Rising Star

by David J. Garrow

  25. Ann Grimes, “UNO: Catholic Clergy Up Front in Back of the Yards Organizing Effort,” CR, 1 April 1983, pp. 3, 31; Latino Institute 1984 Annual Report, LIP Box II-4; Untitled selective list of 1983 Chicago CHD Applications, n.d. [spring 1983], Joseph Cardinal Bernardin Papers; “Claretian Social Development Grants Awarded,” July 1983, “1984 Claretian Social Development Grants Awarded,” June 1984, p. 93 (renumbered p. 61), Claretian Social Development Fund 1974–1993, Report to the Eastern Province Assembly from the Peace and Justice Committee, June 1993, p. 12, all TJP; Julie Kemble Borths, “Five Local Projects Awarded National CHD Grants,” Chicago Catholic, 30 September 1983, p. 2; Woods Charitable Fund, Report for the Year 1984, p. 11 (noting a $15,000 1984 grant to CCRC “to expand staff”); [Draft] “By Laws of the Calumet Community Religious Conference,” n.d. [1983], RPP Box 20; Paul Burke, “Time for Twelve,” Upturn, October–November 1983, pp. 6, 8; Leo T. Mahon, “From the Pastor’s Desk,” St. Victor Parish Sunday Bulletin, 12 February 1984, pp. 2–3; Suzanne Carter, “Eight Local Projects Get Development Funds,” Chicago Catholic, 6 and 13 July 1984, p. 22; Wilfredo Cruz, “UNO: Organizing at the Grass Roots,” Illinois Issues (II), April 1988, pp. 18–22; M. W. Newman and Lillian Williams, “People Power: Chicago’s Real Clout,” CST, 8 April 1990, pp. 12–14; Graciela Kenig, “For Veteran Organizer, Education Is Power,” CST, 2 October 1991, p. 30; Helen Sundman, “UNO: Taking Organizing to a New Level, or Leaving the Community Behind?,” Chicago Reporter, May 1994; Carol Felsenthal, “Danny Solis,” CM, 29 March 2011; DJG interviews with Jerry Kellman, Greg Galluzzo, Mary Gonzales, Ellen Schumer, Kevin Limbeck, Josh Hoyt, Peter Martinez, Leo Mahon, Tom Joyce, Bernie Pietrzak, Fred Simari, Jan Poledziewski, Christine Gervais, Bill Stenzel, Bonnie Nitsche, Wally Nitsche, Ken Jania, Alma Avalos, Tom Kaminski, and Betty Garrett; “History of Hegewisch,” HN, 25 January 1984; Linnet Myers, “Grim Reality Hits Steel Mill Community,” CT, 15 June 1984, p. B8; Robert Bergsvik, “Film Captures True Spirit of Southeast Side,” DC, 15 October 1984, p. A1; Walley, “Deindustrializing Chicago,” pp. 128–30, and Walley, Exit Zero, pp. 57, 63–70, 74, 117, 153; Silvio DeAntoni et al., “Holy Rosary—The Last 26 Years,” in Holy Rosary Parish 1882– 2008, pp. 19–21. On Bill Stenzel’s timeline, see St. Victor Parish Sunday Bulletin, 7 June 1981, p. 2, William Stenzel, “Revival Week at St. Helena’s,” Upturn, November–December 1982, p. 5, and Bill Stenzel, “1990 in Roseland,” Upturn, April–May 1985, p. 4. On Fred Simari, see Leo T. Mahon, “From the Pastor’s Desk,” St. Victor Parish Sunday Bulletin, 6 May 1984, p. 2. On Raymond P. Nugent, see his 28 October 1995 CST and CT obituaries.

