salience of, 898
Bahn, P. G., 955-956, 978
Bailey, M., 988
Baird, G. C., 865-866, 918-920
Bak, Per, 924, 926, 927
Baker, H. B., 1047-1051
balance, concept of, 247
baldness, 338
Balzac, 311
Bang, R., 1121-1122
Barnes, C. R., 852
Barnes, N. S., 998, 1023
Barnovsky, A. D., 855
Barrymore, Ethel, 583
Bates, Marston, 571
Bateson, William, 344, 396-415, 466, 1096, 1098
argument for saltational change, 67, 144, 401-405
implications for Darwinism and, 405-415
Materials for the Study of Variation, 398-415
Modern Synthesis and, 505-506, 567, 569
Problems of Genetics, 410, 414-415
vibration theory and, 67, 402n, 410-411, 412, 456
Baudelaire, Charles-Picric, 169
Baumiller, T. K., 891
“bearded lady,” 338
Beaumont, Elie de, 484, 490
bedding plane
dating in, 771-772
“geological moment” and, 768, 851
beetles, 886n
Begg, C. B., 764
behavioral sciences, 952
Bell, Michael A., 828-830, 835, 883
Benson, R. H., 853
Bentham, Jeremy, 230, 232n
Bergstrom, J., 844-845
Berlin, J. A., 764
Berry, M. S., 956
biases in science, 791-792, 795. See also cultural influences; publication bias; reductionism; sampling bias Bible. See also creationism; natural theology
constraint as term and, 1025-1026
as source of information, 489, 1311-1312
bicalyx mutant, 1146-1147
Bier, E., 1119-1120, 1121
bifurcation, 817-820, 922
bilaterian history. See also arthropod and vertebrate developmental homologies
channeling vs. unconstrained adaptation and, 84, 1147-1155, 1272-1273
dorso-ventral inversion and, 83, 1117
Precambrian origins and, 1155-1161
billiard ball metaphor, 350
biogenetic law, 208, 353, 362, 367-368
biogeography, 113-115
Biological Sciences Curriculum Study, 580, 581, 583
biomechanical advantage, and trends, 79, 889-890, 950, 1270-1271
“biophors,” 214-215
biostratigraphy, 751-752
biotas, and relative frequency claims, 856-866
biotic competition Darwinian dilemma about progress and, 68-69, 469-470, 475-477
extinction by, 1299-1300, 1302-1303
predominance of, 470-479, 705
sequelae of, 477-479
themes in Origin and, 471-473, 476-478
birth. See also punctuations; speciation; viviparity
as criterion for individuality, 602, 603, 604-606
punctuational interval and, 768-772
of species, 725n-726n, 776-781
birth biases in organismal selection, 449
Blackburn, D. G., 942-946
Blainville, Henri de, 301
[Page 1396]
“blending inheritance,” 622
Bliss, R. B., 986-987, 988
Blyth, Edward, 137
body size, and survivorship, 1318-1320. See also Cope’s Law
Bohm, 1138
Bonner, J. T., 580, 582
bookkeeping vs. causality, 73, 632-637, 643-644, 655-656
Boolootian, 577, 580
Boucot, A. I., 917
Boulding, K. E., 956-957
Bowler, P., 342
Bown, T. M., 864
Boyajian, G., 901
Boyle, R., 65, 117
Brackman, A. C., 233, 248
Bradley, R. S., 956
Bradleya, 832
branching, 612-613. See also cladogenesis
speciation by, in punctuated equilibrium, 776-781
species as individuals and, 605-606
Brandon, R. N., 705, 708-709
Brenner, S., 1269-1270
Breton, G., 871
Brett, C. E., 865-866, 918-920
Bretz, J H., 482
Breuil, Abbe Henri, 953-954
Bridgewater Treatises, 65, 117, 276, 315
British formalism. See Owen, Richard
British functionalism, 65, 262-271. See also Paley, William
British intellectual tradition, 252-253, 312-316
British Museum debate, 984-985
Bromham, L., 1155-1156, 1157
Brooks, W. K., 344
Brosius, J., 691, 1268
Browne, J., 234n
Bryan, William Jennings, 163, 412
bryozoan species, 78, 786-789, 796, 827, 892-893
BSCS textbooks. See Biological Sciences Curriculum Study
Buckland, W., 45, 180
Budd, A. F., 888n, 937-939
Burchfield, J. D., 497
Burke, A. C., 1171-1172
