Young Stalin

by Simon Sebag Montefiore

  V. G. Solomin to Stalin and Stalin reply, 5 Mar. 1947: RGASPI 559.11.804. The journey: Ilizarov, p. 313. Newspaper Yeniseisk Krai quoted by Ostrovsky, p. 416. Unfit for military service and trip to Petersburg with orators, etc.: A. S. Alliluyeva, Vospominaniya, pp. 55–55, 62–63, 165–69. Piece of Siberia: Molotov Remembers, p. 256. Achinsk: V. Shveitzer, “V Achinskoi ssilke,” Izvestiya, 12 Mar. 1937. Stalin stays in Achinsk: RGASPI 558.4.218, 124.2.1549, 558.4.662,649 and 667 (V. Shveitzer, V. P. Filipova, A. Pomerantseva) and RGASPI 4.649 (M. Muranov). Baikaloff, I Knew Stalin, pp. 27–30. Whispers: Yeniseisk Krai in Ostrovsky, p. 420. Trains and Stalin’s movements: Ostrovsky, pp. 422–23. Petersburg: RGASPI 161.1.16. A. Shlyapnikov, Semnadtsatyi god, 2:443–47. Stalin stays with Baroness Maria Shtakelberg: Ostrovsky, p. 423. Grand Duke Michael telegram: Volkogonov, Stalin, p. 14.

  38 · 1917 SPRING: FLOUNDERING LEADER

  1. The account of 1917 from February to October is based on the following: Orlando Figes, A People’s Tragedy; Richard Pipes, The Russian Revolution; Alexander Rabinowitch, The Bolsheviks Come to Power; Robert Service, Stalin and Lenin; Adam Ulam, Lenin and the Bolsheviks; W. Bruce Lincoln, Passage through Armageddon: The Russians in War and Revolution (henceforth Lincoln), Bernard Pares, The Fall of the Russian Monarchy; plus Leon Trotsky, Stalin and My Life; Nikolai Sukhanov, The Russian Revolution; and John Reed, Ten Days That Shook the World (henceforth Reed). Unless otherwise stated, Central Committee protocols are quoted from Protokoly Tsentralnogo Komiteta RSDRP(b). On Petersburg, Feb.–Mar. 1917: Molotov Remembers, p. 133. Service, Stalin, p. 122. Lincoln, pp. 346–73. Figes, pp. 307–52.

  2. Lenin doubts: Molotov Remembers, pp. 89–90 and 125. Service, Stalin, p. 122–25. Slusser, pp. 16–29. Sukhanov, Russian Revolution, p. 230. Bolshevik membership: Ostrovsky, p. 580.

  3. Alliluyevs: Service, Stalin, p. 124. Vasileva, Kremlin Wives, p. 56—Yenukidze arrival and Nadya to Anna Radchenko. Alliluyev Memoirs, pp. 212, 184–91.

  4. Coryne Hall, Imperial Dancer: Mathilde Kschessinskaya and the Romanovs, pp. 102–3 and 178–79. Stalin in charge and mistakes: “Protokoly i resolutsii Buro TSK RSDRPb Mart 1917g,” Voprosy istorii KPSS, no. 3, 1963, pp. 134, 143–49, no. 5, pp. 111–47, and no. 6, pp. 139–40. The war: Stalin, Works, 3:4–9. Volkogonov, Stalin, p. 20. Slusser, pp. 29–30, 43, 59–64. Service, Stalin, pp. 125–27. Radzinsky, Stalin, pp. 92–93. Service, Lenin, p. 263. Trotsky, Stalin, pp. 185–87 and 203. Shit and Krupskaya’s view of Lenin’s April Theses: Robert H. McNeal, Bride of the Revolution, pp. 167 and 171. Tucker, p. 165. Chariot: Stalin, Works, 3:1–3. Sergo: Dubinsky-Mukhadze, Ordzhonikidze, p. 131. Figes, pp. 354–84.

  39 · 1917 SUMMER: SAILORS ON THE STREETS

  1. Service, Lenin, p. 255. Slusser, pp. 16–30. Volkogonov, Stalin, pp. 15–20. Service, Stalin, pp. 125–27. Lincoln, pp. 362–65. Figes, pp. 141–54 and 385–98.

