[300] Cited L. N. Salmon, The Newspaper and Authority (New York, 1923), p. 64.
[301] See J. Bréville, Le Centenaire de la machine à papier continu (n.p., n.d.).
[302] See A. D. Spicer, The Paper Trade (London, 1907); also H. A. Innis, Political Economy in the Modern State (Toronto, 1946), pp. 35-55.
[303] See C. D. Collet, History of the Taxes on Knowledge, their Origin and Repeal (London, 1933); A. Aspinall, Politics and the Press (London, 1949).
[304] The Herald had a circulation of 100,000 and was widely quoted and feared by northern leaders. It represented the business interests of England disturbed over the possible effects of civil war on the cotton trade and its utterances were accepted by The Times. W. G. Bleyer, op. cit., p. 205.
[305] See W. C. Phillips, Dickens, Reade and Collins, Sensational Novelists, a Study of the Conditions and Theories of Novel Writing in Victorian England (New York, 1919).
[306] See M. I. Ostrogorski, Democracy and the Party System in the United States (New York, 1910); also Robert Michels, Political Parties (New York, 1915).
[307] See C. M. Briquet, Notions pratiques sur le papier (Besançon, 1905).
[308] Elisabeth Salmon, Die Papierindustrie des Reisengebirges in ihrer standortsmassigen Bedingtheit (Tübingen, 1920).
[309] See L. Ethan Ellis, Print Paper Pendulum, Group Pressures and the Price of Newsprint (New Brunswick, 1948); Reciprocity 1911: A Study in Canadian American Relations (New Haven, 1939); and J. A. Guthrie, The Newsprint Paper Industry, an Economic Analysis (Cambridge, 1941).
[310] See H. L. Mencken, The American Language (New York, 1936).
[311] See Q. D. Leavis, Fiction and the Reading Public (London, 1932); also L. L. Schucking, The Sociology of Literary Taste (London, 1944).
[312] See D. L. Cohn, The Good Old Days (New York, 1940).
[313] E. Haldeman Julius, The First Hundred Million (New York, 1928).
[314] See H. A. Innis, The Press a Neglected Factor in the Economic History of the Twentieth Century (London, 1948).
[315] See O. J. Hale, Publicity and Diplomacy with Special Reference to England and Germany, 1890-1914 (New York, 1940).
[316] See Denys Thompson, Voice of Civilisation (London, 1943).
[317] See Henry Avenel, Histoire de la presse française depuis 1789 jusqu'à nos jours (Paris, 1900); Georges Weill, Le Journal. Origines, évolution et rôle de la presse périodique (Paris, 1934); and E. M. Carroll, French Public Opinion and Foreign Affairs, 1870-1914 (New York, 1931).
[318] Nov. 2, 1853, The Greville Diary, ed. P. W. Wilson (New York, 1927). ii, p. 318.
[319] ‘Writing political articles for newspapers has never been in England the sure introduction to political power which it formerly was in France—though, on the contrary, it has in general been found a hindrance.’ Literary Studies, by the late Walter Bagehot and R. H. Hutton (London, 1879), p. 387. ‘If the revolutions of 1848 have clearly brought out any fact; it is the utter failure of newspaper statesmen. Everywhere they have been tried; everywhere they have shown great talents for intrigue, eloquence and agitation—how rarely have they shown even fair aptitude for ordinary administration; how frequently have they gained a disreputable renown by a laxity of principle surpassing the laxity of their aristocratic and worthy adversaries.’ Ibid., p. 351.
[320] See C. J. Friedrich, Foreign Policy in the Making (New York, 1938).
[321] Compare Moritz Busch, Bismarck: Some Secret Pages of his History (New York, 1898), and The Goebbels Diaries, 1942-1943 (New York, 1948). Herman Ullstein, The Rise and Fall of the House of Ullstein (New York, 1943). ‘One learns more from the newspapers than from official despatches, as, of course, Governments use the press in order frequently to say more clearly what they really mean. One must, however, know all about the connections of the different papers’ (22 Jan. 1871). Moritz Busch, op. cit., i, p. xvi.
[322] See L. Dominian, The Frontiers of Language and Nationality in Europe (New York, 1917), and A. C. Woolner, Languages in History and Politics (London, 1938).
[323] E. A. Freeman, ‘Race and Language’, Essays English and American (New York, 1910).
[324] See H. M. Chadwick, The Nationalities of Europe and the Growth of National Ideologies (Cambridge, 1943), p. 88.
