Rising Star

by David J. Garrow

  19. Philip J. O’Connor, “$3.9 Million Joyce Gifts to 84 Groups,” CST, 8 May 1986, p. 54; Obama to Genevieve Cook, 14 August 1985, Cook Papers; [Tom Joyce], “Report of the Justice & Peace Committee—1980–1986,” 9 May 1986, and Rev. Thomas Joyce to Rev. Martin Kirk, “Recommendations for Grants from the Claretian Social Development Fund,” 10 May 1986, TJP; “Draft of Letter from Bishop Gaughan to Pastors,” n.d., Bernardin Papers; Jerry Rodell, “South Suburbs—Alive and Well,” Upturn, October–November 1987, p. 7; Claretian Social Development Fund 1974–1993: Report to the Eastern Province Assembly from the Peace and Justice Committee, June 1993, pp. 13–14, TJP; Kellman in John B. Judis, “Creation Myth,” TNR, 10 September 2008, pp. 18ff.; Gregory A. Galluzzo, “Gamaliel and the Barack Obama Connection,” Organizing #1, December 2008, p. 3 (updated early 2009); DJG interviews with Jerry Kellman, Tom Joyce, Leo Mahon, Greg Galluzzo, Tom Knutson, Len Dubi, Bob Klonowski, Mike Kruglik, Adrienne Jackson, Mary Bernstein, Mary Gonzales, Peter Martinez, Lynn Feekin, Nancy Jones, Kerry Taylor, and Fred Simari. See also Greg LeRoy, “Report on the Activities of the Calumet Project for Industrial Jobs, April 1–September 30, 1984,” RPPP Box 21; Bruce Nissen, “Union Battles Against Plant Closings,” Policy Studies Journal 18 (Winter 1989–90): 382–95; Lynn Feekin and Nissen, “Early Warnings of Plant Closings,” Labor Studies Journal 16 (Winter 1991): 20–33; and Nissen, Fighting for Jobs: Case Studies of Labor-Community Coalitions Confronting Plant Closings (State University of New York Press, 1995), esp. p. 7. By happenstance, a very low-visibility “South Suburban Action Coalition on Health, Unemployment and Low Income” had briefly existed eighteen months earlier. See Bob Kostanczuk, “Unemployment More Serious in Cal City,” DC, 8 October 1984, p. A1.

  “College Sponsors Luncheon for Local Business Leaders,” DC, 6 March 1986, p. A9; “Skills Assessment Sessions Slated,” DC, 13 March 1986, p. A3; “University Data Bank User Recommends Service Highly,” DC, 26 March 1986, p. A10; “Jobs Skills Assessment Regional Employment Network at St. Victor Jubilee House April 28th and 30th,” SVPSB, 13, 20, and 27 April 1986, pp. 9, 6, 5; Inscapes (GSU Office of University Relations), 9 May 1986; “Sessions Set on Job Skills,” DC, 9 May 1986, p. A1; “Skill Assessment Session for Jobless,” The Star, 15 May 1986, p. A2; “Open Skill Assessment Centers,” The Star, 18 May 1986, p. A7; “Regional Employment Network Reports Initial Success,” The Star, 22 May 1986, p. C1; C. D. Matthews, “Area Employment Network Gathering Data,” DC, 22 May 1986, p. A8; “Job Skills Site Opens,” DC, 29 May 1986, p. A3; “Designate Three Sites for Skill Assessment Tests,” The Star, 29 May 1986, p. A8; Inscapes, 4 June 1986; “Job Skill Interviews Are Slated,” DC, 1 July 1986, p. A1; “Job Help,” DC, 16 July 1986, p. A2; “GSU Hosts Job Interviews,” DC, 23 July 1986; Inscapes, 23 November 1987, p. 3; Obama, DFMF, pp. 167–68. See also Julie S. Putterman, Chicago Steelworkers: The Cost of Unemployment (Steelworkers Research Project, January 1985), pp. 48, 53, 58.

