Washington- The Indispensable Man
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Ferry Farm, 5
Financiers and businessmen, 176, 201, 232, 234–236, 239–246, 255, 307. See also speculators
Fitch, John, 185
Fitzgerald, Richard, 97
flag, the American, 73
Forbes, John, 33–34, 44
foreign policy, 250–257, 277–282, 350; role of Senate, 284, 301; House demands role in, 342–346. See also Britain, France, Spain
France: GW’s Ohio Valley mission to, 10–14; Ohio Valley conflict with Britain, 10–16; volunteers, 101, 127, 139; Revolutionary alliance and aid, 101, 106, 118, 124, 126–127, 150, 155–164, 167, 179, 276, 281; navy, 124, 126–127, 132, 139, 140, 151–153, 155–164, 179, 295; attitude toward GW, 127, 137–140, 155–157; army policy, 137–140; attitude toward America, 139, 157; GW’s attitude toward, 139–140, 152–153, 285, 290, 321, 356, 371–372; American ministers to, 222, 255, 309, 311, 353–354, 369, 382; Revolution, 250, 256–257, 274, 276, 351; American support for Revolutionary government and Genêt crisis, 256, 273–275, 277, 279–282, 290–291, 293–297, 330, 352–353; war with Britain, U.S. neutrality, 277–298, 306, 312; treaties with U.S., 281–282, 292, 327, 330, 353–355; effect of Jay Treaty, 327, 330, 352–353; U.S. relations with Directory and war threat, 369, 372–373, 377–378, 382–384. See also Continental Army: foreign volunteers; French and Indian War
Francis Hotel, 358
Franklin, Benjamin, 27, 166, 202, 216
Franklin, Pa., 13
Franks, David, 301
Fraunces Tavern, 178
Frederick the Great, 113, 118
Fredericksburg, Va., 4, 223
“Free ships make free goods,” 278–280, 327, 355
Freeman’s Farm, Battle of, 104
French Creek, 13
French Directory, 369, 372, 382, 383
French Revolution. See France
French and Indian War, ix, 57, 254; prelude, 10–15; GW’s engagement with French, 15–18; effect on GW, 18, 36–38, 47, 58, 59, 62, 69, 137, 253; Braddock’s campaign, 23–27; frontier warfare, 27–32; British capture Fort Duquesne, 33–35, 38
Freneau, Philip, 260–261, 268, 285, 295
Freud, Sigmund, xv
frontier: trade, 194–196; economic pattern, 242; during Washington’s presidency, 250, 252–254, 282. See also Shays’ Rebellion; Virginia: frontier warfare; Whiskey Rebellion
funding. See debt, national
fur trade, 250–254, 326
Gage, Thomas, 75
Gardiners Bay, 151
Gates, Horatio, 63, 104, 107–109, 111–116, 137, 142, 172, 311
Gazette of the United States, 260
Genêt, Edmond Charles, 286–298, 301–302, 309; portrait, 289
George II, 10, 13, 243
George III, 60, 63, 73, 79
Georgia, 132, 251–252, 258–259
Germantown, Pa., 301; Battle of, 104–106
Gist, Christopher, 11, 14
Glorious Revolution, 242
Grasse, Count de, 155–160, 163–164, 167
Great Kanawha River, 55
Great Lakes, 10, 252–253
Greene, Nathanael, 84, 88, 105–106, 120–123, 129, 133, 136, 137, 151, 153, 166
Greene, Mrs. Nathanael, 136
guerrilla vs. traditional warfare, 16, 23–27, 82, 84, 92, 97–99, 102–104, 106, 108, 119, 120, 131, 137, 155, 179–180, 378
Haiti, 392
Half-King, 11–13, 15–16
Halifax, N.C., 258
Halifax, N.S., 77, 164
