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immigration of, from U.S. North, 71–76
immigration of, from U.S. South, 67–71
and Indians, see specific tribal groups
“kept,” 293
and leisure, 156–63, 285, 289–90, 296, 300
manhood and, 41, 42–43, 119, 135, 151–52, 167, 170, 256, 285, 322, 332–33
middle-class aspirations of, 51, 135, 151, 163, 188–89, 238, 248, 279–80, 281, 286, 311–12
and native women’s labor, 131–37
political culture of, 242, 253–56; see also politics, party
“the social” and, 141–42, 166–68, 169, 176, 183
as unmarked category, 52
“whiteness” and, 71, 256, 275–77
and working-class formation, 246–47, 248–50, 251–58, 265–66, 268–74
see also Anglo American immigrants, dominance of
Anglo American women:
absence of, 138, 141–42, 152, 167, 170, 183
and Anglo American dominance, 238, 239, 302, 311
in Chilean War, 203–4
cross-dressing, 288
divorces of, 173–74, 277, 284–85, 287–89, 296, 300
domestic work and, 116, 121, 129, 130, 135, 137, 281; see also domestic and personal service work
as entrepreneurs, 75–76, 120, 281, 283
immigration of, 68–69, 73–76, 142, 168, 169, 234, 242, 279–81, 300, 311, 335
and informal union, 286–87
middle class and, 75, 279–84, 286, 289, 290, 297, 302, 341
and nonmarital sex, 288–89, 297
and party politics, 266–67, 283
and reform, 238–39, 277, 282–89, 290, 297
and religion, 155, 286
“the social” and, 141–42
see also Anglo American immigrants, dominance of
Apache Indians, 31, 61, 201
Appling, R. A., 31
Araucanian Indians, 64
Arroyo Cantúa, 38–41, 42, 43–44, 50, 52
Arroyo Seco land grant, 292
Augustin (Indian servant), 193, 219
Australian immigrants, 128, 278
Avello, Cipriano, 66, 67
Averill, Frank, 287
Ayres, James J.:
and Chilean War, 196, 204–7, 208
Gold and Sunshine by, 204–7
and slavery, 204, 206, 207
Baker, Isaac Wallace, daguerreotype by, 82
Baker, John, 217
Baltimore (cruiser), 206, 207
Bancroft collection, 194
Bandido Chileño, El, 207
banditry:
language of, 34–35, 41, 45, 46, 48–51, 187
Mexican, 28–29, 34–35, 38, 43, 51
social, 28, 50, 218
Bartolomé (divorce deponent), 295
Bates, Craig D., 308
Baxter, Warner, 46
Bayerque (Sarah Philbrick’s lover), 288, 289
Bear Flag Rebellion (1846), 183, 260
Belgian immigrants, 11, 109, 234; see also Perlot, Jean-Nicolas
Belt, George, 137, 222, 231
Benton, Thomas Hart, 261, 264, 267, 269, 270, 271
Bernal, Antonio, 344
Bernhard, George, 309, 310–11
Besançon, Lorenzo A., 210
Bigler, John, 37, 246
Blair, Francis Preston, 271, 273
Blanc, Louis, 79
boom cover trade, 173
Booth, Edmund, 100
Booth, Mary Ann, 100
“border ruffians,” 271, 272
Borthwick, J. D.:
on Chinese camps, 111–12, 112, 118
on Chinese laundries, 126–27
on Chinese mining, 245
on French camps, 118
on Indian life, 223
on leisure, 169–70, 172–73, 172, 181, 182
on Northern vs. Southern mines, 142
on religion, 150–51, 154–55
on shelter, 104
on Sonora, California, 168
Bowmer, John Clement, 283, 285
Bowmer, Lorena Hays; see Hays (Bowmer), Lorena (“Lenita”)
Brainard, Clementine, 280–81, 282, 285, 286–87, 296, 299, 312
Brainard, Marcellus, 280–81, 285, 299
Britain:
and China, 84
immigrants from, 209
and India, 84
investors from, 264, 265–66
British Columbia, gold rush in, 258, 301, 311
British East India Company, 84
Brooks (storekeeper), 171
Brown, Armsted C., 291–94, 292, 300
Brown, Philippa, 294
buggery, see sex and sexuality, homoerotic
bull-and-bear fighting, 143, 176, 180–83, 307
