Husák, Gustáv
Ianoși, Ion
Ibarruri, Dolores
ideology; Communist; Communist Party hegemonic; decay of; ethnocentric; fantasies of salvation; Fascist; Gorbachev and; ideological apparatchiks as one of three layers in Communist societies; ideological states; intentionality and; post-Communism; post-totalitarian system; Putinism; reinvention of politics and; Romanian bureaucracies; terror and; utopia and. See also millennialism; mythologies; revisionism
Iliescu, Ion
imperialism: Chinese propaganda of; Communism vs.; ideological; “imperialist encirclement,”; “martyrological imperialism,”; proletarian revolution in the age of; Russian; of Sovietization; of Soviet oligarchy; Stalinist; World War II aftermath against Communism; Zionist link with Western. See also hegemony
individual: contempt for; dissidents and; dissolution of; reinvention of politics and; revolutions (1989-91) and. See also citizenship; dehumanization of the enemy; human rights
intellectuals; “conspiracy of academicians,”; dissidents; Marxist revolutionary; one of three layers in Communist societies; post-Communism. See also dissidents
intentionality: ideology and; Nazi evil; Soviet criminality
International (organization): Second; Third (Comintern)
International (song), sung by Ceaușescu while dying
international factors: in democratization of Eastern and Central Europe. See also European Union; internationalism, Communist; NATO; West
internationalism, Communist; Gorbachev and; Marxist; proletarian class. See also International (organization)
internationalism, Communist Stalinist definition
Isaac, Jeffrey
Islamist fantasies
Israel, Stalin supporting State of
Istrati, Panait
Italy: The Black Book of Communism; Fascist; paralysis of universities; Salo Republic. See also Mussolini, Benito
Jacobinism; Communist
Jakeš, Miloš
Jarausch, Konrad
Jaruzelski, Wojciech
Jaurès, Jean
Jew: The Black Book of Communism and; Communism as victim of; conspiracy theories about; cosmopolitanism (accused); Eastern Europeans vs.; “education through labor,”; Judeo-Bolsheviks; “Judeo-Masonic conspiracies,”; Judeo-plutocracy; pogroms; Stalin vs.. See also Nazism vs. Jews
Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, Soviet
Jewish Democratic Committee
Jewish Telegraphic Agency
Jowitt, Kenneth: charismatic impersonalism; Eastern Europe; Leninism; “movements of rage,”; post-Cold War order; Stalinism
Judt, Tony: amnesia about oppression; Communism and Nazism morally indistinguishable; Communist utopia; French absence of consensus about justice; Leninism; post-Communism; Postwar; sixty-eighters
“June nights,” 82
Kaczynski brothers
Kádár, János
Kafka, Franz
Kaganovich, Lazar
Kalandra, Zášvis
Kamenev, Lev
Kant, Immanuel, “Concerning the Indwelling of the Evil Principle with the Good, or, on the Radical Evil in Human Nature,”
Katz, Otto
Kautsky, Karl
Keller, Adolf
Kershaw, Ian: centrality of Holocaust in studies; Goebbels and Speer attempt to approach Hitler; Hitler's personality cult; internal contradictions and incoherencies of Nazism; Nazi deportations; Nazi purges; Nazism and Bolshevism
KGB
Khrushchev, Nikita; Mao's view of; return to Leninism; Secret Speech and other denunciations of Stalin's crimes; understanding of post Stalinist Communist systems; Voznesensky reprimanded by
Kim Il-sung
Kis, János
Klaus, Václav
Klemperer, Victor Klemperer, I Will Bear Witness
Koch, Robert
Kocka, Jürgen
Koestler, Arthur; Darkness at Noon/Rubashov
Kolakowski, Leszek; destruction of civil society; devil in history; freedom; leader charisma; lie; Main Currents of Marxism; Marxism; paradoxical attitude toward prophetic stances; “Permanent vs. Transitory Aspects of Marxism,”; Polish State-socialist society humanized; post-Communism; revisionism; Sovietism; Stalinist purges
Kommunist
Konev, Marshall Ivan
Konrád, George; antipolitics; discourse on individuality; Kádár regime's rage toward; shared vision of public good
Kopecky, Vilem
Kopecký, Václav
Kopelev, Lev
Korey, William
Korsch, Karl; Marxismus und Philosophie
Kosik, Karel
Kostov, Traicho
