Stebbins, L., 167, 570
Steinheim planorbids, 373-381
Hyatt’s original plate on, 375
sterility, Darwin’s argument about, 129-132
stickleback fish, 883
Stidd, B. M., 977
Stimson, J. A., 977
structural constraint. See also exaptation; miltons; positive constraint; spandrels
features with nonadaptative origins as, 1246-1249
homology of, across scales, 930-931
by physical laws, 1180-1182, 1211 (see also Kauffman, Stuart; Thompson, D’Arcy W.) spandrels and, 1293-1294
structuralist-functionalist dichotomy. See also convergence vs. parallelism
Agassiz’s structuralist argument and, 276-278
Bateson and, 412
continuing relevance of debate on, 278-281
convergence vs. parallelism and, 1075
Darwin’s addition of history and, 253-254, 257, 258-260, 278-279
Darwin’s argument for primacy of adaptation and, 255-260
Darwin’s debt to both poles of, 330-332
debate between Cuvier and Geoffroy and, 312
formalist version of natural theology and, 260, 271-278
functionalist version of natural theology and, 262-271
Goethe and, 290-291
mechanisms of selection and, 179
national traditions and, 252-253
Owen’s place in, 313n
Paley’s functionalist argument and, 266-271
spatial claim and, 247, 255
stabilities and, 678-679
temporal claim and, 255-256
structuralist tradition. See formalist tradition
struggle, Darwinian concept of, 469, 470. See also biotic competition Stufenreihe, 1016
Stylopoma species, 787-789, 867-870
subcellular selection. See germinal selection; hierarchy theory
substantive variation, 400-401
“sufficient stability,” concept of, 602-603, 606-607, 620-621, 799-802
superfecundity, 13n, 125n
supraorganismal selection. See higher-level selection Swalla, B., 1145
Swift, J., 53
sympatric speciation models, 780
synergism, 218-219. See also interactions among levels
cell selection and, 697-698
gene selection and, 692-695
among levels, 679
of positive constraint with natural selection, 1040-1045
species selection and, 733, 735, 738, 743-744
systematic mutation, 151, 456-458, 463
Systematics. See also taxonomy
cladistic revolution in, 605
Mayr and, 531-532
systemic mutation, 68, 939
Tabin, C. J., 1104, 1172
Tamarin, R. H., 995
“taxon-counting,” 793, 1324, 1325
taxonomy
Agassiz and, 271-278
basis of primary ordering and, 1280-1286
in Darwin, 113
De Vries’ restructuring of, 431-433
of exaptive pool, 1277-1294
Lamarck and, 179-181, 183-186
properties of taxonomic groups and, 805-810
viviparity and, 943
Taylor, P. D., 892-893
technological development, patterns in, 957-960
“tectology,” 209
Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre, 352
Telford, W. H., 1163
Templeton, A., 347
temporal claims. See also geological time; tiers of time; time scales
Goethe and, 286-288
structuralist-functionalist dichotomy and, 255-256
“tendency theory,” 911-912
Tennyson, Alfred, Lord, 1283-1284
“terminal addition,” principle of, 367
terminological issues
adaptation and, 662, 671, 1229-1231
“aptation” as term and, 1051, 1233, 1234
[Page 1430]
terminological issues (continued)
concept of cause and, 626-627
concept of constraint and, 1025-1027
exaptation and, 662, 671, 1229-1234
historical origin vs. current utility and, 671-673
meaning of individuality and, 597-613
nonadaptive features and, 1246-1270
power of words and, 1013-1014
“preadaptation” as term and, 86, 1231-1232
sorting vs. selection and, 659, 670-671, 783-784
theory-bound nature of concepts and, 620-622, 1032-1037, 1057-1061
testability criterion, and theory of punctuated equilibrium, 75, 790-791, 811, 839-840, 841, 945-946
tetrapods, 1171-1172, 1213
textbooks
catastrophists and, 482-483, 484-485
creationists and, 988-990
hardening of Modem Synthesis and, 576-584
persistence of error and, 762
punctuated equilibrium in, 976, 994-999
textual comparison
incoherence of gene selectionism and, 625-632
as methodology, 521-522
Theissen, G., 1094, 1095
theistic hypotheses. See also British functionalism; continental formalist tradition; creationism; natural theology
coral model and, 21
evolution as science and, 23
orthogenetic theories and, 352, 356, 384-385
thesis, antithesis, and synthesis, 23-24, 590-591. See also science, evolution as
Thom, René, 922