  26. This brief history of Greater Roseland draws on dozens of sources, beginning first and foremost with Janice L. Reiff’s rich and authoritative “Rethinking Pullman: Urban Space and Working-Class Activism,” Social Science History 24 (Spring 2000): 7–32, as well as her “Roseland” and “West Pullman” essays in the Encyclopedia of Chicago (2004) and Clinton E. Stockwell’s “Washington Heights” essay in that same project; also Arnold R. Hirsch’s Making the Second Ghetto: Race and Housing in Chicago, 1940– 1960 (University of Chicago Press, 1983), esp. pp. 3–4, 46–47, 54–55; Melaniphy & Associates’ Chicago Comprehensive Neighborhood Needs Analysis [CCNNA]: Volume I: Citywide Needs Analysis, January 1982, and particularly their incredibly rich CCNNA: Volume II: Roseland Community Area, 1982, CCNNA: Volume II: West Pullman Community Area, 1982, and CCNNA: Volume II: Washington Heights Community Area; and Local Community Fact Book, Chicago Metropolitan Area (Chicago Review Press, 1984), p. 129. Lilydale’s history is best presented in Michael W. Homel, “The Lilydale School Campaign of 1936: Direct Action in the Verbal Protest Era,” Journal of Negro History 59 (July 1974): 228–41; see also Homel’s Down from Equality: Black Chicagoans and the Public Schools, 1920– 41 (University of Illinois Press, 1984), esp. p. 166. The richest account of the 1947 riots is John Bartlow Martin, “Incident at Fernwood,” Harper’s, October 1949, pp. 86–98. Mark T. Mulder’s “Mobility and the (In)Significance of Place in an Evangelical Church: A Case Study from the South Side of Chicago,” Geographies of Religions and Belief Systems 3 (2009): 16–43, and especially his superb “Evangelical Church Polity and the Nuances of White Flight: A Case Study from the Roseland and Englewood Neighborhoods in Chicago,” Journal of Urban History 38 (January 2012): 16–38, esp. pp. 17, 24, dramatically outclass Robert P. Swierenga, Dutch Chicago (Eerdmans Publishing, 2002), pp. 35–38, 295–349. A fifth CRC congregation, Pullman Christian Reformed Church, established as a mission church in late 1972 and by 1977 located at 103rd Street and South Vernon Avenue, eight blocks east of South State Street, is not addressed by Mulder but is very much located in Roseland. Anthony Van Zanten, “Worship in Pullman CRC: An Interview with Rick Williams,” Reformed Worship, March 1988; Sonya Jongsma Knauss, “Van Zanten Eases Out of Decades in Inner City Ministry, The [Dordt College] Voice, Winter 2004; “Have You Heard of the City?—A Roseland Christian Ministries Story” (DVD, 2005); DJG interviews with Donna and Tony Van Zanten and Rick Williams.

  27. Calvin P. Bradford and Leonard S. Rubinowitz, “The Urban-Suburban Investment-Divestment Process: Consequences for Older Neighborhoods,” The Annals 422 (November 1975): 77–87, esp. 83–84; Bradford, “Financing Home Ownership: The Federal Role in Neighborhood Decline,” Urban Affairs Quarterly 14 (March 1979): 313–35, esp. 326, 328; Bradford, “Never Call Retreat: The Fight Against Lending Discrimination,” in Credit by Color: Mortgage Market Discrimination in Chicagoland (Chicago Area Fair Housing Alliance, 1991), pp. 5–18, esp. pp. 9–10; Bradford and Anne B. Shlay, “Assuming a Can Opener: Economic Theory’s Failure to Explain Discrimination in FHA Lending Markets,” Cityscape 2 (February 1996): 77–87, esp. 80–81. Also see Judith D. Feins, “Urban Housing Disinvestment and Neighborhood Decline: A Study of Public Policy Outcomes,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, March 1977, esp. p. 278 regarding FHA Commissioner Letter 68–8, 2 August 1968; Gregory D. Squires, “Community Reinvestment: An Emerging Social Movement,” in Squires, ed., From Redlining to Reinvestment: Community Responses to Urban Disinvestment (Temple University Press, 1992), pp. 1–37, esp. 6, and Squires, “Friend or Foe? The Federal Government and Community Reinvestment,” in W. Dennis Keating et al., eds., Revitalizing Urban Neighborhoods (University Press of Kansas, 1996), pp. 222–34, esp. 223.