Bunnell, Lafayette Houghton, 221
Burns, Walter Noble, 46
Byrnes, Mike, 41
Byrnes, William, 41–43, 179
Calaveras River, 27, 92, 196, 204, 225, 227, 244
California:
as antiblack, 187, 189, 190
as antiforeign, 31, 32, 37, 185, 187, 210–11, 214, 216–17, 246–49, 322
as anti-Indian, 187, 230
Bancroft Collection and, 194
Bear Flag Rebellion (1846) in, 183, 260
constitution of, 70, 262
contests over meanings in, 183
as free state, 69–70, 114, 189–90
fugitive slave law in, 190
fur trappers in, 32–33, 90, 93–94, 223
gold production in, 258
Gold Rush in, see Gold Rush
Highway 49 in, 315
and Indian treaties, 230, 263
legislators of, 248, 254–55, 292
as metaphor for immorality, 320
Mexican land grants in, 262, 264–65, 267–68, 292
mining areas in, 27; see also Northern Mines; Shasta-Trinity diggings; Southern Mines
missions secularized in, 90
rangers of, 37, 38–41, 42, 43, 230
reform in, 239, 277, 279–80, 282–89, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299–300, 311–13
tourism in, 315–16
U.S. conquest of, 31, 57, 69, 293, 322; see also Mexican War
Californienne, La, 80
Californios, 90, 107, 193–94, 194, 219, 260, 265, 291–92
Canton Company, 305
capitalism:
growth of, 58, 79, 135, 143, 151–52, 188, 208
labor vs. leisure under, 143
productive vs. reproductive labor under, 101
in Southern Mines, 249–50; see also Mariposa Estate; water companies
see also market relations
Carson River basin, gold discovery in, 258
Cartier, Rose, 77, 295, 296
Caruthers, Caroline, 115
Caruthers, Diana, 69, 115
Caruthers, Georgeanne, 115
Caruthers, Lewis, 69
Carvalho, Charles, 327
Caughey, John, 26
Cave, John, 217
Cazneau, Thomas, 286–87
Central Valley, immigration to, 90–91
Chaffee, John, 71–73, 76, 154, 335–37, 337
Chamberlain, Jason, 71–73, 76, 154, 335–37, 337
Chappo (Indian hostler), 44
Chase, Nathan, 73, 74
Chávez, Cesar, 344
Chaw’se (historic park), 344
Cherokee Indians, 36, 45, 338–39; see also Ridge, John Rollin
Chicanos, 25, 28, 49, 50, 344
Chick, Alfred, 287
Chick, Mary Ann, 287, 288
Chile:
and Baltimore, 206, 207
and El Bandido Chileño, 207
commerce of, 64, 66
economic changes in, 64
encomienda system in, 64
gañanes from, 64–65
immigrants from, see Chilean immigrants
independence from Spain of, 59, 64
inquilino labor in, 64–65, 66
peónes of, 64–65, 66–67, 193
&nb
sp; urban populations in, 65
Chilean Gulch, 152, 196, 208, 216
Chilean immigrants, 63, 168, 193–208, 209, 234, 283–84
departure from mines of, 214, 215, 216, 217, 240, 248, 298, 311, 341
harassment of, 120, 193, 194, 196, 201; see also Chilean War
“hermaphrodite,” 171
immigration of, 58, 59, 63–67
as miners, 195–96
nonmining activities of, 108, 120–21
patrones, 65–67, 108, 121, 202, 203; see also peonage, Chilean
persistence of, 217, 240, 289–90, 341
relations with Mexicans of, 108, 199–200; see also foreign miners’ tax (1850), resistance to
and religion, 150
see also Chilean men; Chilean women
Chilean men:
and culinary practices, 108, 111
as entrepreneurs, 108, 120–21
and foreign miners’ tax, 210–18
and leisure, 157, 164, 178–79
and manhood, 199–200, 203–4
as miners, 65, 231
see also Chilean immigrants; and Pérez Rosales, Vicente
Chilean War (1849–50), 186, 196–208, 200, 216, 234, 239, 240, 279, 341
Chilean women, 64–65, 178–79, 195–96, 295, 297, 298, 300, 311, 341
in commercialized leisure, 164, 169, 284, 289–90, 290–94, 295, 297, 301, 307