Hamilton, Alexander, 396; during Revolution, 120, 129, 145, 146–148, 231, 333, 374; role in post-Revolution civil crisis, 169–172; and The Federalist, 210; as financial adviser, 213; Treasury Secretary, 223, 297; background, appearance, and character, 231–232, 244; feud with Jefferson, 231–232, 236, 241–242, 244–246, 249, 260, 263, 266–268; relationship with GW, 231–232, 247, 262, 264, 287, 299, 303–305, 312–313, 325–326, 347, 348, 355, 374; plan for funding debt and assumption, 232–237, 260, 267; portrait, 233; and national bank, 230–240, 244–247; accused of monarchism, 245–246, 260; Report on Manufactures, 248, 266; pro-British position, 252, 255, 287, 290, 325, 334; replies to attack by Republicans, 250–260, 268; and plans for national capital, 265; and Neutrality Proclamation, 284–285, 290, 301; position on Genêt affair, 286, 291, 294–295; resignation, 200, 297, 302, 313, 325; and yellow fever attack, 300, 302; appointment to British mission urged, 308; and Jay Treaty, 311, 313, 329; accusations against, 312–313, 325; and Whiskey Rebellion, 317–319; advises GW from his retirement, 329, 340, 342; drafts Farewell Address, 348–349; and army command controversy, 372–379; 382; slavery unnecessary in economic plans, 385–386
Harlem Heights, N.Y., 86; Battle of, 83–84
Hartford, Conn., 139, 229
Henry, Patrick, 58, 340, 382
Hessians, 79, 80, 94–96, 110, 126–127, 137, 179, 180
Holland, 255, 382
Hopkinson, Francis, 190
Housatonic River, 152
House of Burgesses. See Virginia Assembly
House of Representatives, 208, 220, 234, 237, 240, 259, 260, 274, 312, 322; demands role in foreign affairs, 342–346
Howe, William, 75, 76, 80–82, 90, 94, 102–104, 106, 108n, 119, 301
Hudson River, 86–88, 108, 132; strategic value, 77–78, 103; defense of encampment on, 86, 104, 120, 124, 128, 131, 143, 149, 150, 156, 165–166, 170, 177
Humphreys, David, 186, 227, 368, 387
immigrants, 194, 365, 380–382
implied powers, doctrine of, 240
impressment, 279–280
inaugural address: first, 216–218; second, 275
Indians, 55, 127, 198; GW negotiates with, in Ohio Valley, 11–13; GW’s attitude toward, 13, 253–254; fighting technique, 16, 23, 26, 94, 155, 250; role in French and Indian War, 15–18, 23–24, 27, 34; attitude toward GW, 16; frontier raids, 28, 30, 31; treaties, 221, 250–251, 254; War Dept. handles affairs, 222, 325; relations with U.S., 250–255, 288, 306, 326; defeat by Wayne, 318
industrial revolution, 242
industrialization. See manufacturing and industrialization
inflation, during Revolution, 128–129. See also money
jackasses. See mules, GW’s experiments with
Jackson, Andrew, 3
Jacobin Clubs, 294, 307, 332
Jay, John, 210, 303; as Chief Justice, 222, 232, 332n, and Genêt affair, 295–296, 298, 309; relationship with GW, 296–298, 309, 314, 355; negotiations and treaty with Britain, 308–314, 326–338, 343, 352–353; portrait, 310
Jay Treaty, 306–313, 326–338, 341–345, 352–353, 355, 356, 370; background, 306–313
Jefferson, Thomas, 58, 128, 216, 380; on GW, 47, 174, 191, 224, 227, 262, 303; as governor of Virginia, 153; urges Potomac Canal, 196, 232; and agriculture, 214, 232; as Secretary of State, 222–223, 229, 287; feud with Hamilton, 231–232, 236, 241–242, 244–246, 249, 260, 263, 266–268; relationship with GW, 232, 257, 258, 268, 297–298, 303, 309, 322, 323, 346, 347, 356–357, 369–370; background, appearance and character, 232, 244, 290, 371; portrait, 233; makes deal for capital site, 236–237; opposes national bank, 240, 297; champions common man, 241, 244, 246, 294; and slavery, 243, 385, 387, 391; moralism, 243; fears monarchy and distrusts GW, 245–246, 