Kotkin, Stephen; Communist lying; Leninist extinction; “re-revolutionizing the revolution,”; revolutions (1989-91); “speaking Bolshevik,”; Stalinism as civilization; The Uncivil Society
Kovalev, Sergey
Kramer, Mark
Krasny Metch
Kriegel, Anniei
Kristeva, Julia
Kronstadt sailors' uprising
Krygier, Martin
Krylova, Ana
kto-kogo (who-whom principle)
Kundera, Milan
Kurczewski, Jacek
Kuroń, Jacek; Open Letter of the Basic Party Organization of PZPR (Polish United Workers' Party) and to Members of the University Cell of the Union of Socialist Youth at Warsaw University (with Modzelewski)
Kuznetsov, Eduard
Kwarniewski, Aleksander
labor: forced. See also gulag
Landsbergis, Vytautas
Laqueur, Walter
Lassalle, Ferdinand
Latin America, guerilleros
Latsis, Martin
Latsis, Otto
Latvia; Gorbachev and use of force in; Nazi and Soviet mass killings; Soviet/Russian occupation
law: citizenship; lustration; Nuremberg Laws (1936). See also constitutions
Lazurkina, Comrade
leader charisma/personality cult; Communisti; Fascist; supreme leader
Lefort, Claude
Left: post-Communist. See also New Left; socialism
legal procedures: for crimes of Communist period. See also criminality; show trials
“legal revolution,”
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich; The Bolsheviks Must Assume Power and Marxism and Insurrection; and Bukharin; Comintern created by; dehumanization of the enemy; dissidents and; “end of politics,”; exterminist policies; Gorbachev and; “injection of consciousness,”; kto-kogo (who-whom principle); leader charisma; “Letter to a Comrade,”; Manichean view; Materialism and Empiriocriticism; mausoleum; mission; One Step Forward, Two Steps Back; personality; Philosophical Notebooks plot to arrest (1918); and proletariat; “return to,”; revolutionary situation (defined); utopia; vanguard party; What Is to Be Done?. See also Leninism
Leninism; ambivalence; authoritarianism; The Black Book of Communism and; collapse; critics; cult of totality; vs. democracy; ethnocentric nationalism as successor to; “goal rationality,”; Gorbachev break with; human rights movement and; ideology; and Marxism; “misdevelopment,”; modernity; New Economic Policy (NEP); October Revolution (1917); organizational model; party charisma; post-Communist paradoxes; post-Leninist Central and Eastern Europe; psychological leftovers; radical evil; “re-education,”; revisionism and; Romania; similarities with Fascism; Stalin and; takeover of power; three central myths of; ur-Leninism; violence; Yakovlev and. See also Bolshevism; Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich
Levada, Yuri
Levesque, Jacques
Levinas, Emanuel
Levi, Primo, If This Is a Man
Levitsky, Steven
liberalism; anti-Marxist; capitalist; Cold War; Communism vs; democratic; dissidents and; Fascism vs.; vs. Gorbachev; nationalism and; post-Communism and; revisionists and; revolutions (1989-91) and; sixty-eighters and; Western; young Marx as ally of, See also humanism
liberalization, Communist regimes
Lichtheim, George
&n
bsp; Lie. See Big Lie; falsification
Ligachev, Yegor
Lih, Lars
die Linke
Literaturnaya gazeta
Lithuania: Gorbachev and use of force in; Nazi and Soviet mass killings; political resurrection of Communist Party; Soviet/Russian occupation
London, Artur
Losonczy, Geza
Lozovsky, Solomon
Luca, Vasile
Lukács, Georg; “Bolshevism as a moral problem,”; History and Class Consciousness; Lenin; Marxist messianism; revisionism; revolutionary class; transindividual historical subject
Lukashenko, Alexander
Lukes, Steven
Lunacharsky, Anatoly
Lupi, Dario
lustration law
Luxemburg, Rosa; vs. power of Lenin and party
lying. See Big Lie; falsification
Machiavellianism
Mahler, Gustav
Maier, Charles
Makarenko, Anton
Malia, Martin; The Black Book of Communism foreword; and crimes of Communism; Lefort vs.; Pipes controversy; Sovietism
Malraux, André; La condition humaine
Manea, Norman
Manicheanism: East European Communist leaders; Lenin; Marxism; Russian tradition and
Mann, Michael
Mann, Thomas
Maoism: in evolution of communism; moral-humanist Marxism chasm
Mao Zedong: on “modern revisionism,”; rebels against; revolutionary passion; supreme leader. See also Maoism
maquis, vs. Nazis
Marcou, Lilly
Margolin, Jean-Louis