  28. Greater Roseland Newsletter, Fall 1970, CHM; “U.S. to Renovate 100 Homes Abandoned in Roseland,” CT, 9 September 1979, p. XIV-1; Greater Roseland Organization, Constitution of Umbrella Organization, 17 September 1982, CRF Box 17 Fld. 207; Father John F. Moriarty to Cardinal Cody, 19 and 27 March 1980, 12 May 1980, 23 February 1981, and 2 March 1981, CHD Files, Cody Papers; William Mullen, “Teen-Aged Terror Stalks Fenger High,” CT, 7 June 1981, p. III-1; David Ibata, “Formulas Traced for Urban Revival,” CT, 25 October 1981, p. 1; Steve Gorecki, “Pilsen Benefits from CHD,” Chicago Catholic, 20 November 1981, p. 31; Chicago Community Trust, Annual Report FY 1982, pp. 24–25; Melaniphy & Associates, CCNNA, Volume I, pp. 55–56, 398, CCNNA, Volume II: Roseland Community Area, pp. 19, 23, 26, 46, 82, 92, 94, 133, CCNNA, Volume II: West Pullman Community Area, pp. 29–31; Julie S. Putterman, “Chicago Steelworkers: The Cost of Unemployment” (Steelworkers Research Project, January 1985), esp. pp. 15, 45; John Williams Jr., “GRO Moves into Housing Area,” SEC, 15 April 1982, p. 1; Kathleen Myler, “Jobs, Gangs Major Roseland Problems,” CT, 18 April 1982, p. M2; GRO, “Report for Chicago Community Trust 2nd Quarter,” ca. 5 January 1983, CRF Box 17 Fld. 207; Lenora Rodgers to Crossroads Fund, 1 February 1983, CRF Box 17 Fld. 207; “West Pullman . . .Called Home By 40,900 People,” CT, 22 February 1983, p. B1; Stanley Ziemba, “Federal Mortgage Aid Asked,” CT, 18 March 1983, p. B1; GRO Community Memo, May 1983, Jackie Schad to Lenora Rodgers, 9 May 1983, CRF Box 17 Fld. 207; Stanley Ziemba, “FHA Mortgage Defaults in Black Neighborhoods Top 81%,” CT, 4 November 1983, p. A19; Jackie Schad to Ronald Carter, 3 April 1984, CFP Box 17 Fld. 207; Bernard C. Taylor, “The Study of Community Development Block Grant
Funds of the City of Chicago,” 16 April 1984, HWP Central Office Files Box 9 Fld. 91; Rev. Robert C. Behnke and Mary Margaret Moran to Superintendent Fred Rice, 27 August 1984, HWP Central Office Files Box 42 Fld. 6. Also see Robert A. Slayton, “Foreclosure in Chicago: The Differing Impact on Race,” Chicago Urban League, May 1987, esp. pp. 4–5; David Moberg, “Can Chicago Be Saved?,” Inc. Magazine, March 1988; Isabel Wilkerson, “Small Inner-City Hospitals in U.S. Face Threat of Financial Failure,” NYT, 21 August 1988; Don DeBat, “Roseland, Pullman Get Second Wind,” CST, 28 June 1991, p. 3; “Congratulations Extended to Mr. & Mrs. Theodis Rodgers Sr. on Their Fiftieth Wedding Anniversary,” Chicago City Council Journal, 11 September 1991, p. 5362; Isabel Wilkerson, “Black Neighborhood Faces White World with Bitterness,” NYT, 22 June 1992; South Street Journal [SSJ], 29 September–12 October 1994, p. 12; Kristin Ostberg, “Can This Neighborhood Be Changed?,” CR, 9 October 1997; Judith McCray, “One Man’s Vision Puts Economic Goals in Focus for Community,” CST, 9 July 1993, p. BE3; Ray Quintanilla, “Black Expo’s Key Man,” Chicago Reporter, September 1993; “The Rev. Bernard C. Taylor, 46, Black Expo Chairman,” CST, 23 November 1994, p. 75 (obituary); Chuck McWhinnie, “Mary Bates, Community Activist,” CST, 22 February 1999, p. 51 (obituary at age eighty); SSJ, 25 March–7 April 1999, p. 2; Grant Pick, “Stayin’ Alive,” CR, 16 November 2000; Mark Konkol, “Roseland’s Only Steak House Survives Tough Times,” DNAInfo.com, 19 October 2015.