257, 288; supports anti-British trade regulations, 252, 281; Indian policy, 254; pro-French, anti-British position, 256–257, 274–275, 277, 284–285, 312, 327, 334, 369–370; expands party beyond Virginia, 259–260, 268; urges second term, for GW, 262, 269; opposes plans for national capital, 264–266; resignation, 266–268, 274, 296–298, 302–303; position in American-British maritime conflict, 279–280; and Neutrality Proclamation, 284–285; and Genêt affair, 286–298, 301–302; hears opposition, 303, 311; refuses mission to Spain, 314; condemns Jay Treaty, 330, 352; on Constitutional crisis, 344, 345; presidential candidate, elected Vice President, 347, 355, 357; and freedom of the press, 380
Johnson, Thomas, 303, 340
Jones, Joseph, 171
Judge, On
ey, 390
Jumonville, Sieur de, 16–18, 24
Kentucky, 251, 287–288, 313, 314
King, Rufus, 295–296, 298, 307, 309, 340
King’s Ferry, 146
Knox, Henry, 228; in Revolution, 74; and Shays’ Rebellion, 200; Secretary of War, 222, 232; and Genêt affair, 291, 294–296, 302; resignation, 325; portrait, 340; army command issue, 373–378
Lafayette, Marquis de, 101–102, 120–123, 127, 145, 147, 180, 256, 273, 276, 287, 333, 354n; portrait, 138
Lancaster, Pa., 259
land grants to veterans, 194; of Virginia Regiment, 55
land ownership, as basis of wealth, 241–243
land speculations, 10, 54–55, 364–365. See also Washington, George: BUSINESSMAN
Langhorne, John, 370–371
Laurens, John, 150, 156, 207, 308n
Lauzun, Duke de, 160
Le Boeuf, Fort, 13
Lear, Tobias, 186, 193, 269, 388, 395–402
Lee, Billy. See Will
Lee, Charles (Attorney General), 341
Lee, Charles (General), 63, 68, 86–87, 91–93, 99, 119–124, 137; portrait, 65
Lee, Henry, 319
Lee, Richard Henry, 113–114
Lee, Fort, 86, 88–91
L’Enfant, Pierre, 264–266
“letter of marque,” 279, 282, 283
Letter to Washington (Paine), 354
“levelers,” 241
Lewis, Lawrence, 378–379, 401
Lexington, Battle of, 59
Lincoln, Abraham, ix, 316
Lincoln, Benjamin, 136, 164
Liston, Henrietta, 355
Livingston, Robert R., 303, 309
Little Sarah (ship), 291
Logtown, 11
Long Island, 151; Battle of, 78–80; map, 81
Loudoun, Lord, 31–32
Louis XVI, 256, 273, 275–276, 285, 286
Louisiana, 191, 250–251, 280, 282, 287, 313, 354, 373, 379
Loyalists. See Tories
McHenry, James, 340, 374, 376, 379–380
Maclay, William, 228
Madison, James, 201, 207, 208, 232, 236, 309, 312, 344, 352, 397; and GW, 196, 203, 297, 347; and The Federalist, 210; interprets Constitution, 220, 240; proposes “discrimination,” 234; stand on national bank, 240, 247; conflict with Hamilton, 249; and alliance with N.Y., 259–260; position on second term, 260–262; drafts Farewell Address, 262, 347; reaction to Neutrality Proclamation, 285; on Jefferson’s resignation, 297–298; opposes standing army, 310–320; secret correspondence, 352
Magnolio (horse), 192
Maine, 325
Manhattan. See New York City
manufacturing and industrialization: lack of, in Virginia, 28; necessity for, in Revolution, 129–130; GW’s concern with, 130, 214, 229, 248; as opposed to agricultural society, 235–236, 241–243, 266; Hamilton’s report, 248, 266
Marie Antoinette, 256, 273
Marshall, John, 344, 346, 382
Martin, Luther, 211
Maryland, 29, 317; and Potomac Canal, 196, 199
Massachusetts, 58, 60, 65–66, 168, 236, 373, 376; GW’s trip (1756), 29; GW’s trip (1789), 229. See also Boston, Mass.; Shays’ Rebellion