Burkhardt, R. W., 182, 186
Burnet, T., 398
Bush, G., 452
Buss, L., 679, 696, 697-700
butterflies
coloration of, 355, 362
mimicry in, 218-219, 1130
wing development in, 1165-1167
Cain, A. J., 43-44, 542
Cairns, J., 1053
Cambrian explosion. See also deep homology
“Cambrian explosion hypothesis” and, 1155-1156
Darwin and, 496-497
deep homologies and, 84, 1143-1144
historical constraints as set in, 1155-1161
Kauffman and, 1212
cancer. See cell-individual
Capps, R., 990
Carmines, E. G., 977
Carrasco, A. E., 1102
Carroll, S. B., 1099, 1143, 1168-1169, 1172
Cartwright, P, 1153-1154
Cassares, F., 1105
Castle, W. E., 143
catastrophic mass extinction. See also K-T (Cretaceous-Tertiary) transition
Cuvier’s argument for and, 69, 484-492
Darwinian theory and, 54, 55, 58, 61, 162-163, 168, 474-475, 478, 1298-1303
“different rules” model and, 1315-1320, 1323, 1330
effects of uniformitarian assumptions on research and, 1303-1306
hardening of Modern Synthesis and, 560-561
historical elements of validity of, 483-484
history of geology and, 44-45, 69, 1298
impact model and, 88, 1306-1312
models for survivorship in, 1314-1320
punctuated equilibrium and, 75-76
punctuational models and, 948
random model and, 1314-1315, 1323
Raup’s “field of bullets” model and, 1323-1326
theoretical importance of scenarios of, 1312-1320
as theory, 922-923
uniformitarian assumptions and, 52, 58, 61, 162-163, 455, 481, 483-484, 1298-1303
Catmull, J., 1131
Carton, W. R., Jr., 1239
causality. See also adaptationism; evolutionary mechanisms; levels of selection; structuralist-functionalist dichotomy
[Page 1397]
vs. bookkeeping, 73, 632-637, 643-644, 655-656
concept of cause and, 626-627
Darwinian vs. interactionist formulations and, 31-33
final cause and, 65, 288-289, 1187-1189
Lamarck and, 172, 176-179, 182-183, 195-196, 249
for stasis, 877-885
cave fishes, blindness in, 203-204
cave paintings, 953-956
cell-individual, 73-74, 695-700
Cenozoic, punctuational dominance in, 752-753, 754-755, 831-832. See also Foraminifera
centennial celebrations, comparison of, 566-576. See also Darwin’s centennial (Cambridge, 1909); Origin centennial (1959)
central principles. See minimal commitments of Darwinism Cepaea, 538, 542
cerato
psian extinction, 1331-1332, 1337
Cerion, 38, 52, 599, 771-772, 851
geographic variation in, 81, 82, 599, 1047-1051
positive constraint and, 81, 82, 1047-1051
ceteris paribus argument, 628-632, 873
Chaisson, E., 996
Chalfie, M., 1138
chambered nautiloids, 1315
Chamberlain, J. L., 1341
Chambers, Robert
Darwin’s revolution and, 93-94, 193n-194n, 587
Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation (Chambers), 174, 193n-194n
chance. See randomness, concept of
change. See also catastrophic mass extinction; evolutionary mechanisms; gradualism; punctuated equilibrium theory
as criterion for individuality, 602
nature of, and theory of punctuated equilibrium, 922-928, 970
non homogeneity of modes of, and time, 1326-1327
role of historical constraint in, 602, 1056-1057
vs. stasis as norm, 884-885, 929
channeling. See also historical constraint; internal constraint; orthogenesis; positive constraint
as cause of parallelism, 1075-1076
developmental saltations and, 1142-1147
Goldschmidt and, 456, 461
as positive constraint in orthogenesis, 66, 352-353, 361-362, 395
synergy with adaptation and, 80-81, 1037-1051 (see also Gryphaea)
chaos theory, 922. See also complex systems theory
Chaplin, G., 1241
Chapman, D. J., 1319
Chatterjee, S., 1240
Cheetham, A. H., 78, 786-789, 796, 843, 844, 867-870, 875, 1034
