A Conflict of Visions: Ideological Origins of Political Struggles

by Thomas Sowell

  3. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (New York: Everyman's Library, 1967), pp. 19-20.

  4. Ibid., p. 162.

  5. Ibid., pp. 165-166.

  6. F. A. Hayek, Law, Legislation and Liberty, Vol. III, p. 166.

  7. Ibid., pp. 154-158, 165-169.

  8. See, for example, F. A. Hayek, The CounterRevolution of Science (Indianapolis: Liberty Press, 1952), pp. 165-211.

  9. See, for example, John Kenneth Galbraith, The New Industrial State (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1967); Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of Business Enterprise (New York: New American Library, 1958).

  10. Hubert Humphrey in National Planning: Right or Wrong for the U.S.? (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1976), p. 37.

  11. Wassily Leontief in ibid., pp. 14-15.

  12. William Godwin, Enquiry Concerning Political Justice (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1969), Vol. I, p. 297.

  13. Ibid., p. 439.

  14. Ibid., p. 428.

  15. Bernard Shaw, The Intelligent Woman's Guide to Socialism and Capitalism (New York: Brentano's Publishers, 1928), p. 127.

  16. Ibid., p. 154.

  17. G. Bernard Shaw, "Economic," Fabian Essays in Socialism, ed. G. Bernard Shaw (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, no date), p. 113.

  18. Ibid., p. 223.

  19. Edward Bellamy Looking Backward: 2000-1887 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1926), p. 49.

  20. Ibid., p. 56.

  21. Ibid., p. 58.

  22. Ibid., p. 104.

  23. Ibid., p. 141.

  24. Ibid., p. 91.

  25. Ibid., pp. 100, 227-229, 315.

  26. Ibid., pp. 13, 49.

  27. Ibid., pp. 56, 231, 315, 329.

  28. Ibid., pp. 58, 140-145, 181-185.

  29. Robert A. Dahl and Charles E. Lindblom, Politics, Economics and Welfare (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967), p. 73.

  30. Ibid., pp. 387-388.

  31. Ibid., p. 401.

  32. Ibid., p. 79.

  33. Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind (Westport, Conn.: Hyperion Press, Inc., 1955), p. 164.

  34. Ibid., p. 68.

  35. Ibid., pp. 162, 181, 190.

  36. John Kenneth Galbraith, The Affluent Society (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1958), Chapter II.

  37. William Godwin, Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, Vol. I, p. 245.

  38. Ibid., p. 191.

  39. Ibid., pp. 198-199.

  40. Ibid., Vol. II, p. 264.

  41. Ibid., Vol. I, p. 199.

  42. Ibid., pp. 128-129.

  43. Ibid., pp. 129, 131, 173, 202, 214, 249, 264; ibid., Vol. II, pp. 264, 351, 507-514.

  44. Ibid., Vol. I, p. 215.

  45. Ibid., Vol. II, pp. 351-352.

  46. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, p. 83.

  47. See, for example, F. A. Hayek, The CounterRevolution of Science: Studies on the Abuse of Reason (Indianapolis: Liberty Press, 1979), passim.

  48. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, p. 58.

  49. Ibid., p. 52.

  50. Ibid., pp. 92-93.

  51. F. A. Hayek, Law, Legislation and Liberty, Vol. I, p. 87.

  52. Cited in Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980), p. 24.

  53. Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (Indianapolis: Liberty Classics, 1976), p. 369.

  54. F. A. Hayek, Law, Legislation and Liberty, Vol. I, p. 11.

  55. Ibid., p. 12.

  56. Ibid., p. 13.

  57. Ibid., p. 14.

  58. Ibid.

  59. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, p. 42.

  60. Alexander Hamilton, Selected Writings and Speeches of Alexander Hamilton, ed. Morton J. Frisch (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1985), p. 457.

  61. F. A. Hayek, Law, Legislation and Liberty, Vol. I, p. 21.

  62. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, p. 93.

  63. P. T. Bauer, Reality and Rhetoric: Studies in the Economics of Development (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1984), p. 5.

  64. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, p. 44. See also p. 193.