  2. Krupskaya, pp. 294–96. Service, Lenin, pp. 255–73. Voroshilov: Vasileva, Kremlin Wives, p. 81. Williams, p. 176. Service, Stalin, p. 129. Volkogonov, Stalin, pp. 21–23. Trotsky, Stalin, p. 195. On Lenin: Lincoln, pp. 362–65; and Figes, pp. 385–98.

  3. April, May: “Protokolyi resolutsii Buro TSK RSDRPb Mart 1917g,” Voprosy istorii KPSS, no. 3, 1963, pp. 134, 143–49, no. 5, pp. 111–47, and no. 6, pp. 139–40. At April meeting—you could assign Stalin any task: Molotov Remembers, p. 137. April Conference: see Sedmaya aprelskaya vserossiiskaya konferentsia RSDRPb, Protokoly. Stalin, Works, 3:42, 51–60. Service, Stalin, pp. 125–28. Tucker, p. 165. Lenin as schoolmaster and Ludmilla Stal: Trotsky, My Life, p. 195. On Bureau elected by CC, on April Conference: Slusser, pp. 59–70 and 89–98. Figes, pp. 423–48.

  4. Stalin, Works, 3:67–69. Speaker: A. I. Kobzov quoted in Volkogonov, Stalin, p. 21. Trotsky’s return: Slusser, pp. 108–14, quoting Vereshchak and Trotsky on Congress of Soviets. Trotsky on stage: Sukhanov, Zapiski o russkoi revolyutsii, 7:44. Dull comments: Trotsky, Stalin, pp. 67 and 206–9 quoting Pestkovsky on speaking. Stalin avoided speaking: Service, Stalin, p. 126. Lenin, Shaumian and Yenukidze: Krupskaya, p. 304. Dzerzhinsky: Rayfield, Stalin and the Hangmen, pp. 56–57.

  5. Move in with Molotov and Marusya; apology and a kind of commune: Molotov Remembers, pp. 37, 93, 122–23. Ludmilla Stal/Tatiana Slavatinskaya: Chuev, Kaganovich, pp. 160–62. Daushvili, Story of Soso Djugashvili, pp. 239 and 252. Stal and Krupskaya in Paris, 1911: Krupskaya, p. 196; Maisky, p. 45; Marcou, p. 66; Ludmilla Stal biography: “Istoki podviga,” Ural, no. 3, 1979. Slavatinskaya at secretariat with Stasova: Stasova, Stranitsy zhizhni i borby, p. 84. Molotov: Slusser, p. 101. Alliluyevs visit Stalin: Alliluyev Memoirs, pp. 195–96.

  6. June: Stalin, Works, 3:67–69; on demo, 3:92–94 and 105–9. Volkogonov, Stalin, p. 21. S. Pestkovsky, “Vospominaniya,” Proletarskaya Revolyutsiya, no. 6, 1930, and Proletarskaya Revolyutsiya, no. 10, 1922, pp. 93–103. Role in Party: Sagirashvili, pp. 197–98. Trotsky’s return: Slusser, pp. 108–18 and 125–39. Lincoln, pp. 387–90. Sukhanov, Zapiski o russkoi revolyutsii, 7:44. Trotsky, Stalin, p. 67. Alliluyev Memoirs, pp. 194–95. Figes, pp. 423–38.

  7. 2–4 July: Stalin, Works, 3:110–33, 138–41 and 166–200. Slusser, pp. 139–50. Rabinowitch, The Bolsheviks Come to Power, pp. 1–16. Service, Lenin, pp. 283–85. Lenin, PSS, 21:9–10. I. G. Tsereteli, Vospominaniya o fevralskoi revoliutsii, p. 344. Krupskaya, p. 311. Trotsky, Stalin, pp. 206–11, quoting Ordzhonikidze. Radzinsky, Stalin, pp. 102–4. Service, Stalin, pp. 140–43. Dreyfus: Stalin, Works, 3:266. Bedny story: Slusser, pp. 155–60. Figes, pp. 427–38.