Chesapeake Group molluscan lineages, 857-859
Chesapecten species, 853-854
Chesteron, G. K., 765
Chicago Macroevolution meeting, 981 -984, 988, 1023, 1046, 1065-1066
civilization, patterns in development of, 956-957, 959, 962-966
clade-individual, 712-714. See also interdemic selection
clade selection and, 883
“different rules” model and, 1318
heterochronic biases and, 1039
relative frequency data and, 866-870
stasis analogs in clades and, 936-939
trends and, 890-893
cladogenesis. See also branching anagenetic modes of speciation and, 436, 813-822
ancestral survival as criterion and, 840-850
aptive triangle representation and, 1059, 1060
de Vries and, 436
modelling and, 813-822
as term, 817-818
Clark, D. L., 1319
Clark, H. W., 988
Clark, R. B., 1106
Clarkia concinna, 1146-1147
Cleland, H. F., 750
Clemens, Samuel (Mark Twain), 494
climatic change, 864-865, 873. See also catastrophic mass extinction
clines, and nonadaptational modes of speciation, 535, 538
clone, as evolutionary individual, 807-810
clumping
historical constraint and, 1055-1056, 1173-1178
problem of, 527-524, 916-917, 1101
Cnidaria, 1152-1153
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co-adaptation, 218
Coates, A. G., 888n, 937-939
Coates, M. I., 1171, 1172
codical hierarchy, 641-644
Cohen, S. M., 1023, 1168
cohesion, as criterion for individuality, 602
Cohn, M. J., 1171-1173
coiling. See Gryphaea; snails, coiling in Coleridge, S. T., 262
colinearity, property of, 1100-1101
collaboration. See also interdisciplinary communication
conceptual development and, 27-29
“collectivity, ” 674
Collins, M., 1169
Columba livia, 385-386. See also pigeon Columbus, Christopher, 225
communication systems, 960
communities, as units of selection, 612-613, 924
compensation, principle of, 300-301, 335
competition. See also biotic competition
Darwin and, 469, 470-471
species as interactors and, 705-706, 738
complexity, and spandrels, 1263-1266
complex systems theory, 922, 926-927, 1208-1214, 1273-1274. See also Kauffman, Stuart
comprehensiveness, 55-57
computer simulations. See mathematical modelling
concepts, as theory-bound, 620-622, 1032-1037, 1057-1061
concordance of several. See consilience Conditions of Existence Cuvier and, 291-298
Darwin and, 64, 251, 329 (see also structuralist-functionalist dichotomy)
“conjoints,” 930, 952, 958-959, 970
connections, principle of, 300, 305
consensus concept, 879
consequentiality, and spandrels, 1253-1255
consilience, 104, 108-111
“consistency argument,” 558
continental formalist tradition, 65, 118, 261n, 271-278
contingency
bilaterian design and, 1159-1161
Darwin’s sense of, 1217, 1333-1336, 1339
explanatory modes in science and, 1338-1342
history and, 46-47
Kauffman and, 1212, 1335-1337
in literary world, 1340-1342
Nietzsche and, 1217-1218
quirky functional shift and, 1224-1227
continuity, as criterion for individuality, 602-603
Contrabithorax (Cbx) gene, 1100-1101. See also Hox genes
conventionalism, 639-641, 656, 667
convergence vs. parallelism
convergence reinterpreted as parallelism and, 83, 1069
discoveries of evo-devo and, 1068-1069
distinction between, 52, 81-82
homoplasy and, 1073-1076
homoplasy of results based on underlying homology and, 1076-1081, 1128-1129
Lankester’s categories of homology and, 1069-1076
meaning of parallelism and, 1076-1089
Pax-6 results and, 1127-1130
Pharaonic bricks vs. Corinthian columns analogy and, 1134-1142
terminological distinctions and, 81-82
Conway Morris, S., 1159, 1161
Coope, G. R., 754-755
Cooper, V. S., 932, 933-934, 935-936
cooperation vs. competition, 471
