compulsory Spanish 374
indigenous languages 375-376
lenguas generates 367
Mexican cession 487, 494-495
population in 1559 568n14
printing presses 346
republic of Indians 368
Spanish occupation 1-4, 12, 14-17, 337, 340, 342, 346, 349, 392, 494-495
and US economy 379
Micronesia 448, 452-454, 510, 573n70
Middle East 21, 43, 45, 110-112, 377
linguistic innovations 29-35, 37
Middle English 66n, 125
Midrash 70n
Mien 134
Milinda 192, 230, 246
Milinda-paõha, Questions of King Milinda 192, 246
Mill, James, English philosopher 501, 513
Ming dynasty 121, 143, 144, 147, 148, 160
Mishnah 70n
Missionaries see Christianity
Mitanni 41, 62, 128, 196
Mitchell, Margaret 490
Mithradata 1257
Mithras 255
Mixtec 346, 352, 355
Moabite 70, 71
Moesia 310
Moldova 443
Molière, Jean-Baptiste, French dramatist 410
Molina, Fray Alonso de, Spanish friar 346
Monemvasia, Chronicle of 262
Mongolia 21, 121, 143, 427
people 153, 170-171, 207, 425-426, 555 religion 179
Mongolian 106, 108, 138, 140, 143, 145, 146, 156-157, 217
Monophysites 89
Monroe, James, US President 488
Montcalm, Marquess of, French general 415
Montecassino monastery 319
Montezuma see Motecuhzoma
Morgan, Henry, British pirate 480
Moscow 426-427, 431-432
Mossé, Fernand 472n
Motecuhzoma, Aztec tlatoani 1-4, 14-16, 353n
Motolinía (Fray Toribio de Benavente), Spanish Friar 368, 371
Mozambique 104-105, 387, 390, 399
Mufwene, Salikoko, historical linguist 559n
Mughal dynasty 106, 108, 212, 223, 497n, 514
Muhammad, Arab prophet 93-94, 96, 103, 260
Mühlenberg, F.A.C. 492
Muisca/Muysca see Chibcha
Multatuli (Eduard Douwes Dekker), Dutch novelist 395
Munda languages 177, 188, 197, 217
Mursilis, king 55
Muški 43
Muslims 88n, 92, 94-96, 141, 164, 212, 434
see also Islam
Musophilus (Daniel) 323
Musti, D. 249
Myiares, Andreas 265
Mysians 43
Nabada 37
Nahuatl 1-4, 14-17, 342, 344, 346, 350-355, 363, 368-369, 372, 374, 444, 521n
style contrasted with Spanish 14-15
Nālandā Mahāvihāra, Buddhist university 193, 194, 220-222
Nan-yue 146
Nanjing 151
Napata 127
Napoleon III, French emperor 301, 416n
Naturalis Historia (Pliny) 27, 336
Naucratis 130, 240n
Navajo census 489-490
Navarre 99
Nawat 350n
Near East 76, 90, 92, 111
Nearchus, Greek admiral 191-192
Nebrija, Antonio de, Spanish linguist 331, 345, 348, 380, 396, 446, 472
Nebuchadrezzar II, Babylonian king 44, 47, 59, 79
Nennius, chronicler of Britain 311
Nepali 176
Nesian 41n
Nestorians 88-90, 119, 120, 141, 158, 536
Netherlands 398, 400n, 409
New Granada 339, 367, 568n15
New Hebrides see Vanuatu
New World see Americas
New Zealand 506, 508, 510, 535
Newton, Sir Isaac 328
Nhengatu see Tupinambá
Nicephorus I, Byzantine emperor 262
Nieuw Nederland 492-493
Nigeria 508, 530
Nikolay II, Tsar 433
Nimrod 35n
Nimrud also Kalhu 88
Nineveh 49-50, 54, 65
Nippur 58
Nithard, Frankish chronicler 317
Norman French see under French
Normans 275, 319, 406, 447n, 458-460, 461-465
Norse 312, 314n, 447n, 460
Norsemen see Vikings
North Africa 37, 45, 46, 49, 70-71, 76, 78, 93, 122, 292, 536
Arabic in 100
French language in 418-419
Portuguese 382
spread of Islam 100-101, 209
North America
Seventeenth-century European colonies 482
American Revolution 486-487
and English 19, 241, 378, 457, 480 485, 486-492, 504-505, 518, 535
European population 415
and French 411-413, 415, 457
immigration 487, 491-492
Nouvelle-France 412-414, 486, 492-494
and Spain 378, 494-495
