domain of inquiry of, 101-102
exceptions and, 54, 133-136, 147, 596-597, 1058, 1059
Falconer and, 51-52, 745, 746, 748-749
handwriting of, 234n
[Page 1400]
Darwin, Charles (continued)
historical explanation and, 1333-1336, 1339
horse-drawn eureka anecdote and, 224
Hyatt and, 372-373
interest in internal constraint, 330-341
Natural Selection (unfinished “big species book”), 227, 229-232, 239, 241, 243, 473-474
Owen and, 326-329
problem of mass extinction and, 1296-1303
rationale for progress, 47, 52, 58, 68-69, 185, 468, 469-470, 475-477
reaction to Lamarck, 175, 192-197, 896
response to Kelvin, 69, 492, 496-502, 1334
revolutionary impact of, 93-99, 161, 193n-194n, 587, 894
Roux and, 210, 213-214
selective quotation of, 147-148
summary of own work by, 227-228
theory as framework rs. foundation and, 1-3
thoroughness of, 244n “transmutation notebooks,” 228
tree of life metaphor and, 146-147, 228, 1334-1336, 1342-1343
“unity of type” and “conditions of existence” dichotomy and, 64
The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication, 66, 333, 336, 423
weaknesses of, 47, 246-248
Darwinism, 12-13. See also adaptationism; minimal commitments of Darwinism; Modern Synthesis; natural selection; organismal selection; Origin of Species; uniformitarianism
Darwin’s own summary of, 336
as entity with defining properties, 6-11
as framework rs. foundation, 1-6
“friendly” versions of orthogenesis and, 354, 357-358, 393-395
historical continuity of themes in, 7-9, 11, 12-13, 22-23, 54, 149-152
levels of selection and, 58, 135-136 (see also levels of selection; organismal selection) logic of, 13-15 (see also minimal commitments of Darwinism)
model for central logic of, 11-12, 15-24, 54, 146-147
mutation theory and, 439-446
neutral features with nonadaptative origin and, 1246-1249
neutral theory and, 687-688
paradox of stasis for, 755-765
place in Modem Synthesis, 506-507
reduction vs. extension of, 55
theoretical alternatives to vs. enrichments of, 12-13, 61, 353-354, 383
Darwinism Today (Kellogg), 163-166
Darwin’s centennial (Cambridge, 1909), 70, 415-417, 506, 566, 567-570
Darwin’s finches, 192-193, 992, 1287
data. See dominant relative frequency; fossil record; geological data; relative frequency
“daughter species,” 612, 779-780
Davidson, E. H., 1158-1159
Davis, D. D., 565
Dawkins, R.
duststorm metaphor, 647, 701
“extended phenotype” and, 638-641
gene selectionism and, 613, 616, 617-619, 627-628, 629-632, 633
levels of selection and, 72, 136, 654-656
meanings of gradualism and, 756
Necker Cube metaphor and, 639-641, 656, 667
“organized adaptive complexity” and, 710-712
on punctuated equilibrium, 1001, 1006-1007, 1019-1021
species selection and, 645-646, 710-712, 886n
structuralist-functionalist dichotomy and, 279
death, as criterion for individuality, 602, 603, 604-606
death biases in organismal selection, 449
“decoupling,” 715-716, 1023
deep homology, 81, 82, 941, 1056-1057. See also arthropod and vertebrate developmental homologies; Hox genes building of positive channels of constraint by, 1122-1142
Geoffroy’s vertebral archetype hypothesis and, 1106-1117
significance of discovery of, 1065-1069, 1099-1100
validity of developmental constraint and, 1089-1092
[Page 1401]
degeneration, problem of, 203-208, 221-222, 515
demes
arguments against selective agency of, 646-652
deme-individual and, 603-604, 701-703, 882-883, 920
explanation of stasis and, 881-885
Dennett, D., 710, 1007, 1009, 1019-1021
Den Tex, E., 961
De Robertis, E. M., 1102, 1111-1112, 1119, 1152
De Rosa, R., 1099, 1149-1150
“determinants,” 214-215
Deutsch, J., 1160