  29. Thomas Maier, “Study Finds Little S. E. Side Toxic Hazard,” CST, 9 January 1984, p. 19; Diana Strzalka, “Residents Protest Landfill Request,” DC, 14 January 1984, p. A1; Scott Buckner, “Waste Ban Vote Next Week,” DC, 25 January 1984, p. A2; Buckner, “Council OKs Waste Ban,” DC, 31 January 1984, p. A1; Buckner, “Waste Ban Prompts Debate,” DC, 31 January 1984, p. A2; Harry Golden Jr., “Panel Urges Ban on New Dumps,” CST, 31 January 1984, p. 6; Mark Kiesling, “Simon Visits South Deering Landfill,” DC, 14 February 1984, p. A1; “Waste Dumps Hurt Area, Simon Says,” CT, 14 February 1984, p. A4; Mark Kiesling, “Landfill Moratorium Passed,” DC, 16 February 1984, p. A1; “Waste Fight Not Over,” DC, 17 February 1984, p. A4; Scott Buckner, “South Deering Landfill Expansion Denied by ZBA,” DC, 25 February 1984, p. A1; Mark Kiesling, “Right-to-Know Bill Garners Support,” DC, 2 March 1984, p. A1; Bob Kostanczuk, “Nature Park Meetings Set,” DC, 3 March 1984, p. A1; “More News in Waste War,” DC, 5 March 1984, p. A4; John Kass and Mark Eissman, “Waste Hill in Plan for Southeast Side,” CT, 13 March 1984, p. B2; Kass and Eissman, “Landfill Proposal Thorn in Lake Calumet’s Side,” CT, 23 March 1984, p. B3; Bob Kostanczuk, “Critics Rip Landfill Plan,” DC, 28 March 1984, p. A1; “Reject Waste Management’s Offer,” DC, 29 March 1984, p. A4; Robert Bergsvik, “SE Side Residents Skeptical of Dump,” Columbia College Chronicle, 2 April 1984, p. 1; Bill Bero, “Waste Firm’s Official Clarifies Position on Proposed Nature Park,” DC, 9 April 1984, p. A5; Steve Kerch, “Home-Grown Experts Crusade Against Waste Dumps,” CT, 15 April 1984, p. B2; Illinois EPA, “The Southeast Chicago Study: An Assessment of Environmental Pollution and Public Health Impacts,” HWP DS Box 5 Fld. 8; Harlan Dragor, “Far S. Side Pollution No Threat, Says Study,” CST, 25 April 1984, p. 12; Casey Bukro, “S. Side’s High Cancer Rate Cited,” CT, 25 April 1984, p. D1; Bukro, “Study Finds Cancer High, Downplays Risk,” CT, 26 April 1984, p. D14; Mark Kiesling, “South Deering Landfills Must Obtain Permits or Shut Down,” DC, 26 April 1984, p. A1; Kiesling, “Confusion Surrounds SD Landfill,” DC, 1 May 1984, p. A1; Kiesling, “Right-to-Know Bill Is in Trouble,” DC, 2 May 1984, p. A3; Bob Kostanczuk, “Waste Management Calls for Environmental Impact Study,” DC, 15 May 1984, p. A2; Mark Brown, “Calumet Landfill Foes Win Delay,” CST, 15 May 1984, p. 15; Mark Kiesling, “Community Right-to-Know Bill Fails to Pass,” DC, 1 June 1984, p. A3; Kiesling, “Waste Firm Merger Questioned,” 14 June 1984, p. A1; Patrick Barry, “The Trash Clash,” CST, 15 June 1984, p. N1; Mark Kiesling, “PCB