, p. 261.
33 L.P., XV, 21.
34 L.P., XVI, 316.
35 Ibid., 449; 660: 678 g. 41; 878 g. 28; 1391 g. 18.
36 Ibid., 467.
37 Ibid., 101.
38 P.R.O., S.P. 1, vol. 167, f. 131 (L.P., XVI, 1320).
39 P.P.C., VII, pp. 352-4.
40 P.R.O., S.P. I, vol. 167, ff 158-9 (L.P., XVI, 1339, Culpeper’s confession).
41 L.P., XVl, 1469.
42 L.P., XVI, 1385, 1416.
43 H.M.C., Marquis of Bath, II, p. 10; Burnet, Reformation, IV, 71, p. 505: L.P., XVI, 1416 (I).
44 Burnet, Reformation, IV, 71, p. 505; L.P., XVI, 1414.
45 L.P., XVI, 1416 (2).
46 P.R.O., S.P. I, vol. 167, f. 157 (L.P., XVI, 1339, Dereham’s confession).
47 Ibid., f. 161 (Davenport’s confession).
48 L.P., XII, ii, 1150 g. 31: XVI, 1366.
49 L.P., XII, 711, 808.
50 Strickland, Queens of England, III, p. 115.
51 See Genealogy of the Culpeper family, pp. 212-3.
52 Hume, Chronicle of Henry VIII, pp. 82-7.
53 H.M.C., Marquis of Bath, II, pp. 9-10.
54 L.P., XIII, ii, 578; XVI, 779 g. 14.
55 L.P., IX, 612.
56 Original Letters, I, 108, pp. 226-7.
57 P.R.O., S.P. I, vol. 167, ff 157-9 (L.P., XVI, 1339, Culpeper’s confession).
58 Ibid., f. 159.
59 Ibid., ff: 158-9.
60 Ibid.; H.M.C., Marquis of Bath, II, pp. 9-10.
61 H.M.C., Marquis of Bath, II, pp. 9-10.
62 P.R.O., S.P. x, vol. 167, ff. 159-60 (L.P., XVI, 1339, Lady Rochford’s confession).
63 Ibid., f. 157 (Culpeper’s confession).
64 P.R.O., S.P. I, vol. 167, f. 14 (L.P., XVI, 1134).
65 L.P., XVI, 1337 (I).
66 P.R.O., S.P. I, vol. 167, f. 158 (L.P., XVI, 1339, Culpeper’s confession).
67 H.M.C., Marquis of Bath, II, p. 10; P.R.O., S.P. I, vol. 167, f. 160 (L.P., XVI, 1339, Lady Rochford’s confession).
Chapter 8:
1 L.P., XVI, 733. 763, 785.
2 Ibid., 868, 941, 1130, 1183.
3 Ibid., 1088-9.
4 Ibid., 1130.
5 Ibid., 1126.
6 Ibid., 1131; Hall, Henry VIII, II, p. 313.
7 P.P.C., VII, p. 245.
8 L.P., XVI, 1139 (Culpeper’s and Lady Rochford’s confession).
9 P.P.C., VII, pp. 352-3.
10 Ibid., p. 353
11 Nichols, Narratives of the Reformation, pp. 259-60.
12 P.P.C., VII, p. 354.
13 Nicholas, Narratives of the Reformation, pp. 259-60.
14 P.P.C., VII, pp. 354-5.
15 L.P., XVI, 1328, 1332; P.P.C., VII. p. 352.
16 Law, Short History of Hampton Court, p. 142.
17 Gosynhyll, Scholehouse of Women, B iii
18 L.P., XVI, 1426; P.P.C., VII, p. 335.
19 Cal. S P. Spanish, VI, i, 207 p. 396.
20 Ibid., 211, 411.
21 Cranmer, Writings, 273, pp. 408-9.
22 Burnet, Reformation, IV, 71, p. 505.
23 H.M.C., Marquis of Bath, II, pp. 8-9.
24 L.P., XVI, 1328, 1331, 1401; XVII, Appendix B 4.
25 Cranmer, Writings, 273, pp. 408-9.
26 Camden, Elizabethan Woman, pp, 87-8.
27 St. Papers, I, ii, 164. p. 694.
28 P.P.C., VII, p. 355.
29 St. Papers, I, ii, 163, p. 691; 164, p. 695.
30 L.P., XVI 1331.
31 H.M.C., Marquis of Bath, II, p. 10.
32 L.P., XVI. 1366.
33 St. Papers, I, ii, 164, p. 694.
34 H.M.C., Marquis of Bath, II, pp. 9-10.
35 P.R.O., S.P. I, vol. 167, f. 160 (L.P., XVI, 1339, Lady Rochford’s confession).
36 Ibid., f. 159 (Culpeper’s confession).
37 Statutes of the Realm, III 26 Henry VIII cap. 13, p. 508.
38 Smith, ‘English Treason Trials and Confessions in the Sixteenth Century’, J.H.I., XV, No. 4 (October 1954), pp. 472-5.