[325] Edmund Wilson, To the Finland Station, a Study in the Writing and Acting of History (New York, 1910).
[326] A Study of History (Oxford, 1934), i, p. 14. See also ‘An Estimate of the Value and Influence of Works of Fiction in Modern Times’, Works of Thomas Hill Green, ed. by R. L. Nettleship (London, 1889), iii. 29-45; and H. H. Alden, Magazine Writing and the New Literature (New York, 1908).
[327] G. C. Lewis, An Essay on the Influence of Authority in Matters of Opinion (London, 1849), p. 219.
[328] R. W. Emerson, English Traits (Boston, 1903), p. 261.
[329] In substance the growth of the law is legislative. Jerome Frank, Law and the Modern Mind (New York, 1935), p. 255. ‘The philosophical habit of the day, the frequency of legislation, and the ease with which the law may be changed to meet the opinions and wishes of the public, all make it natural and unavoidable that judges as well as others should openly discuss the legislative principles upon which their decisions must always rest in the end, and should base their judgments upon broad considerations of policy to which the traditions of the bench would hardly have tolerated a reference fifty years ago.’ O. W. Holmes, The Common Law (New York, 1881), p. 78.
[330] Charles Babbage, Reflections on the Decline of Science in England and on Some of its Causes (London, 1830), p. 13. ‘By a destructive misapplication of talent which our institutions create we exchange a profound philosopher for but a tolerable lawyer.’ Ibid., p. 37.
[331] Alexis de Tocqueville, American Institutions, translated by Henry Reeve (Cambridge, 1870), p. 352.
[332] Ibid., p. 360.
[333] Ibid., p. 364.
[334] W. S. Logan, cited Benjamin Kidd, Principles of Western Civilization (London, 1902), p. 352.
[335] De Tocqueville, op. cit., p. 353.
[336] H. H. Horne, Exposition of the Fake Medium and Barriers excluding Men of Genius from the Public (London, 1833), p. 245. The reader ‘pores over the gospel according to St. Criticism, and we, who are living men, with all our feelings about us, are to be crippled, bound hand and foot, hamstrung, broken upon the wheel, faced down, and melted to make candles for him to read by’. Ibid., p. 155. See also Cyrus Redding, Fifty Years' Recollections, Literary and Personal (London, 1858), iii, pp. 276-8, 295-7.
[337] L. T. Hobhouse, Mind in Evolution (London, 1915), p. 433.
[338] Bertrand Russell, Philosophy and Politics (Cambridge, 1947), pp. 20-1. ‘The trading temper, independent and insubordinate, is absolutely opposed to the martial spirit.’ A. T. Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783 (London, 1890), p. 435.
[339] See E. M. Winslow, The Pattern of Imperialism, a Study in the Theories of Power (New York, 1948); also K. E. Knorr, British Colonial Theories, 1570-1850 (Toronto, 1944).
[340] For a discussion of artistic interest in problems of government see the remarks of Lord Milner in J. T. Shotwell, At the Paris Peace Conference (New York, 1937), pp. 171-2, and Leon Trotsky, The History of the Russian Revolution (London, 1934).
[341] See Charles Bally, Le Langage et la vie (Paris, 1926).
[342] For a suggestion of the increase in power of the executive in comparison with the legislative branches of government following the use of the radio see Quincy Wright, A Study of War (Chicago, 1942), ii, pp. 180 ff. and 215.
[343] J. U. Nef, The United States and Civilization (Chicago, 1942).
TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES AND ERRATA
Unexpected variations in spelling were left as in the original, with the exception of the ones listed below. Hyphenated words have been standardized.
Page 24: Two different spellings were noted.
Akhenaten (1352—died 1336 B.C. or 1334 B.C.)—18th Dynasty. Tutankhamen—1333-1324—therefore 18th dynasty
. Pharaoh Akhneton, (xxvth Dynasty, 1370-1352 B.C.). Cannot be 25th Dynasty because that is from 752 B.C. to 653 B.C. Ergo, infers that the correct spelling is: Akhenaten. All instances have been unified to Akhenaten. Source—http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pharaohs.
Page 49: Added a hyphen to Tiglath-Pileser for conformity.
Page 60: Typo corrected from Achaeminides to Achaeminids.
Page 136: Ammanius Marcellinus corrected to Ammianus Marcellinus.