Monitoring Station Is to Be Installed Soon,” DC, 16 June 1984, p. A3; Judy Freeman, “Beating Down the Waste Dumps,” TNW, July 1984, pp. 1, 15–19; Mark Kiesling, “Environmental Legislation Has Some Success,” DC, 6 July 1984, p. A3; Larry Galica, “Study of Area Pollution Will Come Under Scrutiny,” DC, 13 July 1984, p. A1; Casey Bukro, “U.S. Study Urged for Lake Calumet,” CT, 14 July 1984, p. 5; Mark Kiesling, “Pollution Monitors to Be Installed,” DC, 14 July 1984, p. A3; Harlan Dragor and Clem Richardson, “SE Siders Ask EPA Help on Toxins,” CST, 14 July 1984, p. 18; Mark Kiesling, “More Pollution Monitoring Approved for Lake Calumet,” DC, 21 July 1984, p. A1; Casey Bukro, “Firm Seeks to Ship PCBs to S. Side,” CT, 23 July 1984, pp. 11–12; Mike Nolan, “Waste Firm Has No Plans to Bring PCBs to Chicago,” DC, 24 July 1984, p. A1; Judy Freeman, “Bulging Landfills Breed New Trash Crisis,” TNW, August 1984, pp. 1, 15–18; Mark Kiesling, “Decision on SCA Operation Is Not Expected Until Fall,” DC, 15 August 1984, p. A2; Kiesling, “Lake Calumet Monitors Due,” DC, 30 August 1984, p. A1; Kiesling, “Paxton Landfill Will Ask for Contempt of Court Order,” DC, 1 September 1984, p. A1.

  30. Larry Galica, “Wis. Steel to Be Scrapped,” DC, 26 January 1984, p. A1; Helene McEntee, “Pact Signed to Scrap Most of Wis. Steel,” CST, 26 January 1984, p. 75; Larry Galica, “Bids Sought to Develop Wis. Steel’s No. 6 Mill,” DC, 27 January 1984, p. A1; Galica, “Ex-Wis. Workers Hope Demolition Will Provide Jobs,” DC, 6 February 1984, p. A1; Larry Galica, “Mayor to Rap Reagan, Thompson at Rally for Wisconsin Steel Works,” DC, 15 March 1984, p. A1; Galica, “Tempers Flare at Wis. Steel Rally,” DC, 16 March 1984, p. A1; Galica, “Wis. Workers Mark Mill Closing,” DC, 28 March 1984, p. A1; Galica, “Wis. Workers Mark Closing,” DC, 29 March 1984, p. A1; U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Agriculture, Subcommittee on Domestic Marketing et al., Hearings—Hunger in the United States and Related Issues, Serial No. 98-63, pp. 62–64, 70–71, 2 March 1984, Chicago; Larry Galica, “2 SC Businesses Closing,” DC, 5 May 1984, p. A1; James Strong and Linnet Myers, “Wrecker Crushing Hopes at Idle Wisconsin Steel,” CT, 11 May 1984, p. 1; Larry Galica, “UNO Meeting on Jobs Draws 500 to So. Chicago Church,” DC, 12 May 1984, p. A2; “UNO Is Sponsoring Registration Drive,” DC, 21 August 1984, p. A6. Also see Frank Lumpkin to Crossroads Fund, 20 December 1983, Lumpkin, “Grantee Fiscal and Progess Report,” 4 January 1984, Jackie Schad to Greg Galluzzo, 19 April 1984, and “Statement of Frank Lumpkin,” 13 August 1984, all CRF Box 38 Fld. 474.