  65. Alexander Hamilton, Selected Writings and Speeches of Alexander Hamilton, p. 234.

  66. William Godwin, Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, Vol. I, p. 296.

  67. Ibid., Vol. II, pp. 146-147.

  68. Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, p. 375.

  69. Alexander Hamilton, Selected Writings and Speeches of Alexander Hamilton, p. 227.

  70. John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1965), pp. 84, 210212.

  71. Thomas Sowell, Knowledge and Decisions (New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1980), pp. 127-128.

  72. John Bartlett, Bartlett's Familiar Quotations (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1968), p. 802.

  73. Robert A. Dahl and Charles E. Lindblom, Politics, Economics and Welfare, p. 49.

  74. Ibid., p. 425.

  75. Ibid., p. 518.

  76. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (London: J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd., 1970), p. 82.

  77. William Godwin, Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, Vol. II, p. 404.

  78. Ibid., p. 324.

  79. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, p. 110.

  80. Friedrich A. Hayek, The Road to Serfdom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972), pp. 25-26.

  81. Ramsey Clark, Crime in America (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1970), p. 60.

  82. Robert A. Dahl and Charles E. Lindblom, Politics, Economics and Welfare, p. 518.

  83. Cited in Friedrich A. Hayek, The Road to Serfdom, p. 26n.

  CHAPTER 5: VARIETIES AND DYNAMICS OF VISIONS

  1. William Godwin, Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1969), Vol. II, pp. 516-518; Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind (Westport, Conn.: Hyperion Press, Inc., 1955), pp. 188-189.

  2. See, for example, Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962), pp. 133-136.

  3. William Godwin, Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, Vol. I, pp. xviii, 255, 257, 301, 302.

  4. G. Bernard Shaw, "Transition," in Fabian Essays in Socialism, ed. G. Bernard Shaw (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, no date), pp. 224-225.

  5. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971), pp. 12, 17-22.

  6. Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (Indianapolis: Liberty Classics, 1976), pp. 161-162, 211, 228-229, 247, 352, 370-371, 422.

  7. See Thomas Sowell, Marxism: Philosophy and Economics (New York: William Morrow, 1985), pp. 55-59, 75-79.

  8. Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Correspondence, translated by Dona Torr (New York: International Publishers, 1942), p. 58.

  9. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Basic Writings on Politics and Philosophy, ed. Lewis S. Feuer (New York: Anchor Books, 1959), p. 119.

  10. Ibid., p. 109.

  11. Ibid., p. 399.

  12. See, for example, Karl Marx, Capital (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr and Company, 1906), Vol. I, p. 15; Friedrich Engels, "Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy," in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Basic Writings on Politics and Philosophy, p. 230; Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Correspondence, p. 476.

  13. Karl Marx, "Wage Labour and Capital," Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Works (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1955), Vol. I, pp. 99-101.

  14. Karl Marx, Theories of Surplus Value (New York: International Publishers, 1952), p. 380.

  15. Karl Marx, "The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte," in Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 288.

  16. Frederick Engels, Herr Eugen Duhring's Revolution in Science (New York: International Publishers, 1939), p. 200;
Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 199n.

  17. Frederick Engels, Herr Eugen Duhring's Revolution in Science, p. 306.

  18. Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, The German Ideology (New York: International Publishers, 1947), p. 74.

  19. K. Marx and F. Engels, The Holy Family (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1956), p. 227.

  20. Karl Marx, Capital, Vol. I, p. 836.

  21. Ibid., p. 297.

  22. See Thomas Sowell, Marxism: Philosophy and Economics (New York: William Morrow, 1985), Chapter 4.

  23. See John Stuart Mill, Collected Works (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1969), Vol. X, pp. 86-87.

  24. In Mill's words, "Bentham's idea of the world is that of a collection of persons pursuing each his separate interest or pleasure." Ibid., p. 97.

  25. Jeremy Bentham, The Principles of Morals and Legislation (New York: Hafner Publishing Company, 1948), p. 70.

  26. The "extreme tidiness of his mind and the austere discipline of his mental processes" are noted in W. Stark, "Introduction," Jeremy Bentham's Economic Writings (London: George Allen & Unwin, Ltd., 1952), Vol. I, p. 17.