developmental constraint, 1072-1073. See also channeling; evolutionary developmental biology; historical constraint; positive constraint
developmental saltations negative arguments against, 1144-1145
plausibility of, 1142-1144
positive arguments against, 1145
developmental systems. See also ABC
Model; evolutionary developmental biology; Hox genes eye development and, 82, 83, 1123-1134
Goldschmidt and, 457-464
human growth patterns and, 934-935
plasticity and, 878-879
Devonian brachiopods, sequence of, 760
De Vries, Hugo, 143, 344, 383, 415-451, 466, 567. See also macromutation ism; Modem Synthesis; saltationism
Berkeley lectures, 420
contradictory propositions of, 439-443
Darwin as influence on, 419, 421-425, 596
geographic variation in Cerion and, 1047-1051
hierarchy theory and, 36, 51, 68, 197, 596
Intracellular Pangenesis, 419, 420, 424-425
macroevolution and, 446-451, 596
Mutationstheorie, 417, 420, 421
mutation theory of, 417-438, 439-446
orthogenetic theory and, 385
saltation theory and, 67-68, 427-430, 939
species selection and, 68, 448-451, 665, 1214
system of seven laws, 436-437
“Variation” (1909 article), 415-417
diatoms, 842
dichotomy, error of, 991-992, 995-996
Dickie, g., 116-117, 280
dictionaries, 973-974
different flowers principle. See consilience
differential proliferation, criterion of, 652-653
“different rules” model, 1315-1320, 1323, 1330
dinosaurs, 1317, 1320, 1330, 1331-1332, 1337
Diogenes Laertius, 251
directionality of variation. See also channeling; isotropy of variation; orthogenesis; positive constraint; progress
catastrophists and, 484-486, 498
Cuvier and, 486-487, 488-489
Darwin’s response to Kelvin and, 497-502
Gabon’s polyhedron and, 350-351
germinal selection and, 217-218
Goethe and, 287
Lamarckism and, 145
macroevolutionary change and, 724-731
orthogenetic theories and, 356, 361-362, 364, 387-391
positive constraint and, 1031-1032
pre-Darwinian theory and, 94
Discoides species, 825-826, 827, 828, 845
discontinuities among species. See also intermediary forms; punctuated equilibrium theory
Bateson’s solution to, 398-399, 403-404, 407-408, 411
as central problem of evolution, 532-533
de Vries’ mutation theory and, 431 -437
discontinuity, principle of, 1202
discordance, and inference in history, 104
Discover magazine, 982, 1303n
discreteness, as criterion for individuality, 602
distal-less gene, 1139-1140, 1162
“dithyrial populations,” concept of, 845
divergence, principle of, 63, 133-136, 224-249, 357n, 1313n
causes of trends and, 240-246
[Page 1402]
divergence, principle of (continued)
as consequence of natural selection, 233-236
failure of Darwin’s argument and, 236-248
ge
nesis of, 232-233
importance in Darwin’s system, 63, 224-232
species selection and, 63, 226-227, 229, 241
Wallace and, 227, 228, 233, 243, 248-249
diverging ray, 319, 320, 321
diversity, problem of, 47, 50
division of labor, 230-232
Dobberten, R. A., 1259-1260
Dobzhansky, T., 143
Genetics and the Origin of Species, 70, 519-520, 524-528, 1175-1178
hardening of Modem Synthesis and, 524-528, 532-533, 541-542, 559
levels of selection and, 545-546
results on historical constraints and, 1175-1178
review of Goldschmidt’s Material Basis, 454-456
“doctrine of organic individuality,” 209
Dodson, E. O., 997
Dodson, P., 997
Dollé, P., 1103-1104
Dollo’s law of irreversibility, 901-902
dominant relative frequency, 752, 854, 971
assessment of punctuated equilibrium and, 772-774, 802-803, 823, 854-874
“dominant” as term and, 773-774
focal evolutionary individual and, 807-810
operational definition of, 766, 772-774
properties of taxonomic groups and, 805-810
Doolittle, W. F., 693
dorsoventral inversion
