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The Devil in History

Page 45

by Vladimir Tismaneanu


  Husák, Gustáv

  Ianoși, Ion

  Ibarruri, Dolores

  ideology; Communist; Communist Party hegemonic; decay of; ethnocentric; fantasies of salvation; Fascist; Gorbachev and; ideological apparatchiks as one of three layers in Communist societies; ideological states; intentionality and; post-Communism; post-totalitarian system; Putinism; reinvention of politics and; Romanian bureaucracies; terror and; utopia and. See also millennialism; mythologies; revisionism

  Iliescu, Ion

  imperialism: Chinese propaganda of; Communism vs.; ideological; “imperialist encirclement,”; “martyrological imperialism,”; proletarian revolution in the age of; Russian; of Sovietization; of Soviet oligarchy; Stalinist; World War II aftermath against Communism; Zionist link with Western. See also hegemony

  individual: contempt for; dissidents and; dissolution of; reinvention of politics and; revolutions (1989-91) and. See also citizenship; dehumanization of the enemy; human rights

  intellectuals; “conspiracy of academicians,”; dissidents; Marxist revolutionary; one of three layers in Communist societies; post-Communism. See also dissidents

  intentionality: ideology and; Nazi evil; Soviet criminality

  International (organization): Second; Third (Comintern)

  International (song), sung by Ceaușescu while dying

  international factors: in democratization of Eastern and Central Europe. See also European Union; internationalism, Communist; NATO; West

  internationalism, Communist; Gorbachev and; Marxist; proletarian class. See also International (organization)

  internationalism, Communist Stalinist definition

  Isaac, Jeffrey

  Islamist fantasies

  Israel, Stalin supporting State of

  Istrati, Panait

  Italy: The Black Book of Communism; Fascist; paralysis of universities; Salo Republic. See also Mussolini, Benito

  Jacobinism; Communist

  Jakeš, Miloš

  Jarausch, Konrad

  Jaruzelski, Wojciech

  Jaurès, Jean

  Jew: The Black Book of Communism and; Communism as victim of; conspiracy theories about; cosmopolitanism (accused); Eastern Europeans vs.; “education through labor,”; Judeo-Bolsheviks; “Judeo-Masonic conspiracies,”; Judeo-plutocracy; pogroms; Stalin vs.. See also Nazism vs. Jews

  Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, Soviet

  Jewish Democratic Committee

  Jewish Telegraphic Agency

  Jowitt, Kenneth: charismatic impersonalism; Eastern Europe; Leninism; “movements of rage,”; post-Cold War order; Stalinism

  Judt, Tony: amnesia about oppression; Communism and Nazism morally indistinguishable; Communist utopia; French absence of consensus about justice; Leninism; post-Communism; Postwar; sixty-eighters

  “June nights,” 82

  Kaczynski brothers

  Kádár, János

  Kafka, Franz

  Kaganovich, Lazar

  Kalandra, Zášvis

  Kamenev, Lev

  Kant, Immanuel, “Concerning the Indwelling of the Evil Principle with the Good, or, on the Radical Evil in Human Nature,”

  Katz, Otto

  Kautsky, Karl

  Keller, Adolf

  Kershaw, Ian: centrality of Holocaust in studies; Goebbels and Speer attempt to approach Hitler; Hitler's personality cult; internal contradictions and incoherencies of Nazism; Nazi deportations; Nazi purges; Nazism and Bolshevism

  KGB

  Khrushchev, Nikita; Mao's view of; return to Leninism; Secret Speech and other denunciations of Stalin's crimes; understanding of post Stalinist Communist systems; Voznesensky reprimanded by

  Kim Il-sung

  Kis, János

  Klaus, Václav

  Klemperer, Victor Klemperer, I Will Bear Witness

  Koch, Robert

  Kocka, Jürgen

  Koestler, Arthur; Darkness at Noon/Rubashov

  Kolakowski, Leszek; destruction of civil society; devil in history; freedom; leader charisma; lie; Main Currents of Marxism; Marxism; paradoxical attitude toward prophetic stances; “Permanent vs. Transitory Aspects of Marxism,”; Polish State-socialist society humanized; post-Communism; revisionism; Sovietism; Stalinist purges

  Kommunist

  Konev, Marshall Ivan

  Konrád, George; antipolitics; discourse on individuality; Kádár regime's rage toward; shared vision of public good