Massachusetts Congress, 66
Mazzei, Philip, 369
mercantilism. See manufacturing and industrialization; trade (commerce), American
merchant marine, U.S., 278–284
Mifflin, Thomas, 63, 114–115
Miami River, Forks of, 312
militia, 96, 108; disturbing influence, 68, 83–84; desertions, 85; political tool, 111; GW’s use of, 131; use in Whiskey Rebellion, 316–318. See also Virginia: militia
mint, 239
Mississippi River, 281; trade, 191, 194, 251–252, 313, 315, 343
monarchy, American, fear of, 61, 170, 246, 257, 260–261, 267, 274, 285, 295, 297, 345
money: relation to Revolution and army, 60, 85, 130, 139–140, 150–151, 166–167, 176–178, 232–235, 239; Continental, 128–130, 169, 193, 234–235; bank drafts, 130; lending, 242. See also debt, national; inflation; national bank
Monmouth, Battle of, 121–124, 126, 179; map, 122
Monocrats, 245–246, 274
Monongahela River, 11, 13–14, 24
Monroe, James, 285, 312; and GW, 211, 297–298, 309, 370, 397; portrait, 289; advises on Jefferson resignation, 297–298; French envoy, 309, 311, 353, 370; reaction to Jay Treaty, 352–353, 370; pro-French propaganda, 354
Montesquieu, Charles de, 205
Monticello, 268, 301, 371
Morris, Gouverneur, 129, 169, 222, 249, 254–257, 308n, 309
Morris, Robert, 99, 129, 169, 222, 228, 249, 270, 287, 364
Morristown Heights, 98–99, 102–103, 131, 133, 135–136, 150
Mount Vernon, 33, 165, 223, 247, 269, 270; original house and location, 4; origin of name, 6; GW’s management and expansion, 19, 43–44, 46–49, 52, 190, 264, 269, 276, 291, 301, 313, 364; GW’s retirement to, after French and Indian War, 35, 38; agriculture, household manufacturing and animal breeding, 47–49, 58, 190–192, 362–363; as self-contained unit, 48–49; entertaining and visitors, 52, 184–186, 194, 368; GW dreams of, 118, 134, 151, 229; menaced by British, 151, 153, 193; post-Revolution retirement, 178, 183–192; resident population, 185–186; proximity to capital site, 237, 264; during Philadelphia epidemic, 300–301; during GW’s retirement, 360 ff.; daily routine, 361–362; after GW’s death, 393; GW’s tomb, 396; plans, drawings, and photographs of, 45, 187, 188, 363, 375, 399. See also slaves and slavery
Mount Vernon Conference, 199
mules, GW’s experiments with, 191–192, 308, 363
Murray, William Vans, 382
Murthering Town, 14
Napoleon, 285, 372
national bank (Bank of the United States), 130, 239–240, 244–247, 253, 267, 297
National Gazette, 260–261, 268, 275
navy, American, 280; Washington’s attitude, 214. See also British navy; France: navy; merchant marine, U.S.
Necessity, Fort, 16–18, 24, 38, 91
Negroes, 300, 373, 387. See also slaves and slavery
Nelson, Horatio, 383
neutrality, 277–283, 298, 306, 311, 313, 330, 347, 350. See also Neutrality Proclamation
Neutrality Proclamation, 284–285, 287, 290–292, 297, 298, 301, 350, 354; background, 277–283
New Castle, N.Y., 86, 131
New England, 73, 86, 103, 131; army, 60–61, 66; GW’s opinion of, 69, III; GW’s tour of, 229, 258, 290; society, 242
New Haven, Conn., 229
New Jersey, 86–93, 98, 100, 102, 119–124, 151, 160
New Orleans, La., 127
new Windsor, N.Y., 149
New York City, 103, 157, 177, 196, 242, 248, 295; welcomes GW, 63–64; in Revolution, 77–84, 79, 94, 100, 119, 120, 124, 178; GW’s desire to attack, 132, 136, 139, 140, 156, 164, 167; as capital, 215 ff.