Ammianus Marcellinus (325/330—after 391) was a fourth-century Greek historian. His is the last major historical account of the late Roman empire which survives today: his work chronicled the history of Rome from 96 to 378, although only the sections covering the period 353-378 are extant. Source—www.thefreedictionary.com.
Page 142 and 148: Lowe or Loew, searching “The Beneventan Script: A History of the South Italian Minuscule”, it seems that there is no correct way to spell his name. Left as in the original. Source—http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beneventan_script.
Page 152: In the Footnote (now renumbered 197), corrected typo from Abbasid to Abassid. Typo corrected from Omayyad to Omayyah.
Page 159: In the Footnote (now renumbered 208), corrected from Jespersen to Jesperson.
Page 163: Typo corrected from Glanvill to Glanville.
Page 188: completed the word “busi-” to business.
Page 190: publickly unusual but seemingly archaic spelling. Left as in the original.
Page 197: Dr. Otto Geirke, typo corrected to Gierke. Source—http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/233358/Otto-Friedrich-von-Gierke
Index: Typo corrected from _Aenid_ to _Aeneid_; typo corrected from Nabonnasar to Nabonassar; and under the heading Nicaea, added “Council of” to 787 for clarity. Some entries are out of alphabetical order, however they have been left as in the original.
The caret indicates a superscript letter.
* * *
INDEX
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
A
Aachen, 144.
Abassids, 152, 153.
Abydos, 15.
Achaean league, 113.
Achaeans, 43, 72.
Achaemenids, 58, 60.
acta diurna, 120.
Adams, G. B., 164.
Adams, Henry, 212.
Adams, John, 197.
Addison, 193.
Adelard, 158.
adoption, 39.
advertising, 186, 204-5, 207, 216.
Aemilius Paulus, 118.
Aeneid, 119.
Aeolians, 72, 75.
Aeschylus, 95-6.
Aetolian league, 113.
Ahriman, 60.
Ahura-Mazda, 59-61.
Ainsworth, 201.
Akhenaten, 24, 27.
Akkadians, 26, 35-7, 47, 53, 66.
Albertus Magnus, 158, 162, 165.
Albigensian crusade, 160.
Alcuin, 144.
Aldus, 175.
Alexander, 59, 108, 134, 151.
Alexandria, 108, 109-10, 112, 115, 122, 127, 128, 132, 134, 136, 137, 153.
Alfred the Great, 160.
algebra, 37.
al-Khwarizini, 158.
Al-Mamun, 153.
alphabet, 26, 36, 37, 44, 49-52, 58 n., 64, 66-7, 173, 183, 216;
Greek, 67, 71;
Gothic, 136;
Glagolithic, 154.
Altheim, 130.
Ambrose, 136.
Amenhotep II, 42.
Amenophis II, 23.
Amenophis III, 24.
American revolution, 196-7.
Ammianus Marcellinus, 136.
Amon, 21, 22-5, 68.
Amorites, 36-7.
Amos, 56.
Amsterdam, 181, 189-90, 199.
Anaxagoras, 92.
Anaximander, 78, 88.
Anthropomorphism, 76, 80.
Antigonids, 108, 113.
Antigonus Doson, 113.
Antigonus Gonatas, 113.
Antioch, 132, 133, 137, 153.
Antiochus, 132.
Antony, 123, 131.
Antwerp, 180, 181, 189-90.
Anu, 38.
Apollion of Teus, 118.
Apollo, 80, 89, 122.
Apollodorus, 112.
Apollonius, 110.
Aquinas, Thomas, 158, 162, 165.
Arabic, 55.
Arabs, 139, 146.
Arameans, 43, 48, 50, 58, 64, 65, 66, 132.
Aratus, 113.
Arbela, 59.
Archilochos, 75.
architecture, 53, 65, 77, 130.
Areopagus, 83, 84-5, 98.
Aristarchus, 109.
Aristarchus of Samos, 110.
Aristophanes, 96.
Aristotle, 69-70, 91, 110-11, 117, 118, 157, 158, 162, 168.
arithmetic, 86, 88, 99.
Arius, 135-6, 142.
Arragas, 114.
Ashan, 57.
Ashur, 45-6, 47, 59.
Ashur-bani-pal, 47, 56.
Ashur-nasir-pal II, 45.
Asklepios, 121.
Asoka, 151.
Assyrians, 43-9, 50, 51, 56, 57, 58, 59, 65, 66, 76.
astrology, 60-1, 110, 122.
astronomy, 40, 60-1, 78, 110, 111, 122, 187.