  40 · 1917 AUTUMN: SOSO AND NADYA

  1. Backlash and Lenin in hiding at Alliluyevs: A. S. Alliluyeva, Vospominaniya, pp. 181–90. Volkogonov, Stalin, pp. 24–26, quoting S. Alliluyev and V. N. Polovtiev on officer sent to kill Lenin. Dubinsky-Mukhadze, Ordzhonikidze, p. 178. Rabinowitch, The Bolsheviks Come to Power, pp. 17–38. Slusser, pp. 162–78 and 139–50. Service, Lenin, pp. 283–91. Trotsky, Stalin, pp. 206–11. Lincoln, pp. 392–96. Figes, pp. 427–38. Vyshinsky: Vaksberg, Stalin’s Prosecutor, pp. 13–27.

  2. Move into Alliluyevs, Olga makes coat, etc.: A. S. Alliluyeva, Vospominaniya, pp. 183–91. Service, Stalin, p. 141. Author’s visit to the Alliluyev House Museum.

  3. Sixth Congress and contact with Lenin: Shestoi sezd RSDRPb, Avgust 1917 goda. Service, Lenin, pp. 288–92. Radzinsky, Stalin, p. 108. Tucker, pp. 172–74. Service, Stalin, p. 143. Slusser, pp. 200–14. Trotsky, Stalin, pp. 213–21. Molotov Remembers, p. 165. Smith, p. 337. Rabinowitch, The Bolsheviks Come to Power, pp. 51–70 and 83–93. Figes, pp. 427–38. Stalin, Works, 3:110–33, 138–41 and 166–200.

  4. Nadya Alliluyeva: letters to Anna Radchenko see Vasileva, Kremlin Wives, pp. 56–58, and quote from Svetlana, Only One Year. Author’s interviews with Kira Alliluyeva, Moscow,2001–2. A. S. Alliluyeva, Vospominaniya, pp. 183–91. On Nadya and Anna: Kun, pp. 211–15, quoting Vladimir Antonov-Saratovsky and interview with Kira Alliluyeva. Author’s visit to the Alliluyev Museum.

  5. Kornilov: Stalin, Works, 3:214 and 296–300. Sagirashvili, pp. 237–38. Rabinowitch, The Bolsheviks Come to Power, pp. 94–128. Lincoln, pp. 412–25. Figes, pp. 438–53.

  6. Kamenev accused, Stalin uses repression against Soldat: Slusser, pp. 210–14. Rabinowitch, The Bolsheviks Come to Power, pp. 71–76. Figes, pp. 453–74.

  7. September: Stalin, Works, 3:214, 271–76, 277–82, 296–300. Alliluyev Memoirs, p. 223. Rabinowitch, The Bolsheviks Come to Power, pp. 129–90. Lincoln, pp. 426–53. Figes, pp. 453–74. Sagirashvili, pp. 193–94.

  41 · 1917 WINTER: THE COUNTDOWN

  1. October. 10 Oct. CC: CC Protocols, pp. 83–100. Slusser, pp. 226–36. Tucker, pp. 44–46. Service, Stalin, pp. 148–50. Volkogonov, Stalin, p. 27.

  2. 16–20 Oct.: Protokoly Tsentralnogo Komiteta RSDRP(b). Avgust 1917-Fevral 1918 (henceforth Protokoly TSK), pp. 32–55. Stalin at CC: Stalin, Works, 3:407–8. Strong Bulls of Bashan Have Beset Me Round: Stalin, Works, 3:409–13. Trotsky, Stalin, pp. 228–34. Slusser, pp. 226–36. Service, Lenin, pp. 306–7. Stalin in contact with Lenin: Radz
insky, Stalin, pp. 110–14. Figes, pp. 475–81. Tucker, pp. 179–80. Lincoln, pp. 426–38. Rabinowitch, The Bolsheviks Come to Power, pp. 218–25, 231–42. Trotsky Mephisto: Reed, p. 85.