Margolius, Rudolf market economies. See also capitalism
Markisch, Peretz
Marković, Mihailo
Marks, Steven G., How Russia Shaped the Modern World
Márkus, György; Dictatorship over Needs (Heller, Fehér, and Márkus),
Martin, Terry
Marwick, Arthur
Marx, Karl; authoritarian personality; and class consciousness; de-Stalinization and; Eleventh Thesis on Feuerbach; The German Ideology; “heretics,”; Marx-Engels Archive; and proletariat; revisionism and; Theses on Feuerbach. See also Communist Manifesto
Marxism; authoritarian-voluntaristic; class struggle central to; critical; culpability; deradicalization; de-Stalinization and; disenchantment with; eschatology; freedom; and humanism; ideology; vs. individual; institutional and intellectual; internationalism; Leninism and; “Marxist Darwinism,”; millennialist; monism; Nazism's affinities with; neo-Marxists; and Nietzsche; non-Leninist versions; party mysticism; post-Marxism; revisionism; revolutionary; science; Soviet-style; Stalin and; theodicy; utopia; violence sanctified by; Western. See also Communism
mass murder. See also exterminist policies; genocide; Holocaust; purges; terror
Matustik, Martin
Mauss, Marcel
Mayakovsky, Vladimir
Mazowiecki, Tadeusz
Mečiar, Vladimir
memory: of Communist crimes; competitive regimes of; ethnicization of; of Holocaust; hypermnesia; mismemory. See also amnesia
Mensheviks; Bukharin and; comparison between Nazism and Communism; exiled; Jews associated with (by Stalin); Lenin vs.; Russian tradition; split with Bolsheviks
Merker, Paul
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, Humanism and Terror
messianism; Communist; Fascist; post-Communism. See also charismatic politics; redemptive mythologies
Meszáros, István
Michnik, Adam: campaign against; “From humanity, through nationality, to barbarity,”; individuality; new evolutionism; “perestroika virus,”; “perfect society,”; revisionism; revolutions (1989-91); shared vision of public good; “velvet restoration,”; “West of center,”
millennialism; Fascist; Leninist; Marxist. See also chiliasms; eschatology
Mills, C. Wright
Milošević-style expansionist chauvinism
Milosz, Czeslaw
Mints, Isaac
mismemory. See also amnesia; falsification
mission: Communist; Fascist
Mladenov, Petar
Mlynář, Zdeněk; The State and the Individual; “Towards a Democratic Political Organization of Society,”; “What to Do with the Party?” (with Gorbachev)
modernity; Communism and; Fascist; identity myths; illiberal; liberal; nationalism; post-Communism; revisionism and
Modrow, Hans
Modzelewski, Karol, Open Letter of the Basic Party Organization of PZPR (Polish United Workers' Party) and to Members of the University Cell of the Union of Socialist Youth at Warsaw University (with Kuroń)
Molotov, Vyacheslav
Mongolia
monism: avoiding; Marxism
Monnerot, Jules
morality; Communism and; dissidents and; Fascism and; moral blindness; post-Communist; reinvention of politics; revisionism and; revolutions (1989-91) and. See also criminality; evil; truth
Moravia, Communist Party
Müller, Jan-Werner
murder: class murder (“sociocide”). See also mass murder
Mussolini, Benito; death (1945); differences from Communists; Enciclopedia Italiana contribution; leader charisma; mission; My Autobiography; one-party system; Rocco with
mysticism: Communist; Hitler. See also charismatic politics; messianism; sacralization
mythologies: anti-Fascism; Bolshevik; civil society as; dialectics as instrument of; exclusionist; Judeo-Bolsheviks; “Judeo-Masonic conspiracies,”; Judeo-plutocracy; Marxism-Leninism; nationalist; post-Communist; proletariat; salvationist fantasies; Soviet system. See also millennialism; redemptive mythologies
Nagy, Imre
Naimark, Norman
“nanny,” yearning for the state as
National Council for the Study of the Securitate Archives
nationalism; anti-Communist; Communist Manifesto and; dangers of; ethnocentric; “Jewish bourgeois,”; polycentric vs. ethnocentric; post-Communist; radical; Russian; salvationism; socialist; specters of; during World War I
National Socialism. See Nazism
National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) NATO
Naumov, Oleg V.