  Kopecky, Vilem

  Kopecký, Václav

  Kopelev, Lev

  Korey, William

  Korsch, Karl; Marxismus und Philosophie

  Kosik, Karel

  Kostov, Traicho

  Kotkin, Stephen; Communist lying; Leninist extinction; “re-revolutionizing the revolution,”; revolutions (1989-91); “speaking Bolshevik,”; Stalinism as civilization; The Uncivil Society

  Kovalev, Sergey

  Kramer, Mark

  Krasny Metch

  Kriegel, Anniei

  Kristeva, Julia

  Kronstadt sailors' uprising

  Krygier, Martin

  Krylova, Ana

  kto-kogo (who-whom principle)

  Kundera, Milan

  Kurczewski, Jacek

  Kuroń, Jacek; Open Letter of the Basic Party Organization of PZPR (Polish United Workers' Party) and to Members of the University Cell of the Union of Socialist Youth at Warsaw University (with Modzelewski)

  Kuznetsov, Eduard

  Kwarniewski, Aleksander

  labor: forced. See also gulag

  Landsbergis, Vytautas

  Laqueur, Walter

  Lassalle, Ferdinand

  Latin America, guerilleros

  Latsis, Martin

  Latsis, Otto

  Latvia; Gorbachev and use of force in; Nazi and Soviet mass killings; Soviet/Russian occupation

  law: citizenship; lustration; Nuremberg Laws (1936). See also constitutions

  Lazurkina, Comrade

  leader charisma/personality cult; Communisti; Fascist; supreme leader

  Lefort, Claude

  Left: post-Communist. See also New Left; socialism

  legal procedures: for crimes of Communist period. See also criminality; show trials

  “legal revolution,”

  Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich; The Bolsheviks Must Assume Power and Marxism and Insurrection; and Bukharin; Comintern created by; dehumanization of the enemy; dissidents and; “end of politics,”; exterminist policies; Gorbachev and; “injection of consciousness,”; kto-kogo (who-whom principle); leader charisma; “Letter to a Comrade,”; Manichean view; Materialism and Empiriocriticism; mausoleum; mission; One Step Forward, Two Steps Back; personality; Philosophical Notebooks plot to arrest (1918); and proletariat; “return to,”; revolutionary situation (defined); utopia; vanguard party; What Is to Be Done?. See also Leninism

  Leninism; ambivalence; authoritarianism; The Black Book of Communism and; collapse; critics; cult of totality; vs. democracy; ethnocentric nationalism as successor to; “goal rationality,”; Gorbachev break with; human rights movement and; ideology; and Marxism; “misdevelopment,”; modernity; New Economic Policy (NEP); October Revolution (1917); organizational model; party charisma; post-Communist paradoxes; post-Leninist Central and Eastern Europe; psychological leftovers; radical evil; “re-education,”; revisionism and; Romania; similarities with Fascism; Stalin and; takeover of power; three central myths of; ur-Leninism; violence; Yakovlev and. See also Bolshevism; Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich

  Levada, Yuri

  Levesque, Jacques

  Levinas, Emanuel

  Levi, Primo, If This Is a Man

  Levitsky, Steven

  liberalism; anti-Marxist; capitalist; Cold War; Communism vs; democratic; dissidents and; Fascism vs.; vs. Gorbachev; nationalism and; post-Communism and; revisionists and; revolutions (1989-91) and; sixty-eighters and; Western; young Marx as ally of, See also humanism

  liberalization, Communist regimes

  Lichtheim, George

&n
bsp; Lie. See Big Lie; falsification

  Ligachev, Yegor

  Lih, Lars

  die Linke

  Literaturnaya gazeta

  Lithuania: Gorbachev and use of force in; Nazi and Soviet mass killings; political resurrection of Communist Party; Soviet/Russian occupation

  London, Artur

  Losonczy, Geza

  Lozovsky, Solomon

  Luca, Vasile

  Lukács, Georg; “Bolshevism as a moral problem,”; History and Class Consciousness; Lenin; Marxist messianism; revisionism; revolutionary class; transindividual historical subject

  Lukashenko, Alexander

  Lukes, Steven

  Lunacharsky, Anatoly

  Lupi, Dario

  lustration law

  Luxemburg, Rosa; vs. power of Lenin and party

  lying. See Big Lie; falsification

  Machiavellianism

  Mahler, Gustav

  Maier, Charles

  Makarenko, Anton

  Malia, Martin; The Black Book of Communism foreword; and crimes of Communism; Lefort vs.; Pipes controversy; Sovietism

  Malraux, André; La condition humaine

  Manea, Norman

  Manicheanism: East European Communist leaders; Lenin; Marxism; Russian tradition and