  3. 20–24 October. “What Do We Need?”: Stalin, Works, 3:414–17. Trotsky, Stalin, pp. 228–34. Slusser, pp. 234–45. Service, Stalin, pp. 151–53. Service, Lenin, pp. 306–22. Molotov Remembers, p. 162. Protokoly TSK, pp. 32–55 and 99–117. Volkogonov, Trotsky, p. 82. RGASPI 558.4.668 and 663, Fyodor Alliluyev. A. S. Alliluyeva, Vospominaniya, p. 61. Volkogonov, Stalin, p. 30. Radzinsky, Stalin, pp. 110–14, including Fofanova and Trotsky quotes on liaison with Lenin. Sagirashvili, pp. 198–200. Y. Lutsky, Voprosy Istorii KPSS, no. 11, 1986, pp. 81–90. Stalin’s talk with Trotsky and Congress delegates: “Pismo M. Zhakov k Vasilchenskoe,” Proletarskaya Revolyutsiya, no. 10, 1922, pp. 88–93, including clue on his work earlier at Rabochyi Put. CC Protocols, pp. 119–20. Rabinowitch, The Bolsheviks Come to Power, pp. 242–61. Lincoln, pp. 438–46.

  42 · GLORIOUS OCTOBER 1917: THE BUNGLED UPRISING

  1. Lenin and Stalin to the Smolny 24–25 Oct.: Trotsky, Stalin, pp. 228–34. Service, Lenin, pp. 310–22. Recognized by rotters: Trotsky in Radzinsky, Stalin, p. 115. Sagirashvili, pp. 198–200, including Stalin’s attempts to refuse Narkom, heard from Yenukidze and Karakhan. CC sittings: Y. Lutsky, Voprosy Istorii KPSS, no. 11, 1986, pp. 81–90. Rakhia and Ravich quoted in Radzinsky, Stalin, pp. 115–16. Molotov’s role, government formed: Molotov Remembers, pp. 94–96. Figes, pp. 473–76, 483–85. Slusser, pp. 244–47. Rabinowitch, The Bolsheviks Come to Power, pp. 265–68, 271–72, 306. Lincoln, pp. 445–47. Smolny: Reed, pp. 87, 96; glimpse of MRC at work, p. 104.

  43 · POWER: STALIN OUT OF THE SHADOWS

  1. Fall of the Winter Palace: Trotsky, Stalin, pp. 228–34. Radzinsky, Stalin, pp. 115–19, rapes and Lenin takes off makeup. CC sittings: Y. Lutsky, Voprosy Istorii KPSS, no. 11, 1986, pp. 81–90. Rabinowitch, The Bolsheviks Come to Power, pp. 269–70, 276–92, including red lantern, faulty cannons, drinking, delays and bungles. Lincoln, pp. 446–57, including drinking at palace. Figes, pp. 485–95. Theatres, etc.: Reed, p. 95; Congress of Soviets, pp. 98–99; Trotsky, p. 104; spank you, pp. 106–7; looting, servants, pp. 108–10. Sagirashvili, pp. 193–200, 203–4, 238, 248–52.

  2. Sleep, 25–26 Oct.: Trotsky, Stalin, pp. 228–34. CC sittings: Y. Lutsky, Voprosy Istorii KPSS, no. 11, 1986, pp. 81–90. Lincoln, pp. 452–55. Rabinowitch, The Bolsheviks Come to Power, pp. 303–4. Reed, pp. 112–13; dawn, pp. 116–17, 125; Lenin speaks, pp. 128–29; Kamenev, p. 138. Ulam, Lenin and the Bolsheviks, pp. 482–96.