North American Review 474n
North Carolina 80
Nouvelle-France 412-414, 486, 492-494
Nova Scotia 414
Nubia 127-128, 129
numerals 37, 37n, 38, 50n
Numidia 78
Nuzi 62
Ny Sverige 492
Nyevskiy, Aleksandr, Russian prince 426, 447
Occitan 300
Odyssey 44n, 236, 251
Old Norse see Norse
Olmos, Father Andres de 346
Omotic 36
Onesicritus, Greek admiral 191
Origen, Church father 256
Oriya 198
Os Lusíadas (Camões) 382
Oscan 17, 242, 278-280, 291n, 299
Ossetic 48, 108
Ostrogoths 261, 306, 307
Otomí 352, 355
Ottoman dynasty 106, 121, 264, 266, 411, 434-435
Overall Survey of the Ocean’s Shores (Ma Huan) 147
Oxford Book of English Verse 474n
Pachacutec, Inca 357
Pachomius (Saint), Church father 133
Pacific 340, 417, 419, 448, 452, 454, 508, 513
Pahlavi 48, 98
Pakistan 85, 530
Palaic 39, 41
Palestine 42, 44, 48, 62, 79, 86, 111, 128-129, 209, 247-248, 259
Pali 145n, 151, 159, 162, 178, 190, 192, 202, 208, 214, 215-216, 536
Paõcatantra 199, 208
Pānini, Sanskrit grammarian 181, 183, 185, 217, 218
Papua New Guinea 10, 12, 508
Paraguay 367-368, 371, 373n, 376
Paraš, technique of real-time translation 82
Paris 407-408
Parsa 56-57
Parthian 108, 131, 247, 257-259
Parthians 35, 48, 86, 87, 98, 245, 246-247, 269
Parthian Stations, The (Isidorus) 258
Pashto, 108, 186
Patagonia 93
Pataõjali.Sanskritgrammarian 180, 185-186, 245
Patrick (Saint), Church father 303
Pechenegs 425
Peloponnesian War 82
Penang 149, 506
Pennsylvania Dutch 92
Pericles, Greek statesman 233
Períplous Thalássēs Eruthraías 102-104
Persepolis 57, 259
Persia 47, 57, 81-82, 86, 120, 122, 129
Arabic bilingualism 98-100, 163
and Egypt 130-131, 164-165
Greek overlordship 245, 247, 257
political setbacks 108
and Russia 434
Persian 12, 21, 30, 43, 47-48, 57, 97, 101, 106, 108, 132, 141, 160, 212-213, 219, 246, 300n, 514, 554
Peru 12, 308, 334, 338, 339, 342, 344, 346, 356-358, 364, 367-370, 372, 392, 519
Peter the Great also Petr I, Tsar 432, 438-439
’Phagspa, alphabet 156-157, 212n
Philae 132
Philip II see Felipe II
Philip of Macedon 85
Philippines 147n, 148, 161, 340, 374, 377-379, 400, 444, 509, 515, 544
Phi
lo of Byblos 72-73
Philostratus, Athenian sophist 565n28
Phoenicia 69-70, 83
gods 72-73
people 4445, 111, 242n, 292
settlements 239
Phoenician 11n, 21, 30, 34, 44-45, 60n, 68-78, 70, 73, 90, 103, 112, 250, 267, 520n, 536, 546
alphabet 44-6, 72n, 155, 210n
grammar 68n
see also Punic
Phonetics 37, 50, 54, 154, 156-157, 209-212
Phrygian 43, 48, 83, 249
Phrynichus Arabius, Greek pedant 254
Pictograms see writing
Pidgins 10, 380, 390, 497, 508, 575n63
Pigafetta, Antonio, Spanish explorer 401n
Pilipino see Tagalog
Pindar, Greek poet 230
Pinteado, Antonio, Portuguese explorer 388
Pinyin see Chinese
Piracy 102, 129, 148, 158, 199, 201, 382, 391, 415-416, 421, 478-479, 491, 494, 519
Pizarro, Francisco, Spanish conquistador 338, 339, 343, 356
Plautus, Roman dramatist 76-77, 252, 565n25
Pliny the Elder, Roman admiral and encyclopaedist 27, 191, 336
Plutarch, Greek biographer 5, 131n, 258, 259n, 555
Pocahontas, Powhatan princess 481
Poema de Mio Cid 332n
Poenulus (Plautus) 76-77, 78n
Poland 410, 429, 431-432
Polier, Antoine-Louis Henri, Frenchman in British East India Company 497, 575n41
Polk, James Knox, US President 488, 494
Polo, Marco 336n
Polybius, Greek historian 252, 279, 293, 294, 295
Polychronicon (Higden) 467, 468, 471
Polynesia 9, 23n
Population