evo-devo results on, 83, 1119-1122, 1138
Geoffroy’s vision of, 1117-1119
Dott, R. H., Jr., 997
downward effect, criterion of, 653-656
drift. See also genetic drift; species drift
macroevolutionary change and, 722, 743-744, 901
weighting of, and trends, 886-893
drives
in macroevolutionary theory, 74, 718-719, 721-722, 743-744, 901
ontogenic drive and, 722-724
reproductive drive and, 74, 724-731
trends and, 886-893
Drosophila. See also Hox genes
Dobzhansky and, 519-520
dorsoventral inversion and, 1119-1122
eye development and, 82, 83, 1123-1134
homeotic mutations and, 1096-1098
segmentation in, 1110-1112
wing development in, 1139-1141, 1166-1167
“drunkard’s walk” model, 900-901
Duboule, D., 1146
Dudgeon, S., 881-883, 884
“dumbbell allopatry,” 780
Duomo (Cathedral) of Milan, 2, 3-6
Durkheim, E., 1239
E. coli, 809-810, 931-936
earth, as Darwinian individual, 612
Eble, G. T., 1035-1037, 1323
echinoderms, regulatory genes in, 1161 -1162
echinoids. See Discoides species
ecological evolutionary units (EEUs), 917, 949, 951
“ecological genetics,” 541
“ecological locking,” 920
ecological plasticity, 878-879
economics. See also division of labor
division of labor and, 230-232
influence of punctuated equilibrium in, 956-957, 959, 962-966, 977
as influence on Darwin, 59, 121-125, 193, 595
ecosystems
generality of punctuated equilibrium and, 916-922, 923
punctuational analogs in, 946-952
as units of selection, 612-613
Ediacara fauna, 1157-1158
EEvs. See ecological evolutionary units “effect hypothesis,” 658-659, 722
efficacy, as Darwinian principle, 14. See also adaptationism; gradualism; internal constraint; positive constraint; variation
adaptationist program and, 155-159
coral model and, 20-22, 146-147
Darwin’s contemporary critics and, 342
[Page 1403]
Darwin’s theoretical argument and, 59, 60-61
empirics and, 26
gradualism and, 60-61, 146-155
hardening of Modern Synthesis and, 70-71, 518-543, 585-586
historical alternatives to Darwinism and, 168, 279, 343, 364, 587, 588
interdemic selection and, 72-73, 920
key implications of, 61
modern critiques and, 589, 590
nineteenth century formalist alternatives and, 168, 279, 343, 364
(see also formalist tradition) proposed revisions and, 49, 146-147
punctuated equilibrium and, 39, 42-44, 152, 651-652, 886-893
requirements for variation and, 141-146, 343
species selection and, 72, 651-652, 709-712, 886-893
as theme in Origin, 137-159
efficient cause, concept of, 626-627
EFs. See evolutionary faunas
“egg of Columbus” principle, 225
Egretta ardesiaca (African black heron), 1225-1226
Ehrlich, R, 1024
Eimer, G. H. T., 355-365, 1038, 1086
Orthogenesis of butterflies, 355
Weismann and, 358-359
Whitman and, 394-395
Eiseley, L., 137, 968
Eisner, T., 583-584
Eldredge, N.. See also punctuated equilibrium theory
dual hierarchies and, 642n
ecological hierarchies and, 918, 919
gradualism as paradox and, 606, 834-835
habitat tracking and, 78, 880-881
human evolution and, 912
mentions, 27, 37, 38, 41, 670, 760-761
original paper on punctuated equilibrium (Eldredge and Gould, 1972), 761, 879-880, 979-980, 1001, 1010
origin of punctuated equilibrium theory and, 774-781
Phacops ram and, 865
status of species and, 705, 714-715
“Wright’s Rule” and, 732-735
“elementary species,” 431, 434, 436, 437, 447
Elena, S. F., 932, 933-934, 935-936
elusive vs. palpable antinomy, 191
embryology, 112-113
emergence
characters vs. fitnesses and, 656-666, 1008
criterion for species selection and, 656-673, 1008
emergent characters and, 657-659, 660, 661, 662-663, 671-673
emergent fitnesses and, 73, 657, 659-666, 671-673
gene selectionism and, 620, 627-628
Emerson, A. E., 544-545