  27. Jeremy Bentham, Jeremy Bentham's Economic Writings, ed. W. Stark, Vol. I, pp. 14, 123-207.

  28. Ibid., p. 129.

  29. Ibid., pp. 115-116.

  30. John Stuart Mill, Collected Works, Vol. X, pp. 209n- 210n.

  31. Ibid., pp. 5-18, 75-115.

  32. Ibid., pp. 117-163.

  33. Ibid., p. 91.

  34. John Stuart Mill, Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy (London: John W. Parker, 1844), p. 50.

  35. John Stuart Mill, Collected Works, Vol. X, p. 15.

  36. Ibid., Vol. II, pp. 199-200.

  37. Ibid., p. 200.

  38. Thomas Sowell, Say's Law: An Historical Analysis (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972), Chapter 5.

  39. William Godwin, Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, Vol. I, pp. 158-162, 195; ibid., Vol. II, p. 57.

  40. Ibid., Vol. I, pp. 168-169, 206.

  41. Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (New York: Modern Library, 1937), p. 308.

  42. Buck v. Bell, Superintendent, 274 U.S. 200, at 207.

  CHAPTER 6: VISIONS OF EQUALITY

  1. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (New York: Everyman's Library, 1967), p. 56.

  2. Alexander Hamilton et al., The Federalist Papers (New York: New American Library, 1961), p. 21.

  3. Ibid., p. 117.

  4. F. A. Hayek, Law, Legislation and Liberty (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973), Vol. I, p. 141.

  5. Ibid., Vol. II, p. 88.

  6. Ibid., Vol. I, p. 12.

  7. Milton and Rose Friedman, Free to Choose (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1980), p. 148.

  8. William Godwin, Enquiry Concerning Political Justice (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1969), Vol. II, p. 109.

  9. Ibid., p. 114.

  10. Ibid., p. 110.

  11. Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind (Westport, Conn.: Hyperion Press, Inc., 1955), p. 174.

  12. Bernard Shaw, The Intelligent Woman's Guide to Socialism and Capitalism (New York: Brentano's Publishers, 1928), p. 94.

  13. Regents of the University of California v. Allan Bakke, 438 U.S. 265, at 297.

  14. Ibid., at 387-394.

  15. William Godwin, Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, Vol. I, p. 15.

  16. Bernard Shaw, The Intelligent Woman's Guide to Socialism and Capitalism, p. 22.

  17. Ibid., p. 126.

  18. Ibid., p. 137.

  19. William Godwin, Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, Vol. II, p. 429.

  20. Bernard Shaw, The Intelligent Woman's Guide to Socialism and Capitalism, p. 146.

  21. Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward: 2000-1887 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1926), p. 136.

  22. William Godwin, Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, Vol. I, p. 17.

  23. Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (Indianapolis: Liberty Classics, 1976), pp. 113ff; Milton and Rose Friedman, Free to Choose, p. 146.

  24. Milton and Rose Friedman, Free to Choose, p. 146.

  25. Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (New York: Modern Library, 1937), pp. 683, 736; Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962), Chapter XII.

  26. Milton and Rose Friedman, Free to Choose, p. 146.

  27. Ibid., p. 147.

  28. Friedrich A. Hayek, The Road to Serfdom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972), p. 31.

  29. Ibid., p. 137.

  30. See Friedrich A. Hayek, The Road to Serfdom, especially Chapter X. According to Hayek, "socialism can be put into practice only by methods which most socialists disapprove." Friedrich A. Hayek, The Road to Serfdom, p. 137. The phrase "the mirage of social justice" is the subtitle of the second volume of his later elaboration of his thesis in Law, Legislation and Liberty.

  31. F. A. Hayek, Law, Legislation and Liberty, Vol. II, p. 20.

  32. Ibid., p. 22.

  33. Ibid., p. 33.

  34. Ibid., p. 2.

  35. Ibid., p. 39.

  36. Ibid., p. 65.

  37. Ibid., p. 64.

  38. Ibid., p. 64.

  39. William Godwin, Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, Vol. I, p. 17.

  40. Ibid., Vol. II, p. 15.

  41. Ibid., p. 18.

  42. Ibid., p. 102.

  43. Ibid., p. 419.

  44. Bernard Shaw, The Intelligent Woman's Guide to Socialism and Capitalism, p. 254.

  45. Ibid., p. 169.

  46. F. A. Hayek, Law, Legislation and Liberty, Vol. II, p. 74.

  47. Ibid.

  48. Milton and Rose Friedman, Free to Choose, p. 146; Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980).

  49. See, for example, Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom, Chapter I.

  50. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, p. 16.