cooptation, principle of, 1130-1132, 1140, 1161
coordinated stasis, theory of, 79, 750, 865-866, 918-920
Cope, E. D., 75, 366-370
“Cope’s Law” and, 78, 836, 902-905, 1318
law of parallelism and, 1081-1082
Origin of the Fittest, 140, 342
Cope’s Law, 78, 836, 902-905, 1318
copiousness of variation as Darwinian requirement, 60, 141-143
as post-Darwinian issue, 142-143
coral model, 15-19, 54, 97, 146
levels of revisions and, 19-22, 146
vs. tree of life model, 146-147
coral reef principle, 104. See also sequencing
corals, non-trending in, 938-939
“Cordelia’s dilemma,” 764-765, 783, 854, 861-864
“correlated variability,” 336
“correlation of parts” doctrine, 295n, 332-339
“correlations of growth,” 58, 65-66,
[Page 1399]
333-335, 336, 1045, 1054, 1181. See also nonadaptive origin; spandrels
Corsi, P., 173, 174, 176, 182
creationism
adaptationism preferences and, 65
attributes of purpose and order and, 260-261
Bateson and, 412
consilience and, 109-111
“creation scientists” and, 101n
Darwin’s view of, 100-101
errors about punctuated equilibrium and, 986-990
Kelvin and, 497
Owen and, 326-328
Paley and, 65, 264
teaching of evolution and, 981, 988-990
; theory of punctuated equilibrium and, 981-984, 986-990
variation within species and, 106
creativity of natural selection. See efficacy, as Darwinian principle
Cretaceous-Tertiary event. See K-T (Cretaceous-Tcrtiary) transition
Crick, F., 690, 693-694
Croll, J., 500
Cronin, J. E., 833, 934
Cronin, T. M., 827-828, 829, 831-832, 842-843
cross-level spandrels, 87, 1266-1270, 1280, 1281, 1286-1294
Crow, J., 634-635
crustaceans, feeding organs in, 1132-1134
crystallins, 1242-1246, 1282
“cultural evolution,” 134-135
cultural history, punctuational patterns in, 952-957
cultural impacts
Darwin’s revolution and, 93-99, 161, 193n-194n, 587, 894, 968-969
punctuated equilibrium in general culture and, 972-979
cultural influences. See also biases in science; reductionism; Zeitgeist
critiques of Darwinism and, 588
Cuvier-Geoffroy debate and, 298, 310-312
on Darwin, 193, 595
economic theory and, 59, 121-125, 193, 595
hardening of Modern Synthesis and, 541-543
notion of progress and, 467-468
progress and, 467-468, 588
structuralist-functionalist dichotomy and, 252-253
culture. See cultural history; cultural impacts; cultural influences
Curtis, H., 582, 997-999, 1023
Cuvier, Georges, 65, 291-298
Agassiz and, 274-275
anatomical design plans of, 274-275
argument for catastrophism, 483, 484-492
Bible as source of information for, 489
Conditions d’existence and, 294n
debate between Geoffroy and, 282-283, 290-293, 303, 304-312
Discours préliminaire, 486-491, 492
functionalism of, 293-298
on Lamarck, 170-172
Lamarck compared with, 176
Leçons d'anatomie comparée, 294-295
Le règne animal, 294, 295-296
Lyell’s rhetorical triumph and, 482n, 483, 484-492
“Nature” essay by, 296-297
Owen and, 313n
Recherches sur les ossemens fossiles, 294, 295, 486
works by, 294-296
cycle time, and higher-level selection, 646-647
cyclical principle of expansion and contraction, 287-291
Dacqué, E., 1086
Damuth, J., 663, 672, 705, 706
Daniel Deronda (George Eliot), 40
D’Arcy Thompson. See Thompson, D’Arcy W.
Darling, L., 577
Darrow, C., 989
Darwin, Charles, 47, 57-58. See also Origin of Species
anticipation of punctuated equilibrium by, 1014-1015
contingency and, 1217, 1333-1336, 1339
“correlations of growth” and, 58, 65-66, 333-335, 336, 1054, 1181
cultural influences on, 193, 595
Descent of Man, 133-136, 342
de Vries and, 419, 421-425, 596
The Structure of Evolutionary Theory Page 230