Thomas, R. H., 1163
Thompson, D’Arcy W., 144, 274, 315, 411
aptive triangle representation and, 1058, 1059, 1060
causality and, 85, 1187-1189, 1207-1208
empirical approach of, 1189-1196
femur example and, 211, 1196
Goldschmidt and, 463-464
historicism and, 1205-1207
Kauffman’s “order for free” and, 1208, 1209
limitations admitted by, 1196-1200
On Growth and Form, 42, 676, 680, 807, 1181, 1182-1208
scales in nature and, 676, 680
structuralist critique of Darwinism in, 1200-1204
theory of form, 52, 1054-1055, 1058, 1059, 1060, 1182-1208
Thompson, P., 977
Thomson, W. (Lord Kelvin), 147n
argument on geological time, 69, 480, 492-493
contemporary reaction to ideas of, 69-70, 494, 498-502
Darwin’s response to, 69, 492, 496-502, 1334
“The Doctrine of Uniformity,” 492-493
Lyell and, 494-496
Thurow, L. C., 962, 964-966, 977
Tickle, C., 1104-1105, 1172-1173
tiers of time, 1320-1332
catastrophic mass extinction and, 1340
fractality solution and, 1323-1326
interactions among, 1329-1330
as nonfractal, 1326-1332
number of, 1327-1328
paradox of the first tier and, 1320-1322, 1328-1329
punctuated equilibrium and, 1339-1340
Tiffany, L. H., 577, 578
timeless vs. historical antinomy, 191
time scales
levels of selection and, 674-675, 704
tiers of time and, 1320-1332
Tinbergen, N., 572, 573
Tomarev, S. I., 1123, 1126-1127, 1128
tortoises, of Galapagos, 193
“tradeoffs,” 1029, 1291-1292
“transilience,” 347
Traub, J., 975
Travisano, M., 932-933
tree of life metaphor, 146-147, 228, 1334-1336, 1342-1343
trends
anagenesis and, 78, 777
biomechanical advantage and, 79, 889-890, 950, 1270-1271
causes of, for Darwin, 240-246
directional speciation and, 725-731
Gryphaea heterochronocline and, 1040-1045
[Page 1431]
implications of punctuated equilibrium for, 886-893, 986
role of species in, 715
stasis analogs in clades and, 936-939
study of, 936-937
Whitman’s claims for, 388-389
triangular models. See aptive triangle; Galton’s polyhedron; tripod model
trilobites, 754, 769, 844-845, 865, 993, 1039, 1315
triploblasts, 1161-1162
tripod model, 11-12, 15. See also minimal commitments of Darwinism Trueman, A. E., 855
Tsutsui, N. D., 1284
Tucker, V. C. T., 997
Tudge, C., 1023
Tudge, C., 992-993
Turner, J. R. G., 784
turnover-pulse hypothesis, 865, 918-920
Twain, Mark. See Clemens, Samuel
two-factor theory of Lamarck. See Lamarckism
Typical Forms and Special Ends in Creation (McCosh and Dickie), 280-281
underlying developmental regulators. See arthropod and vertebrate developmental homologies; deep homology; evolutionary developmental biology; Hox genes
undulation, law of, 362
unemployments. See manumissions
uniformitarianism, 44-45. See also Lyell, C.; scope, as Darwinian principle
catastrophism and, 52, 58, 61, 162-163, 481, 1303-1306
in Darwin’s work, 94-96, 480-481, 491, 1296-1303
Dobzhansky and, 455
focus on earth-based sources of mass extinction and, 1303-1306
geological change and, 479-502
impact model and, 1312
inference in history and, 103, 105-106
Kelvin and, 494-496
Lamarck and, 176-177
Lyell’s methodological assumptions and, 481-482
non-progressivism and, 468-470
textbooks and, 582
uniformity of state. See isotropy of variation
U. S. Supreme Court decisions, 981
unity of science movement, 503
Unity of Type. See also structuralist-functionalist dichotomy
Darwin and, 64, 251-252, 254-255, 329
Geoffroy and, 299-300
as research program, 300
use and disuse, principle of, 267, 360-361
van Tienderen, R H., 1035
variation. See also directionality of variation; efficacy, as Darwinian principle; internal constraint; isotropy of variation
copiousness of, 60, 141-143
as criterion for individuality, 609-611
Darwinian requirements for, 140, 141-146, 443-445
Darwin’s categories of, 334-335, 337
fluctuating vs. mutational, for de Vries, 430-431, 437, 441-442
higher-level selection and, 647, 651, 658, 665-666
isotropy of, 60, 61, 144-146, 168, 413, 444-445, 1027-1028, 1275
large pushes from (see saltationism)
meristic vs. substantive, 400-401 (see also Bateson, William)
“rigid sphere” of, 431
small extent of, 143-144
syllogistic core of natural selection and, 125n
Veith, I., 574
Venice, Cathedral San Marco in, 1249-1258