and divorce, 291
as immigrants, 63, 67, 142
and informal union, 166, 293
and prostitution, 65, 67
see also Chilean immigrants
China:
agricultural changes in, 83–84
district origins of immigrants from, 85–86, 303, 305, 330
Hakka-Punti conflicts in, 85, 305
immigrants from, see Chinese immigrants; Chinese men; Chinese women
market economy in, 84, 85
Opium War (1839–42) in, 84, 306
Qing dynasty in, 85, 305
Red Turban Revolt (1854–55) in, 85, 305
secret societies in, 85, 298–99, 305
Taiping Rebellion (1851–64) in, 85, 305
Treaty of Nanjing (1842) in, 84–85
Chinese American pioneer festival, 343–44
Chinese immigrants, 234, 240–41, 247, 277, 298, 299, 303, 305; see also Chinese men; Chinese women
Chinese men, 82, 112, 209, 242–51
and animal metaphors, 307
called “John,” 244, 249, 300, 302, 304
conflicts among, 277–78, 298, 303–7
and constructions of race and gender, 306–7
crime pamphlet depiction of, 323–33, 325, 328
culinary practices of, 111–13, 118, 121
district organizations of, 303, 305
employment of, 209, 249, 298
and foreign miners’ tax, 241, 246–49, 250
gendering of, by Anglos, 35, 43, 245–46, 329
harassment of, 34, 125, 251
immigration of, 58, 59, 81–86, 240–41, 249, 298, 303, 305, 311
laundry work of, 125–27, 137, 218
in placer mines, 241, 242, 243–46, 248, 250
resistance of, 241, 248, 250
secret societies of, 298–99
state legislature and, 247–48
Weaverville War (1854) and, 303, 304, 305
see also Chinese immigrants
Chinese women:
and anti-Chinese activities, 251, 277, 299–300
called “John,” 302
and constructions of race and gender, 126, 306–7
immigration of, 86–87, 142, 298, 311
and marriage, 86, 298, 302
and metaphor of fire, 299
mining of, 302
population of, 86–87, 298
and prostitution, 86–87, 251, 277, 298–303
resistance of, 301–3
violence against, 277, 298, 299
see also Chinese immigrants
Chinguillo (péon), 66, 67
Chou Yee:
arrival in California of, 83, 329
crime pamphlet about, 324–33, 328
murder charge against, 85–86
native place of, 85–86, 330
Christman, Enos:
on bullfights, 181
on food, 116, 117
on laundry, 122
on leisure, 163–64
on Miwok women’s work, 133
on shelter, 104
on traveling musicians, 139
on vigilance committee, 218
Christmas celebrations, 171–72
circus, traveling, 310
Citizen’s Restaurant, 120
civilization, meanings of, 206, 275–76
Civil War, U.S., 242
class relations:
in Southern Mines, 187, 188, 214–15, 234, 238, 240, 241–42, 246–50, 251–58, 260, 262–63, 264, 265–66, 268–74, 277, 279–84, 285, 286, 299, 311–13
in U.S., 72–73, 76, 144, 151–52, 188–89, 208, 322, 338
see also labor
Clement, Madame, 290, 297
Coffin, Annie, 161
Coffroth, James W., 253–57, 261
Collier, Judge, and Chilean War, 196, 198, 201, 204, 205
Colton, John B., 175
Colton, Walter, 30
Columbia and Stanislaus River Water Company (CSRWC):
capital stock of, 256–57
competition of TCWC and, 252–58, 311–13
completion of ditch of, 257–58
founding of, 252
and Miners and Business Men’s Directory, 311–13
TCWC’s purchase of, 258
Combet, Pedro Isidoro, 150
Communist Manifesto (Marx and Engels), 79
Compromise of 1850, 70, 114, 190
Concha (Chilean miner), 201–2, 204
contract labor, 107, 209, 220, 247, 249
cooking, see culinary practices
Coon See, 324, 327, 329, 330
Coon You:
crime pamphlet about, 324–33, 328
emigration of, 86
murder charge against, 86
native place of, 86, 330
Cooper, Chloe, 284–85, 296
Cooper, James, 284