  31. Mark Kiesling, “Thornton Township Will Get Share of Job Retraining $,” DC, 1 August 1984, p. A2; “1984 Claretian Social Development Grants Awarded,” June 1984, p. 93 (renumbered p. 61), TJP; DJG interviews with Jerry Kellman, Fred Simari, Jan Poledziewski, Christine Gervais, Bill Stenzel, Bonnie and Wally Nitsche, Betty Garrett, Paul Burak, Cathy Askew, Dan Lee, Tommy West, Tom Kaminski, Eva Sturgies, Joe Bennett, Adrienne Jackson, Marlene Dillard, John Calicott, Stanley Farier, Dominic Carmon, Loretta Augustine-Herron, Yvonne Lloyd, Len Dubi, Tom Knutson, Ken Jania, and Mike Kruglik; Edward McClelland, Young Mr. Obama (Bloomsbury Press, 2010), p. 9; Donald Ehr, “The Midwest District Story, 1925–2012,” in Communities of the Word—Stories of the Chicago Province (Society of the Divine Word, 2012), available at www.divineword.org; Donna Ulanowski, “Calumet College Adopts Elementary School,” DC, 15 December 1984, p. A5, clearly places the late Father Elmer Powell, who died in 1989, at Our Lady in 1984, but the Ehr essay makes no mention of Father Powell, instead indicating a direct succession from Farier to Carmon. On Tony Vader, see Dahm, Power and Authority, pp. 180–82, also see Catholic New World, 16 February 2003; on Joe Bennett, see Jon Yates and Charles Sheehan, “Parishioners Reeling Amid Abuse Inquiries” and “Priest Investigated in Sex Abuse,” both CT, 6 February 2006, and Manya Brachear et al., “Cardinal Lifts the Veil on Abuses,” CT, 13 August 2008.

  32. By far the richest source on the history of Altgeld Gardens is J. S. Fuerst’s superb and absolutely wonderful When Public Housing Was Paradise: Building a Community in Chicago (Praeger, 2003), esp. pp. 34–35, 57–60, 78, 92–93, 114–16, 137�
��38, 153. Also informing this account are Altgeld-Carver Alumni Association, History of Altgeld Gardens, 1944–1960 (Taylor Publishing, 1993); Devereux Bowly Jr., The Poorhouse: Subsidized Housing in Chicago, 1895–1976 (Southern Illinois University Press, 1978), esp. pp. 42–45, 85, 175; Janice L. Reiff, “Riverdale,” Encyclopedia of Chicago, (2004); Hunt, Blueprint for Disaster, pp. 3–4, 58, 61, 62–63, 127; Jeffrey Helgeson, Crucibles of Black Empowerment (University of Chicago Press, 2014), pp. 3–6; Craig E. Colten, “Industrial Wastes of the Calumet Area, 1869–1970: An Historical Geography” (Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources, September 1985), esp. p. 71; “CHA Management Offices & Developments,” n.d., HWP Financial & Administration Box 2 Fld. 19; Julianna Richardson’s History Makers interview with Gloria Jackson Bacon; DJG’s interviews with Alma Jones, Gloria Jackson Bacon, Loretta Augustine-Herron, Yvonne Lloyd, Martha Kindred, Dan Lee, Salim al-Nurridin, Hazel Johnson, Cheryl Johnson, and James V. Jordan; Larry Hawkins’ CT obituary, 3 February 2009; Pam Belluck, “End of a Ghetto: Razing the Slums to Rescue the Residents,” NYT, 6 September 1998 (“In 1969 . . . Congress changed public housing policy with disastrous results for projects nationally. Instead of a fixed rent, tenants would pay a percentage of their income”), and D. Bradford Hunt’s account of a similar decline at the CHA’s infamous Robert Taylor Homes: “Between 1967 and 1974, the percentage of working-class families fell from 50% to 10%, while reliance on ADC [Aid to Families with Dependent Children] shot up from 36% to 83%. The mass exodus of two-parent, working-class familes and their replacement with non-working, female head families caused the bulk of the change.” Hunt, “What Went Wrong with Public Housing in Chicago? A History of the Robert Taylor Homes,” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 94 (Spring 2001): 96–123, at 109.