Vermeij, G. J., 950-951
vertebrae
Hox gene in evolution of, 1164-1165
skull as modification of, 318-319, 1112, 1113
“vertebra” for Owen vs. Geoffroy, 317-318
vertebrate archetype. See also arthropod and vertebrate developmental homologies
Darwin and, 337-339
Geoffroy and, 82-83, 299-306, 320, 321, 1091, 1092, 1101, 1106-1117
Owen and, 65, 316-326, 328-329
Vertut, J., 955-956, 978
Vetruvius, 1136
vibratory theory of heredity, 67, 402n, 410-411, 412, 456
Villee, C. A., 995
viviparity, 942-946
[Page 1432]
von Baer, K. E., 275, 331n, 687, 740, 941, 1021
Vonnegut, K., 382
voting for women, argument against, 372
Vrba, E., 27, 41, 43, 705, 1008, 1225
antelope studies and, 78, 866
emergent character approach and, 657-659, 660, 661, 662-663, 667, 673
exaptation as term and, 86, 1232-1233
turnover-pulse hypothesis and, 865, 918-920
Waddington, C. H., 256n, 584
Wagner, P. J., 77, 730n, 733-735, 764, 805, 817-820, 1095
Wake, D. B., 875, 879, 1080
Wake, M. H., 875
Wallace, A. R., 131-132, 199-200, 567
biotic competition and, 471
Darwin’s principle of divergence and, 227, 228, 233, 243, 248-249
De Vries and, 429, 431, 440, 441
Kelvin and, 496, 497, 500-501
levels of selection and, 64, 136, 544
Ternate paper (1858), 64, 227, 233, 336
Ward, P., 1311, 1315
Warren, R., 1099, 1165-1166
Warsh, D., 977
watch analogy, 262-263
wave-like evolution, law of, 362
Weatherbee, S. D., 1167
Webster's Third New International Dictionary, 973-974
wedge metaphor. See also biotic competition
in Darwin, 69, 473-474, 1299
geological extension of, 474-475
Wei, K. Y., 831, 842, 873
Weigel, D., 1093-1094
Weiner, A. M., 1240-1241
Weismann, August, 197-208, 214-224. See also germinal selection
Allmacht of selection and, 63, 197-201, 215, 219, 223-224, 505, 567
Eimer and, 358-359
evolution in ideas of, 199, 200-201, 208-214
Haeckel and, 210
hierarchical model and, 36, 50-51, 63, 136, 197, 219-224, 249-250, 587, 596
Lamarck and, 201-203
Roux’s theory and, 212-213
Spencer and, 197-198, 199, 204-205, 206, 207
synergism and, 218-219
Vorträge über Descendenztbeorie, 207-208, 219-224
Weiss, H., 956
Weiss, K. M., 1034
Weller, J. M., 978
Wells, W. C., 137n-138n
Werren, J. H., 691-692
Wessells, N. K., 996
West, R. M., 833
Westoll, T. S., 817, 818
whales, 204-205
Whatley, R. C., 832, 843
Wheeler, W. M., 568-569
Whewell, William, 104, 315-316
White, M. T. D., 764, 866-867
Whitehead, A. N., 57-58, 192, 1214
Whiteman, H. H., 1039
White River Chronofauna, 861-865
Whitman, C. O., 67, 362, 462, 466, 1038
Hyatt and, 382-383
orthogenetic theory of, 67, 383-395
role of natural selection for, 354, 355
Wiester, J. L., 987
Wiggins, V. D., 831
Wilkins, A. S., 1146
Willey, A., 1079
Williams, E., 987
Williams, G. C., 42, 136, 878, 882, 883-884, 915, 916, 1054, 1230-1231
Adaptation and Natural Selection, 550-554
anagenesis and, 723n
codical hierarchy and, 641-644
gene selection and, 72, 613, 616, 617, 631, 632-633, 641-644
group selection and, 71, 521, 547, 550-554, 585, 648-649
normalizing clade selection and, 78, 713, 714, 883-885
species selection and, 646, 704, 706, 707
Williamson, P. G., 769-771, 796, 845, 853, 867
Willis, J. C., 450
Williston’s law of reduction and specialization, 902
Willmer, P., 1107
Wilson, A. C., 1061
Wilson, D. S., 600, 625-626, 636, 648, 650, 654-656, 678-679, 681, 683, 690
Wilson, E. O., 583-584
[Page 1433]
Wilson, H. B., 923
Wimsatt, W., 632n
Winklemann, H., 991-992
Wistow, G., 1242, 1244-1245
Woodruff, D., 27
Workshop on the Evolutionary Synthesis (Boston, 1974), 519
wo
rld’s fairs, 462
worm, as example, 94-95, 103
Wray, G. A., 941-942, 1122, 1155, 1156, 1162
Wright, Sewall, 519, 520, 732, 1177. See also genetic drift
hardening of Modern Synthesis and, 70-71, 522-524, 574
“island model,” 525-526
“shifting balance” theory and, 523-524, 554-556, 702
“Wright’s Rule,” 74, 732-735, 887
Wynne-Edwards, V. C., 42, 71, 136, 521, 547-550, 585
Xenopus, 1119-1122
Xiao, S., 1158
Yacobucci, M., 1215
Yang, X., 767, 859-861
zebrafish, 1110-1111, 1129-1130
Zeitgeist, 29-33, 172-174, 972, 1332. See also cultural influences
zen genes, 1163
Ziegler, A. M., 753
“zootype,” 1151
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