  Mann, Michael

  Mann, Thomas

  Maoism: in evolution of communism; moral-humanist Marxism chasm

  Mao Zedong: on “modern revisionism,”; rebels against; revolutionary passion; supreme leader. See also Maoism

  maquis, vs. Nazis

  Marcou, Lilly

  Margolin, Jean-Louis

  Margolius, Rudolf market economies. See also capitalism

  Markisch, Peretz

  Marković, Mihailo

  Marks, Steven G., How Russia Shaped the Modern World

  Márkus, György; Dictatorship over Needs (Heller, Fehér, and Márkus),

  Martin, Terry

  Marwick, Arthur

  Marx, Karl; authoritarian personality; and class consciousness; de-Stalinization and; Eleventh Thesis on Feuerbach; The German Ideology; “heretics,”; Marx-Engels Archive; and proletariat; revisionism and; Theses on Feuerbach. See also Communist Manifesto

  Marxism; authoritarian-voluntaristic; class struggle central to; critical; culpability; deradicalization; de-Stalinization and; disenchantment with; eschatology; freedom; and humanism; ideology; vs. individual; institutional and intellectual; internationalism; Leninism and; “Marxist Darwinism,”; millennialist; monism; Nazism's affinities with; neo-Marxists; and Nietzsche; non-Leninist versions; party mysticism; post-Marxism; revisionism; revolutionary; science; Soviet-style; Stalin and; theodicy; utopia; violence sanctified by; Western. See also Communism

  mass murder. See also exterminist policies; genocide; Holocaust; purges; terror

  Matustik, Martin

  Mauss, Marcel

  Mayakovsky, Vladimir

  Mazowiecki, Tadeusz

  Mečiar, Vladimir

  memory: of Communist crimes; competitive regimes of; ethnicization of; of Holocaust; hypermnesia; mismemory. See also amnesia

  Mensheviks; Bukharin and; comparison between Nazism and Communism; exiled; Jews associated with (by Stalin); Lenin vs.; Russian tradition; split with Bolsheviks

  Merker, Paul

  Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, Humanism and Terror

  messianism; Communist; Fascist; post-Communism. See also charismatic politics; redemptive mythologies

  Meszáros, István

  Michnik, Adam: campaign against; “From humanity, through nationality, to barbarity,”; individuality; new evolutionism; “perestroika virus,”; “perfect society,”; revisionism; revolutions (1989-91); shared vision of public good; “velvet restoration,”; “West of center,”

  millennialism; Fascist; Leninist; Marxist. See also chiliasms; eschatology

  Mills, C. Wright

  Milošević-style expansionist chauvinism

  Milosz, Czeslaw

  Mints, Isaac

  mismemory. See also amnesia; falsification

  mission: Communist; Fascist

  Mladenov, Petar

  Mlynář, Zdeněk; The State and the Individual; “Towards a Democratic Political Organization of Society,”; “What to Do with the Party?” (with Gorbachev)

  modernity; Communism and; Fascist; identity myths; illiberal; liberal; nationalism; post-Communism; revisionism and

  Modrow, Hans

  Modzelewski, Karol, Open Letter of the Basic Party Organization of PZPR (Polish United Workers' Party) and to Members of the University Cell of the Union of Socialist Youth at Warsaw University (with Kuroń)

  Molotov, Vyacheslav

  Mongolia

  monism: avoiding; Marxism

  Monnerot, Jules

  morality; Communism and; dissidents and; Fascism and; moral blindness; post-Communist; reinvention of politics; revisionism and; revolutions (1989-91) and. See also criminality; evil; truth

  Moravia, Communist Party

  Müller, Jan-Werner

  murder: class murder (“sociocide”). See also mass murder

  Mussolini, Benito; death (1945); differences from Communists; Enciclopedia Italiana contribution; leader charisma; mission; My Autobiography; one-party system; Rocco with

  mysticism: Communist; Hitler. See also charismatic politics; messianism; sacralization

  mythologies: anti-Fascism; Bolshevik; civil society as; dialectics as instrument of; exclusionist; Judeo-Bolsheviks; “Judeo-Masonic conspiracies,”; Judeo-plutocracy; Marxism-Leninism; nationalist; post-Communist; proletariat; salvationist fantasies; Soviet system. See also millennialism; redemptive mythologies

  Nagy, Imre

  Naimark, Norman

  “nanny,” yearning for the state as

  National Council for the Study of the Securitate Archives

  nationalism; anti-Communist; Communist Manifesto and; dangers of; ethnocentric; “Jewish bourgeois,”; polycentric vs. ethnocentric; post-Communist; radical; Russian; salvationism; socialist; specters of; during World War I

  National Socialism. See Nazism

  National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) NATO

  Naumov, Oleg V.