Nazism; biological distinctionsi; civilization; Communism “more evil” than; defeat; dehumanization of the enemy; differences between Communism and; disenchantment; East and Central Europe dictatorships admiring; ethnic cleansing; evil identified by; genocidal; ideology; intentionality; leader charisma; and morality; Nazi Party (NSDAP); number of victims; Nuremberg Laws (1936); one-party system; party charisma; resistance to; show trials not used by; similarities with Communism; Soviet citizens sent back to USSR; Soviet-Nazi “nonaggression” pact (1939); terror. See also Hitler, Adolf; Nazism vs. Jews
Nazism vs. Jews; comparing Nazism and Communism; exterminist policies; genocidal; Jews seeking refuge in USSR from. See also Holocaust
Nechaev, Sergey; Revolutionary Catechism
neo-authoritarianism
neo-Communism
neo-Marxists
neo-Stalinism
Neruda, Pablo
Neumann, Heinz
New Economic Policy (NEP)
new evolutionism
New Faith
New Left: Socialist; Western
New Man
“new thinking,”
New York Review of Books
Nietzsche, Friedrich
Night of the Long Knives (1934)
Nikolaevsky, Boris
Nivat, Georges
Nolte, Ernst
nomenklatura, Soviet Union,
Norden, Albert
North Korea, Leninist parties coming to power
“objective enemies,”
October Revolution (1917),
Offe, Claus
Open Letter of the Basic Party Organization of PZPR (Polish United Workers' Party) and to Members of the University Cell of the Union of Socialist Youth at Warsaw University (Kuroń and Modzelewski)
Orbán, V
iktor
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE); “Resolution on Divided Europe Reunited: Promoting Human Rights and Civil Liberties in the OSCE Region in the Twenty-first Century,”
Orwell, George
OSCE. See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
other. See enemies
Ottomanization
Overy, Richard
Palme, Olaf
Palouš, Martin
Pandrea, Petre, Memoriile Mandarinului Valah (Memoirs of a Wallachian Mandarin)
“The Parade of the Powerful Stalin Breed [plemia],”
Paraschivescu, Miron Radu
pariah, notion of
Paris Commune
Parisian May
parties. See political parties
Partisan Review
party charisma: Communist; Fascist
Patočka, Jan; care of the soul; Charter; Havel following
Pătrășcanu, Lucrețiu
Pauker, Ana
People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD)
perestroika
personality cult. See leader charisma/personality cult
Petöfi Circle / Budapest neo-Marxist School,
Petrovic, Gajo
Piatakov, Yury
Pipes, Richard
Pitești penitentiary
Pjade, Mosa
Plekhanov, Georgi
Pleșu, Andrei
pluralism; Gorbachev and; Lenin vs.; post-Communism and; revolutions (1989-91) and. See also democracy; diversity
pogroms
Poland: anti-Semitism; Communist Party; defeat of former Communists (September 2005); de-Stalinization; impersonal democratic procedures; Kaczynski brothers; Kwarniewski; March student upheaval; Mazowiecki; Zygmunt Modzelewski as foreign minister; not exactly totalitarian; perestroika and; post-Communism; Rakowski; revisionism and; Workers' Defense Committee (KOR). See also Kolakowski, Leszek; Polish dissidents (1987-89)
Polish dissidents (1987-89). See also Solidarnosc/Solidarity
Politburo; Jakub Berman; Brezhnev; Kaganovich; Lenin's; Romanian members
political modernity. See modernity
political monopoly: Communist Party; Fascist; “Gorbachev phenomenon” and. See also dictatorship; hegemony; totalitarianism
political parties; Cominform (Communist and Workers' Parties); Fascists internalizing Lenin's cult of the party; Italian National Fascist Party; Nazi Party (NSDAP); one-party system; Party of Democratic Socialism; post-Communist; Romanian; Russian Liberal Democratic Party; Serbian Radical Party; social democrats; Socialist Unity Party (SED). See also Bolshevism; Communist Party; vanguard party
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