  51. Ibid., pp. 15-16.

  52. Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, p. 337.

  53. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, pp. 80-81, 365.

  54. Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, pp. 126-127.

  55. Ibid., p. 129.

  56. Ibid., p. 120.

  57. Jacob Viner, "Adam Smith and Laissez-Faire," Journal of Political Economy, April 1927, p. 215.

  58. Alexander Hamilton, Selected Writings and Speeches of Alexander Hamilton, ed. Morton J. Frisch (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1985), p. 210.

  59. William Godwin, Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, Vol. I, p. 143; ibid., Vol. II, pp. 98, 137.

  60. Ibid., Vol. II, pp. 101, 110.

  61. Ibid., Vol. I, pp. 18-19; ibid., Vol. II, p. 15.

  62. Ibid., Vol. I, pp. 257, 267-268, 302; ibid., Vol. II, pp. 531-532,539,543.

  63. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (New York: E. P. Dutton and Company, 1970), pp. 35, 40.

  64. William Godwin, Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, Vol. I, p. 446.

  65. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract (New York: Penguin Books, 1968), p. 89.

  66. Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind, p. 114.

  67. Bernard Shaw, The Intelligent Woman's Guide to Socialism and Capitalism, p. 456.

  68. P. T. Bauer, Reality and Rhetoric: Studies in the Economics of Development (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1984), pp. 1-18, 24; Theodore W. Schultz, Investing in People: The Economics of Population Quality (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981), pp. 8-9, 25-26.

  69. Gunnar Myrdal, Asian Drama, abridged by Seth S. King (New York: Vintage Books, 1972), pp. 44, 45, 53, 55, 68-69.

  70. Gerald W. Chapman, Edmund Burke: The Practical Imagination (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1967), pp. 134-135. See also Edmund Burke, The Correspo
ndence of Edmund Burke (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969), Vol. VIII, p. 343; ibid., Vol. IX, pp. 89, 315.

  71. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, p. 42.

  72. Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously, p. 239.

  CHAPTER 7: VISIONS OF POWER

  1. William Godwin, Enquiry Concerning Political Justice (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1969), Vol. II, p. 143.

  2. Alexander Hamilton et al., The Federalist Papers (New York: New American Library, 1961), p. 46.

  3. Ibid., p. 58.

  4. Ibid., p. 60.

  5. Ibid., p. 87.

  6. William Godwin, Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, Vol. II, pp. 144-145.

  7. Ibid., pp. 144-145, 155, 173.

  8. Ibid., pp. 164, 173.

  9. Ibid., p. 180.

  10. Ibid., p. 146.

  11. Ibid., pp. 167-168, 169.

  12. Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (Indianapolis: Liberty Classics, 1976), p. 390.

  13. Ibid., p. 256.

  14. Ibid., pp. 373-374.

  15. Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind (Westport, Conn.: Hyperion Press, Inc., 1955), p. 193.

  16. William Godwin, Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, Vol. I, p. 276.

  17. Ramsey Clark, Crime in America (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1970), p. 220.

  18. Ibid., p. 43.

  19. Ibid., p. 29.

  20. Ibid., p. 36.

  21. Ibid., p. 17.

  22. Ibid.

  23. Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, p. 170.

  24. Ramsey Clark, Crime in America, p. 219.

  25. William Godwin, Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, Vol. II, p. 355.

  26. Ibid., p. 380.

  27. Ibid., p. 381.

  28. Ibid., p. 382.

  29. Ibid., p. 532.

  30. Ibid., p. 380.

  31. Ramsey Clark, Crime in America, p. 220.

  32. John Stuart Mill, Collected Works (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1977), Vol. XVIII, p. 241.

  33. Ibid., p. 269.

  34. Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980), pp. 200-222.