39 Stapleton, Life of More, p. 192.
40 L.P., XVI, 1426.
41 St. Papers, I, ii, 167, p. 700; Third Report of the Deputy Keeper, App. lI, p. 261.
42 L.P., XVII, 28 II c. 21.
43 St. Papers, I, ii, 167, p. 700.
44 Harpsfield, Pretended Divorce, p. 278; L.P., XVI, 1415.
45 L.P., XVI, 1366.
46 L.P., XVI, 1414; P.P.C., VII, p. 355: St. Papers, I, ii, 168, p. 703; 174, pp. 710-11.
47 St. Papers, I, ii, 173, p709.
48 L.P., XVI, 1411.
49 St. Papers, I, ii, 165, p. 696.
50 Ibid., 166, p. 698.
51 P.R.O., S.P. I, vol. 167, f. 149 (L.P., XVI, 1337 (i), Katherine Tylney’s confession).
52 Ibid., f. 153 (L.P., XVI, 1338, Margyt Morton’s confession).
53 L.P.. XVI, 1442.
54 St. Papers, I, ii, 180, pp. 722-3.
55 Ibid., 172, p. 709.
56 P.R.O., S.P I, vol. 168, f. 64, Nos. 1, 7, 8, 10 (L.P., XVI, 1409).
57 L.P., XVI, 1457.
58 Statutes of the Realm, III, 33 Henry VIII, cap. 21, p. 857.
59 L.P., XIV, ii, 399.
60 Cobbett, State Trials, I, pp. 407-8, 869 ff.
61 L.P., XVI, 1426.
62 St. Papers, I, ii, 183, p. 727 (L.P, XV, 1471).
63 Cal. S.P. Spanish, VI, i, 228, p. 465.
64 L.P., XVi, 1366.
65 St. Papers, I, ii, 171, p. 707.
66 Wriothesley, Chronicle, I, p. 131.
67 L.P., XVI, 1426.
68 St. Papers, I, ii, 179, p. 721.
69 L.P., XVII, 415; 568; 1258, p. 693: XVIII, i, 415.
70 Lord’s Journal, I, p. 165.
71 Ibid., p. 171.
72 Ibid.
73 Statutes of the Realm, III, 33 Henry VIII, cap. 21, p. 859.
74 Quoted in Einstein, Tudor Ideals, p. 263.
75 Cal. S.P., Spanish, VI, i, 232, p. 472.
76 Lord’s journal, I, p. 171.
77 Cal. S.P. Spanish, VI, i, 232, p. 472.
78 Ellis, Letters (1st series), II, 147, pp. 128-9.
79L.P.,XVII, 100.
List of Illustrations
1. and 2. Henry VIII and Catherine Howard as depicted in the Window of King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba, King’s College Chapel. There is no authenticated likeness of Catherine. The only statement that can be made with any degree of certainty about Catherine’s birth is that she was one of the youngest children of a family of ten, and that she was born before 1525, most probably in 1521. Courtesy of Elizabeth Norton and the Amberley Archive.
3. and 4. Portraits of Henry in later life, when he had become very overweight. Courtesy of Jonathan Reeve. JR950b2p337 15001550 and JR951b53p505 15001550.
5. The Palace of Whitehall. Courtesy of Jonathan Reeve JR779b46fp192 14501500.
6. and 7. London Bridge where the head
s of Catherine’s lovers, Francis Dereham and Thomas Culpeper were impaled on spikes following their execution. Courtesy of Jonathan Reeve JR734b46fp34 14501500 and JR952b55p254 14501500.
8. and 9. Old St Paul’s Cathedral. Courtesy of Jonathan Reeve JR715b46fp28 13001350 and JR947b15p421 15001550.
10. and 11. Greenwich Palace. Courtesy of Jonathan Reeve JR735b46fp186 14501500 and JR944b46fp180 14501500.
12. Westminster. Courtesy of Jonathan Reeve JR729b46pfp16 13001350.
13. Richmond Palace. Courtesy of Jonathan Reeve JR945b20p788 15001550.
14. Henry VIII in Council. Courtesy of Jonathan Reeve JR946b20p913 15001550.
15. Anne Boleyn was Catherine’s cousin. Courtesy of Hever Castle Ltd.
16. Thomas Howard, the Third Duke of Norfolk, the ambitious uncle of both Anne Boleyn and Catherine. He encouraged Henry’s courtship of his niece, Catherine, in spite of her unsuitability for the role of queen. Courtesy of Jonathan Reeve JR949b2p110 15001550.
17. The Red Queen, Anne of Cleves. Courtesy of Jonathan Reeve JR822b53p415 15001550.
18. The most widely used portrait of Catherine but not an authenticated likeness of her. Courtesy of Jonathan Reeve JR821b53p457 15001550.
19. It fell to Archbishop Thomas Cranmer to inform Henry of his young wife’s adultery. Courtesy of Elizabeth Norton and the Amberley Archive.
20. At Hampton Court there is what is described as the ‘haunted gallery’, which adjoins the Queen’s chambers and Henry’s chapel. It was there that Catherine is said to have eluded her guards and sought out her husband, who was hearing Mass. Just as she reached the door, she was seized and forced back to her chambers, while her screams resounded up and down the gallery. This presumably is the explanation of the female form, dressed in traditional white, which drifts down the gallery to the door of the chapel, and then hurries back, ‘a ghastly look of despair’ upon its face and uttering ‘the most unearthly shrieks’, until the phantom disappears through the chamber doorat the end of the gallery. Courtesy of Elizabeth Norton and the Amberley Archive.
21., 22. and 23. Catherine passed through Traitors Gate on 10 February 1542 and on to her short stay at the Tower of London. Courtesy of Elizabeth Norton and the Amberley Archive and Courtesy of Jonathan Reeve JR948b4p688 15001550.
24. and 25. The Chapel of St Peter ad Vincula and the site of the scaffold on Tower Green, where Catherine was beheaded by a single axe blow on Monday 13 February 1542. She was later buried in the Chapel. Courtesy of Elizabeth Norton and the Amberley Archive.