Aten, 24.
Athanasius, 135, 141.
Athena Polias, 86.
Athens, 67, 70, 73, 82, 83, 86, 91, 97, 98, 99-100, 107, 113-15, 118, 129, 153, 183.
Atlantic cable, 202.
Athenaeum, 129.
atomism, 92.
Attalids, 108, 112-13, 122.
Attalus I, 109.
Atticus, 119.
Attila, 6.
Atum, 22.
Atzig, 154.
Augustus, 122-3, 125, 127, 128, 131.
aulos, 94.
Aurelian, 124.
Averroes, 158.
Avesta, 60, 135.
Avignon, 163.
B
Baal, 54.
Baal of Emesa, 124.
Bacchus, 122.
Bacon, Francis, 182, 187.
Bagdad, 156.
Baldwin, 207.
Bank of England, 190.
Barcelona, 149.
Basil I, 153.
Basle, 177.
Bayle, Pierre, 185.
Beaverbrook, Lord, 206.
Becker, C. L., 11.
Bede, 144.
Belgium, 207.
Beneventan script, 148.
Bennett, J. G., Sen., 202.
Berytus, 153.
Bible, 165, 169, 173, 174, 176-7, 180, 184, 186, 188, 205.
bilingualism, 158-9.
Bill of Rights, 197.
biology, 111, 157.
Biscop, Benedict, 144.
Bismarck, 208.
Bisticci, Vespasiano da, 170.
Blaeu, 185.
Blumenfeld, 206.
Bobbio, 143, 148.
Boghaz-keui, 42.
Boccaccio, 166.
Bodin, Jean, 184.
Bologna, 161, 178.
Boniface, 144, 146.
Boniface VIII, 162.
Boniface IX, 170.
book, 216.
book trade, 97, 109, 113-4, 118-9, 128, 133, 169-70, 173, 175, 177-8, 180.
Bordeaux, 140.
Boris, King of Bulgaria, 154.
botany, 180.
Boyle, 195.
Brahmanism, 151.
Brahmans, 171.
British Empire, 199;
in relation to trade, 1, 3, 6.
bronze, 51, 64.
Brotherhood of Common Life, 176.
Bryce, James, 6-7.
Buddhism, 141, 151, 171-2.
bureaucracy, 112, 121, 124-7, 129, 139, 140, 167, 171.
Byblos, 48, 51.
C
Caesar Bardas, 153.
Caeserea, 134.
calendars, 14, 16-17, 39-40, 90, 102, 122, 136, 181.
Caligula, 123.
Caliph Iezid II, 145.
Ca
llias, 98.
Callimachus, 110.
Calvin, 179, 181, 184.
Cambyses, 57.
camel, 48.
Canaanites, 51, 54.
Canada, 4-6, 204, 215.
Canadian Pacific, 4.
capitals, destruction of, 35.
Capitoline temple, 101, 107, 122.
Cappadocia, 42-3.
Caracalla Alexander, 124.
Carchemish, 23, 43, 45.
Carleton, Patrick, 55.
Carolingians, 140, 147.
Carthage, 52, 65, 107.
Cassiodorus, 142.
Cassirer, 9, 20.
cathedrals, 165.
Cato, 116.
cavalry, 45.
Caxton, 175.
celibacy, 149, 182.
cement, 130.
censors, 103, 117.
centrifugal tendencies, 6-7.
centripetal tendencies, 6-7.
Ceres, 101, 107.
Chaeronea, 100.
Chalcedon, 137, 142.
chariots, 22, 35, 41, 45.
Charlemagne, 144, 146-8, 160.
Charles II, 186.
Charles V, 178.
Chaucer, 166, 175.
Chicago Tribune, 202-3.
China, 150-2, 170-2, 173.
Chosroes II, 152.
Christianity, 132-9.
Chrysippus, 117.
Chrysoloras, Emmanuel, 168.
Churchill, 209.
Cicero, 105, 117-20.
Citrum, 114.
city-state, 81, 96, 100, 108.
civilization, 1-2;
significance of media of communication to study of, 10, 27, 216-7.
civil service, 125-6, 150-1.
Claudius, 123.
clay, 7-8, 10, 30, 210;
influence on writing, 30-1, 33, 44, 51, 64.
Cleisthenes, 89-91.
Empire and Communications Page 23