density 152-153, 373, 376, 412, 412n, 415, 494
growth 414-415, 489, 490-495, 527-528, 530-1, 535, 545, 547, 557, 572n42, 577n9
movement (see also Deportation) 18-19, 22, 24, 64-66, 126, 141, 146, 163-167, 239-241, 273-275, 293-294, 325, 332, 339n, 343-344, 360, 376, 378-379, 391-392, 394, 411, 423, 433, 435, 437, 486-487, 491-492, 492n, 495, 506, 531, 534-537, 538n
Portugal
Asian empire 385-390, 396-398, 519
and China 148
maritime explorations 334-336, 382, 478
Muslim presence 99, 384
trading empire 385, 386-391
see also Brazil
Portuguese 300, 325n, 331, 332n, 380, 382, 384, 385, 387-388, 390-395, 404n, 446, 476, 497-498, 499n, 513, 525-533, 536
in America 391-395
and Christianity 387-390, 398n, 401
expansion in Brazil 393
Posidippus, Greek dramatist 230
Posidonius, Greek scholar 276, 277
Prakrit see Sanskrit
Principia (Newton) 328
Prinsep, James, British scholar 503n
Procopius, Byzantine historian 261-262, 311n
Provençal 320n
Proverbs of Aniqar 38, 83
Prussia 448
Psamtek I, pharaoh 129
Psamtek III, pharaoh 131
Ptah 113-114, 132
Ptolemaic dynasty 86, 131, 248-249, 251, 259, 276, 281
Punic 46, 75-78, 97, 100, 250, 307n, 536 see also Phoenician
Puquina 356-357
Putonghuà see Chinese
Pyrrhus, Greek king 251
Qatna 41
Qín dynasty 118, 137-138, 140
Qīng dynasty 121, 144, 148, 149
Quechua 21, 342, 344-346, 355-360, 363, 369, 372-373, 444, 519, 521n, 557
Queensland 80
Quiller-Couch, Sir Arthur 474n
Qum 98
Quôc-ngu (’National Language’, Vietnamese romanized script) 414n
Qur’ān 94, 97n, 98, 216, 521
Quti/Qutium 40, 43
Racine, Jean, French dramatist 410
Raffles, Stamford, British developer 399, 402, 506
Rājaśekhara, Sanskrit poet 189
Rajasinha II, Ceylonese emperor 388
Ralegh, Sir Walter, English adventurer 477n, 479
Rāmāyana (Valmīki) 176, 184, 198
Ramses II, pharaoh 126
Ramses III, pharaoh 127
Reclus, Onésime 404n
Reconquista (Christian reconquest of Spain) 99
Reformation 367, 407, 409, 412, 447, 517
Religion 21-22, 24, 25, 86-93, 94-96, 126
Renaissance 265, 409, 544
Rhodes, Alexandre de, French missionary 413, 414n
’Rich trades’ 397
Richard II, English king 468
Richard II (Shakespeare) 477
Richelieu, Cardinal, French statesman 409, 410, 412
Rivarol, Antoine de, French writer 410n
Roanoke, English colony 477, 487
Roderik, Visigothic king 99
Rolfe, John, British tobacco entrepreneur 481
Roman de Rou (Wace) 458-459
Roman empire 20, 76, 96, 101n, 111, 121, 140, 150, 164-167, 245
alphabet 242
boundary (liabar;mes) 277, 297
collapse in the West 305
conquests 275
expansion 251, 293
Fourth Crusade 263, 270
and Greek 250-254, 255, 269
immigration 275
see also Latin
Roman republic 278-279, 297
Romance languages 20, 98, 99, 175, 304, 307, 310, 314, 317-321, 325, 382, 405, 407, 460, 519, 526 Romanian 291n, 309
Romanov dynasty 431
Romantic movement 266, 448
Romans 45, 48, 71, 295-299
Rome
expansion westward 296
and Greek 298
and Latin 298, 300
sack of 293
Rosenblat, Angel 373
Rosetta Stone 165n
Roux, Georges, French assyrologist 63
Roy, Ram Mohan, Indian intellectual 502, 510
Royal Asiatic Society 185
Rushdie, Salman, Indian writer in English 577n7
Russia 106
and China 427
expansion
Cossack invasions 427-428
east and west 427-432
immigration 423, 433, 435
Korean population 423n
of Muscovy 428, 430
Russia (cont.)
north and south 432-437
origins 422n, 423-427
Empires of the Word: A Language History of the World Page 80