  3. 25 Oct. 1917 and after. 29 Nov. 1917, Chetverka Bureau: see Slusser, pp. 94–97. Protokoly TSK, p. 134, cosigned order of 3 Nov. 1917—thanks to Service, Stalin, p. 622. RGASPI 558.4.668 and 663, Fyodor Alliluyev. S. Pestkovsky, “Vospominaniya,” Proletarskaya Revolyutsiya, no. 6, 1930, and Proletarskaya Revolyutsiya, no. 10, 1922, pp. 93–103. Trotsky, Stalin, pp. 228–47. Figes, pp. 496–512. Early days, revolution without shooting, Molotov quote, instructions on Lenin’s office access, 22 Jan. 1918: Radzinsky, Stalin, pp. 118–23 and 137. Tucker, p. 182. Trotsky and Stalin most talented, tea-drinkers: Molotov Remembers, pp. 96,141 and 148. Israel Getzler, Sukhanov: Chronicler of the Russian Revolution, p. 85. Sagirashvili, pp. 193–200, 203–4, 238. Lenin walks in: Tsintsadze, “Chemi Mogonebani,” pp. 220–25. Stalin major role in defending Petrograd versus Krasnov revolt, Nov. 1917 with Dzerzhinsky, Sverdlov, Ordzhonikidze, and orders to CinC, 9 Nov., with Stalin and Lenin: Volkogonov, Stalin, p. 43. “The Four,” 9 Nov. 1917: Trotsky, Stalin, pp. 240–43; encounter at first Cabinet meeting. Volkogonov, Stalin, p. 43. First days in power and founding of Cheka: Service, Lenin, pp. 309–11. Concentration camp: Service, Stalin, p. 158. Lincoln, pp. 457–68. Ulam, Lenin and the Bolsheviks, pp. 482–96, including Shlyapnikov and prostitutes. Lenin adds Stalin and Trotsky as the only two leaders permitted access to his office without invitation (copy on display at Smolny Institute museum): RGASPI 5.1.1802.47. For Lenin’s notes, see Pipes, Unknown Lenin, and quotes from Lenin and Trotsky in N. Ferguson, War of the World, pp. 148–51.

  EPILOGUE · AN OLD TYRANT—IN REMEMBRANCE OF THINGS PAST

  1. Charkviani, “Memoirs.” Molotov Remembers, p. 212. Rayfield, Stalin and the Hangmen, pp. 8–10. Khrushchev Remembers, 1:305. Keke, Soso and Sasha Egnatashvili: RGASPI 558.11.1549.1–69. Svetlana quoted in Zhores Medvedev and Roy Medvedev, Unknown Stalin, p. 297. Historians will find out: Mgeladze, pp. 240–41.

  2. Alliluyevs: Richardson, Long Shadow, pp. 73–75. Author’s interviews with Vladimir Alliluyev (Redens), Leonid Redens, Kira Alliluyeva, Moscow,2001–3. Kamo and Fyodor: Mikoyan, Memoirs, pp. 431–33. See Montefiore for full family story.

  3. Svanidzes: Kun, p. 6. See Montefiore for full story. RGASPI 558.1.5099, Stalin to M. Monoselidze. GF IML 8.2.1.50.239–55, Dzhavaira Khutulashvili. Author’s interviews with K. Gelovani and M. Svanidze, Tbilisi,2005.

  4. Women; Slavatinskaya: RGASPI 124.1.1782; Trifonov, Otblesk kostra, pp. 33–40. Kun, pp. 41 and 46. Marcou, p. 76. Petrovskaya: Ilizarov, p. 288; and possible case against a Sofia Petrovskaya in A. L. Litvin, Genrikh Yagoda Narkom, Kazan 1997, p. 197—it is not clear if this is the same Petrovskaya and in any case her destiny is unknown. Onufrieva: Kun, p. 116. On Stal and Slavatinskaya: Chuev, Kaganovich, p. 219. RGASPI 558.4.647, P. Onufrieva Fomina. RGASPI 558.4.647, Tatiana Sukhova.

  5. RGASPI 558.4.662, L. P. Pereprygina-Davydova and F. A. Taraseev. RGASPI 558.4.667, M. A. Merzliakov. RGASPI 558.1.5169. Kolesnik, Khronika zhizni semia Stalina, pp. 58–62. Sukhotin, “Bastard krasnogo vozhdia.” Rokhlin, “Gde pryatali nesakonnorojdennogo syna Stalina?” Ivan Serov memo to Politburo: RGASPI 558.11.1288. Izvestiya, 8 Dec. 2000. Antonov-Ovseenko, Stalin bez maski, pp. 380–90. Pereprygin household, first Laletin sabre incident: Chernenko, I. V. Stalin v sibirskoy ssylke, pp. 140–49. Vstrechi s vozhdem, pp. 21–25. Ilizarov, pp. 288–92, 300–15. Lidia in love: http://memorial.krsk.ru/Work/Konkurs/4/Panteon_stalina/00.htm. Kun, pp. 169–75. Svetlana Alliluyeva, Only One Year, pp. 381–82. Volkogonov, Stalin, p. 8. Essad Bey, p. 191. Mark Franchetti, “Stalin’s Secret Son by Girl 14,” Sunday Times (London), March 2001.