Coronel, Antonio Franco:
and gambling, 176–77
and harassment, 193–95
Indians and, 219
and mining, 219
servants of, 30, 62, 119, 193–94, 219
Correo del Sur, El, 196, 206
Cosumnes River, 27, 92, 146, 228, 244
cotton industry, 68–69, 71
Covarrubias, José María, 37–38, 40–41
crime pamphlets, 316, 317
on Fou Sin episode, 317, 323–33
on Grovenor Layton episode, 317–23, 324, 332–33
CSRWC, see Columbia and Stanislaus River Water Company
culinary practices, 99–122
divisions of labor in, 100–103, 110–21
ethnic/race relations in, 30–31, 107–8, 111–13, 120–21
gardening for, 109–10, 114
gathering food for, 93, 99, 109, 110, 133, 136, 137, 232–33, 309
hunting and fishing for, 93–94, 109, 114, 115, 131, 137, 223, 232
and open-air kitchens, 120
provisioning for, 107, 108–10
in public establishments, 118–21
racialization in, 108, 115–16, 129, 132–33, 136
Cypriano (Miwok leader), 87–90, 93, 94, 233
dancing:
and crisis of representation, 176
in fandangos, 164, 166, 171, 278–79
among men, 139, 171–73, 172
in Miwok ceremonies, 146–47, 149, 176
by Miwok street performers, 278, 298, 307–11, 308
and profane vs. sacred domains, 150
Danish immigrants, 170
Dart, John Paul, 70–71
Davis, Charles:
on culinary practices, 99, 108, 115
on
slavery, 189, 192
on Sunday entertainment, 155
Davis, Emily and O. S., 288
deep gravels, 187, 188, 241–42, 258–59
Delano, Ephraim, 222
Delaware Indians, 261
Del Rey Mural, 344
Democrats:
Frémonts and, 261, 266–67
Jacksonian, 254, 266
water companies and, 254–56
Derbec, Étienne:
on domestic work, 119, 122, 133
on religion, 154, 155
Dexter, A. Hersey, 118, 130
disease:
and care of the sick, 127–30, 159
Miwoks and, 90, 147
scurvy, 110, 127–28, 129–30
women and, 169
divorce proceedings, 173–74, 277, 287–89, 291, 294–96
Dobie, Alexander M., 255–56
Doble, John:
on food, 110
and homosociality, 159–60
on laundry and sewing, 122
and leisure, 157, 159–60, 169
on Miwok ceremonies, 132, 148–49
and shelter, 104
domestic and personal service work, 99–139, 269–70
care of the sick, 127–30, 159
change over time in, 276
of Chinese men, 111–13, 125–27
commercialized, 118–21, 289, 295, 296
of convalescing men, 114
culinary practices, 99–122, 281
laundry and sewing, 122–27, 269–70
of Mexican women, 30–31, 119–20, 123–25, 137, 295–96
as reproductive labor, 101–3, 133
shared among men, 106–7, 110–12, 138
of slaves, 113–14, 115
as women’s work, 101–3, 107, 115–16, 119, 121, 126, 129–30, 133, 135, 138
Doten, Alfred:
on anti-Mexican violence, 179–80
bed partners of, 174
in Fiddletown, 164
holiday bashes of, 171–72
and leisure, 157–59
on Mexican “bandits,” 36
on Miwok ceremonies, 146–47
on Miwok livestock raids, 225, 226
paralysis of, 159
Drought, Henry, 231
Duarte, Manuel (“Three Fingers”), 34, 40, 44, 50
East India Company, 84
Eastwood, Clint, 334
Eccleston, Robert, 228–30
Echeverria, Laura and Juan, 294–96
emigration, 57–95; see also specific immigrant groups
Engels, Friedrich, 79
England, see Britain
entertainment, see leisure
ethnicity, see race and ethnicity
Evans, George:
and food, 110, 130
on Indians, 224–25
and scurvy, 110, 129
Fairchild, Lucius, 116, 119, 120, 155
Famoso, El, 28
fandangos, 164–66, 169, 171, 276, 278–79, 297–98
all-male, 172
fire in, 297–98
men as customers in, 164
prohibition of, 279, 285, 296
use of term, 278
women as proprietors of, 167, 290–94, 296
women working in, 164, 166, 167, 278–79, 294, 296, 297–98