empirical issues. See also methodology
“argument from imperfection” and, 75, 758-761
arguments against higher-level selection and, 72, 651-652
Bateson and, 399-400
D’Arcy Thompson and, 1189-1196
definability of paleospecies and, 784-789
Lamarckism and, 97-98
literalism of catastrophists and, 485-486, 489-491
Lyell and, 481-482, 485-186
predictions of punctuated equilibrium and, 802-822
sampling artifacts and, 1309-1311
spandrels and, 1253-1254
stasis as data and, 75, 759-765, 971
testability of punctuated equilibrium and, 75, 790-791, 811, 839-840, 841, 945-946
theoretical developments and, 25-26, 46-47
Weismann and, 201
engrailed gene, 1162
“enhancer modules,” 1145
environment, earth-based explanations for extinctions and, 1303-1306
environment, role of. See also climatic change; interaction with environment
allopatric analysis and, 706, 707-709
in Darwinism (see scope, as Darwinian principle)
differential relative frequency patterns and, 870-874
in Eimer’s orthogenetic theory, 360
in Lamarckism, 176-179, 186-189
scaling of external and internal environments and, 738-741
equilibrium. See stasis
Erdtmann, B. D., 940
[Page 1404]
errors
in advocacy of punctuated equilibrium, 76-77, 796-802, 1003-1004, 1008, 1010-1014
in D’Arcy Thompson, 1207-1208
vs. fraud, 982-983
“fruitful error” an
d, 614, 616, 632
in Origin of Species, 153-155, 166, 757
textbooks and, 762, 995
Erwin, D. H., 77, 805, 817-820
escalation, concept of, 950-951
essence
Darwinian minimal commitments as, 11, 12-24
notion of, 9-11, 165-166, 584
essentialism, 190
eugenics, 70, 221, 512-514
European Jurassic bivalves, 826-827, 856-857
evening primrose. See Oenothera lamarckiana
“evo-devo.” See evolutionary developmental biology evolution, as term, 198n
evolutionary developmental biology (“evo-devo”), 82-83, 1056, 1095-1101. See also historical constraint; Hox genes; positive constraint
ABC Model and, 82, 1063-1064
adaptationist assumptions and, 84, 1147-1155, 1175
archetypal theories and, 82-83, 1092-1095, 1106-1122
balance between adaptation and constraint, 80-83, 1037-1051
bithorax complex in Drosophila, 1096- 1098
caveats regarding results from, 1112-1117
channeling vs. unconstrained adaptation and, 84, 1147-1155, 1272-1273
clumping and, 1173-1178
debate over categories of homology and, 81-82
discovery of vertebral homologs of Hox genes and, 1101-1106
early history of hoxology and, 1095-1101
evolvability and, 1272-1273
growth of field of, 1061-1063
importance of positive constraint and, 82
nineteenth century archetypal theories and, 82-83
“Pharaonic bricks” and Corinthian columns” analogy and, 83
reinterpretation of convergence as parallelism and, 83, 1081
rescue of parallelism by, 1088-1089
role of saltational change and, 83-84
synergy of positive constraint with natural selection, 80-83, 1037-1051
evolutionary faunas (EFs), 917
“evolutionary individual” (EI), 808
evolutionary mechanisms. See also natural selection; sorting
bookkeeping vs. causality and, 73, 632-637, 643-644, 655-656
choice of scale and, 934
differences in levels of selection and, 73
implications of punctuated equilibrium for, 874-922
microevolutionary modes with punctuated equilibrium and, 774-782
selection as subcategory of sorting and, 659, 670-671, 783-784
stability vs. continuity of, 1327-1328
Wallace and, 64, 136
weightings of, and trends, 886-893
Weismann and, 210, 221-222, 596
evolutionary psychology, 1263-1266
evolvability
concept of, 49, 87, 1271, 1274
documented components of, 1272-1274
Kauffman and, 1210
paradox of, 1270-1277
quirky functional shift and, 1228-1229
exaptation, 49, 52, 58, 81
The Structure of Evolutionary Theory Page 231