New York Provincial Council, 64
New York State, 198, 259–260; 309; ratifies Constitution, 212, 259
Newbern, N.C., 258–259
Newburgh Addresses, 170–174, 178, 201, 248; background, 165–170, 232–234
Newburgh, N.Y., 170
Newburyport, Mass., 229
Newenham, Edward, 212
Newport, R.I., 94, 126, 137, 139, 151–152, 156, 159–160, 237
Niagara, Fort, 34, 252
Nicholas, John, 370
Nicola, Lewis, 170
Nile, Battle of the, 383
Noailles, Count de, 276
North, 208, 235, 242, 251n, 262; Washington favors, if Union separates, 386. See regional balance in government; regional disagreements
North Carolina, 137, 151, 153, 212, 229, Northwest Territory. See Britain
Nova Scotia, 77
Ohio Company, 10
Ohio River, 10, 33–35 passim, 194, 196, 253, 281, 306; Forks of, 11, 13–16 passim, 23, 35, 55, 194; Valley, 10–13, 15, 27, 37, 38, 253 See also French and Indian War; Virginia: frontier warfa
re
O’Hara, Charles, 164
Old Whigs, 242–246
Olney, Mr. and Mrs. George, 135–136
Oswego, Fort, 252
Paine, Thomas, 74, 353–354
Palisades of the Hudson River, 124
Paris, peace negotiations, 167
Parkinson, Richard, 362–363
Parliament, 57
Patterson, William, 340
Pennsylvania, 33, 92–93, 237; supplies manufactures to Virginia, 28, 44; troops mutiny, 150–151; and Potomac Canal, 199. See also Whiskey Rebellion
Pennsylvania Democratic Society, 293
Pennsylvania Supreme Executive Council, 142
Philadelphia, Pa., 33, 59, 63, 124, 147, 168–169, 204, 242; GW at, 29, 32, 127–129, 165–166; during Revolution, 86–87, 90, 92, 94, 99, 103, 104, 107, 108n, 109, 119, 142; social life, 129, 166, 243–244, 248–249; Arnold as commandant, 142, 148; as capital, 237, 243–244; GW’s desire to buy farm near, 237–238, 248; and Genêt affair, 287, 290, 293; yellow fever epidemic, 300
Pickering, Timothy, 325–326, 330–333, 335–336, 340, 355
Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, 340, 353–354, 369, 373–379
Pinckney, Thomas, 255, 314, 332n, 341, 343, 353–354
Pittsburgh, Pa., 11, 55, 194, 238, 315
political parties, 261, 274, 322, 323, 346, 350, 351, 383. See also Democrats; Federalists; Republicans (Republican Party)
Pope’s Creek, 4
Portsmouth, Va., 156
postal service, 258, 262, 322
Potomac Canal, 196–199, 232, 237, 313
Potomac River, 4, 20, 47, 48, 196, 237, 264; Valley, 33
Powel, Samuel, 270
Powel, Mrs. Samuel (Eliza Willing), 270–272, 355, 366–367; portrait, 271
press, freedom of the, 212–213, 262, 322, 380
Princeton, Battle of, 97–98, 111, 179
privateering, 279, 281–282, 286–287, 290, 295
“prize ships,” 279, 282, 283, 286, 290
Provision Order, 306–307, 329, 334
Prussia, 256, 273
Quakers, 388
Quebec, 127, 141
Randolph, Edmund, 303, 313; as Attorney General, 223; opposes national bank, 240; relationship with GW, 262, 303, 326, 336–338; appointed Secretary of State, 303; character, 303, 337; portrait, 304; and Jay Treaty, 326–330, 332; accused of traitorous actions, resigns and publishes defense, 331–337
Rappahannock River, 4
Raritan River, 124
Reading, Pa., 259, 318