  Nazism; biological distinctionsi; civilization; Communism “more evil” than; defeat; dehumanization of the enemy; differences between Communism and; disenchantment; East and Central Europe dictatorships admiring; ethnic cleansing; evil identified by; genocidal; ideology; intentionality; leader charisma; and morality; Nazi Party (NSDAP); number of victims; Nuremberg Laws (1936); one-party system; party charisma; resistance to; show trials not used by; similarities with Communism; Soviet citizens sent back to USSR; Soviet-Nazi “nonaggression” pact (1939); terror. See also Hitler, Adolf; Nazism vs. Jews

  Nazism vs. Jews; comparing Nazism and Communism; exterminist policies; genocidal; Jews seeking refuge in USSR from. See also Holocaust

  Nechaev, Sergey; Revolutionary Catechism

  neo-authoritarianism

  neo-Communism

  neo-Marxists

  neo-Stalinism

  Neruda, Pablo

  Neumann, Heinz

  New Economic Policy (NEP)

  new evolutionism

  New Faith

  New Left: Socialist; Western

  New Man

  “new thinking,”

  New York Review of Books

  Nietzsche, Friedrich

  Night of the Long Knives (1934)

  Nikolaevsky, Boris

  Nivat, Georges

  Nolte, Ernst

  nomenklatura, Soviet Union,

  Norden, Albert

  North Korea, Leninist parties coming to power

  “objective enemies,”

  October Revolution (1917),

  Offe, Claus

  Open Letter of the Basic Party Organization of PZPR (Polish United Workers' Party) and to Members of the University Cell of the Union of Socialist Youth at Warsaw University (Kuroń and Modzelewski)

  Orbán, V
iktor

  Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE); “Resolution on Divided Europe Reunited: Promoting Human Rights and Civil Liberties in the OSCE Region in the Twenty-first Century,”

  Orwell, George

  OSCE. See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

  other. See enemies

  Ottomanization

  Overy, Richard

  Palme, Olaf

  Palouš, Martin

  Pandrea, Petre, Memoriile Mandarinului Valah (Memoirs of a Wallachian Mandarin)

  “The Parade of the Powerful Stalin Breed [plemia],”

  Paraschivescu, Miron Radu

  pariah, notion of

  Paris Commune

  Parisian May

  parties. See political parties

  Partisan Review

  party charisma: Communist; Fascist

  Patočka, Jan; care of the soul; Charter; Havel following

  Pătrășcanu, Lucrețiu

  Pauker, Ana

  People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD)

  perestroika

  personality cult. See leader charisma/personality cult

  Petöfi Circle / Budapest neo-Marxist School,

  Petrovic, Gajo

  Piatakov, Yury

  Pipes, Richard

  Pitești penitentiary

  Pjade, Mosa

  Plekhanov, Georgi

  Pleșu, Andrei

  pluralism; Gorbachev and; Lenin vs.; post-Communism and; revolutions (1989-91) and. See also democracy; diversity

  pogroms

  Poland: anti-Semitism; Communist Party; defeat of former Communists (September 2005); de-Stalinization; impersonal democratic procedures; Kaczynski brothers; Kwarniewski; March student upheaval; Mazowiecki; Zygmunt Modzelewski as foreign minister; not exactly totalitarian; perestroika and; post-Communism; Rakowski; revisionism and; Workers' Defense Committee (KOR). See also Kolakowski, Leszek; Polish dissidents (1987-89)

  Polish dissidents (1987-89). See also Solidarnosc/Solidarity

  Politburo; Jakub Berman; Brezhnev; Kaganovich; Lenin's; Romanian members

  political modernity. See modernity

  political monopoly: Communist Party; Fascist; “Gorbachev phenomenon” and. See also dictatorship; hegemony; totalitarianism

  political parties; Cominform (Communist and Workers' Parties); Fascists internalizing Lenin's cult of the party; Italian National Fascist Party; Nazi Party (NSDAP); one-party system; Party of Democratic Socialism; post-Communist; Romanian; Russian Liberal Democratic Party; Serbian Radical Party; social democrats; Socialist Unity Party (SED). See also Bolshevism; Communist Party; vanguard party

 

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