  6. Keke, Soso and Sasha Egnatashvili: RGASPI 558.11.1549.1–69. (45.1.1549). Medvedev and Medvedev, Unknown Stalin, p. 297. Beria, pp. 20–21.

  7. Money to Kapanadze: RGASPI 558.1.5978 and 5080. Iremashvili, pp. 36, 59–61 and 77. Davrichewy, pp. 36,244 and 160. Letter to author from Iralki de Davrichewy 23 Aug. 2006. For Mata Hari and Marthe Richard stories, see Francis Lacassin, “Mata Hari ou la romance interrompue,” Magazine Littéraire, no. 43, Aug. 1970. Davrichewy, “Je suis le demifrère de Staline,” pp. 25–30.

  8. Kamo: Russian Review, vol. 19, no. 3, July 1960, pp. 227–47. Kamo and Lenin: Ulam, Lenin and the Bolsheviks, p. 723.

  9. Author’s interview with Alexander Egnatashvili’s grandson Guram Ratishvili, Tbilisi 2005. Kun, pp. 6–7. Loginov, p. 14. GARF 7523.107.127.1–6, General N. Vlasik interrogation. Roman Brackman, Israel at Noon (New York,2006), p. 5. Putin grandfather, see Montefiore, Court of the Red Tsar, p. 293 (U.S. paperback).

  10. Old Bolsheviks, Ordzhonikidze, Molotov, etc.: see Montefiore. Sergo versus Molo tov fight: Molotov Remembers, p. 113. Terror Deaths: 1937–38, see Service, History of Twentieth-Century Russia, p. 222. Georgian terror statistics: Amy Knight, Beria, pp. 79–84. Author’s interview with Izolda Mdivani (widow of Budu’s son Vahtang) and Mdivani family in Tbilisi, Georgia,2006. Vyshinsky: Vaksberg, Stalin’s Prosecutor, pp. 13–37.

  11. Stalin stops publication: RGASPI 45.1.803.1, 558.11.730, 558.11.787, 558.11.1496, 558.11.730, 558.11.787.2.

  12. Dinners in old age: Charkviani, “Memoirs.” Megalomaniacs: “Provisional Revolutionary Government and Social Democracy,” Proletariatis Brdzola, 15 Aug. 1905: Stalin, Works, 1:140–61. 20–25 million deaths: A. N. Yakovlev, A Century of Violence in Soviet Russia (New Haven,2000), p. 234.

  Select Bibliography

  PRIMARY

  Alexa
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  Alliluyeva, A. S., Vospominaniya, Moscow 1946 [Also: “Vospominaniya,” Roman-gazeta, 1947].

  Alliluyev, Sergei, “Vstrechi s tov. Stalinym,” Proletarskaya Revolyutsiya, no. 8, 1937.

  Alliluyev, Sergei, Proidennyi put, Moscow 1946.

  Alliluyev, Sergei, and Alliluyeva, Anna, The Alliluyev Memoirs, ed. David Tutaev, London 1968.

  Alliluyeva, Svetlana, Twenty Letters to a Friend, London 1967.

  Alliluyeva, Svetlana, Tolko odin god, New York 1969.

  Alliluyeva, Svetlana, Only One Year, London 1971.

  Alliluyeva, Svetlana, Dvadtsaty pisem k drugu, Moscow 1981.

  Alliluyeva, Svetlana, Dalyokaya muzika, New York 1988.

  Alliluyev, V. F., Khronika odnoi semi, Moscow 2002.

  Anninsky, L., et al. (eds.), Stalin v vospominaniyakh sovremennikov i dokumentov epokhi, Moscow 2002.

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  Arkomed, S. T., Robochee dvizhenie i sotsial-demokratiya na Kavkaze, Moscow-Petrograd 1923.

  Arsenidze, R., “Iz vospominanii o Staline,” Novy Zhurnal, no. 72, June 1963.

  Artyom: see F. A. Sergeev.

  Badaev (Badayev), A., The Bolsheviks in the Tsarist Duma, London 1929.

  Badaev, A., Bolsheviki v gosudarstvennoi Dume, Vospominaniya, Moscow 1954.