  20. Chicago Housing Authority Ad, “Specification No. 8632,” CST, 14 April 1986, HWP DS Box 1 Fld. 10; Mrs. Callie Smith et al. to Zirl Smith, 17 May 1986, Mrs. Callie Smith et al. to Harold Washington, 20 May 1986, J. D. Stubblefield (Air Quality Testing) to James W. Wesley (CHA), “Altgeld Gardens/Murray Homes . . . Identification & Evaluation of Asbestos,” 27 May 1986, all HWP DS Box 1 Fld. 10; “Altgeld Tenants Suspect Asbestos in CHA Units,” CD, 28 May 1986, p. 8; “Asbestos at Altgeld Gardens,” “Possibility of Asbestos,” and “Conduct Tests for Presence of Asbestos,” WBBM Newsradio, 28 May 1986, 6:35 A.M., 3:25 P.M., and 4:35 P.M. transcripts, HWP COS Box 22 Fld. 9; John Blake, “Asbestos Test Worries Altgeld Gardens Residents,” CT, 29 May 1986, p. C7; Marilynn Marchione, “Asbestos Peril Reported in Ida B. Wells Homes,” CST, 29 May 1986, p. 12; “Presence of Asbestos,” WBBM TV News, 29 May 1986, 10 P.M. transcript, HWP COS Box 22 Fld. 9; CHA Press Statement, 30 May 1986, HWP DS Box 1 Fld. 10; “Independent Firm to Do Testing,” WBBM TV News, 30 May 1986, 10 P.M. transcript, HWP COS Box 22 Fld. 9; Martha Allen, “Asbestos in CHA Apartments Poses Possible Health Hazards,” Chicago Reporter, June 1986, pp. 1–4; “CHA Hiring Firms to Test for Asbestos,” CT, 2 June 1986, p. C5; “Asbestos Danger,” WBBM TV News, 2 June 1986, 6 P.M. transcript, and “Emergency Asbestos Investigation,” WBBM TV News, 2 June 1986, 10 P.M. transcript, HWP COS Box 22 Fld. 9; Cheryl Devall, “Asbestos Tests Slated for Wells Homes,” CT, 3 June 1986, p. C3; “Smith Takes the Heat” and “Asbestos a Health Hazard,” WBBM Newsradio, 3 June 1986, 5:58 A.M. and 6:30 A.M. transcripts, “Testing Begun” and “Lab Testing Begins,” WBBM TV News, 4 June 1986, 5 P.M. and 9 P.M. transcripts, all HWP COS Box 22 Fld.; Harry Golden Jr., “Mayor’s Aid Asked to Remove Asbestos,” CST, 5 June 1986, p. 24; Chinta Strausberg, “Altgeld Residents Seek Meeting with Mayor on Asbestos,” CD, 5 June 1986, p. 3; Rob Karwath and Dave Schneiderman, “Poisonings Prompt Tests Near Plant,” CT, 5 June 1986, p. 1; Zirl S. Smith to Renault A. Robinson et al., “Status of Asbestos, Lead Based Paint, PCB and Other Toxic Substances,” 5 June 1986, HPW DS Box 1 Fld. 10 and COS Box 22 Fld. 9; Obama, DFMF, pp. 235–42; Callie Smith in Peter Wallsten, “Fellow Activists Say Obama’s Memoir Has Too Many I’s,” LAT, 19 February 2007; Patrick Reardon, “Obama’s Chicago,” CT, 25 June 2008, p. T1; Linda Randle in Jen Christensen and Matt Hoye, “Slow Change Frustrated Young Obama, Friends Say,” CNN.com, 18 August 2008, and in “Barack Obama Revealed,” CNN, 20 August 2008, Adrienne P. Samuels, “Barack’s Chicago,” Ebony, January 2009; Becoming Barack: Evolution of a Leader, Little Dizzy Home Video, 2009 (brief footage of the 4 June meeting with Evans); “Evangeline Katherine Irving,” CT, 26 January 2012; DJG interviews with Linda Randle, Mike Kruglik, Adrienne Jackson, Alma Jones, Hazel and Cheryl Johnson, Martha Kindred, Callie Smith, Loretta Augustine-Herron, Yvonne Lloyd, Ben Reyes, Luz Martinez, Hal Baron, Jane Ramsey, Robert Ginsburg, and Tim Evans.

  21. “Asbestos in Third CHA Building,” “Public Housing Asbestos Contamination,” and “CHA Has Known About Asbestos,” WBBM TV News, 5 June 1986, 5 P.M., 6 P.M., and 10 P.M. transcripts, “CHA Residents Joining Forces,” WGN TV News, 5 June 1986, 10:30 P.M. transcript, HWP COS Box 22 Fld. 9; “CHA’s Chief Flushed Out” and Marilynn Marchione, “Asbestos Tests Set at 2 CHA Properties,” CST, 6 June 1986, pp. 10 and 20; Rob Karwath, “Lead Poison Tests Set for Firefighters,” CT, 6 June 1986, p. A3; “Asbestos Removal,” WBBM TV News, 6 June 1986, 6 P.M. transcript, HWP COS Box 22 Fld. 9; Rogers Worthington, “Students to Be Tested for Lead,” CT, 8 June 1986, p. A3; Henry Locke, “Free Health Examinations,” CD, 9 June 1986, p. 3; “Grave Concerns About Asbestos,” and “Crowd Keeps Smith from Speaking,” WBBM TV News, 9 June 1986, 6 P.M. and 10 P.M. transcripts; “Stormy Meeting,” WLS TV News, 9 June 1986, 10 P.M. transcript; “Residents Demand Asbestos Removal,” WMAD TV News, 9 June 1986, 10 P.M. transcript, HWP COS Box 22 Fld.9; Becoming Barack footage, 9 June 1986; Marilynn Marchione, “CHA Asbestos Meeting Fizzles,” CST, 10 June 1986, p. 12; Cheryl Devall, “CHA Director Booed from Talks on Asbestos,” CT, 10 June 1986, p. C2; John McCarron, “CHA Moves on Asbestos Clean-Up,” and John Blake, “300 Line Up for Lead Testing, CT, 11 June 1986, pp. C3, A3; Benjamin Reyes to CCRC, 12 June 1986, and Artensa Randolph to Renault A. Robinson et al., “Ad Hoc Asbestos Abatement Committee Meeting June 16, 1986,” 18 June 1986, both HWP DS Box 1 Fld. 10; Jess Bravin, “City Reveals Factory Lead Poisoning Cases,” CT, 18 June 1986, p. A3; Martha Allen, “CHA Begins Asbestos Cleanup at Ida B. Wells,” Chicago Reporter, July 1986, pp. 6–7; “CHA Removes Asbestos,” DC, 8 July 1986, p. A2; “CHA Steps Up Efforts to Remove Asbestos,” CST, 12 July 1986, p. 6; Marilynn Marchione, “Funds Asked in Asbestos Fight,” CST, 30 July 1986, p. 16; Patrick Berry, “Toxics and Communities’ Right to Know,” TNW, September 1986, pp. 1, 13–15; Obama, DFMF, pp. 243–46; Patrick Reardon, “Obama’s Chicago,” CT, 25 June 2008, p. T1; Edward McClelland, Young Mr. Obama (Bloomsbury Press, 2010), pp. 45–46, DJG interviews with Loretta Augustine-Herron, Yvonne Lloyd, Alma Jones, Callie Smith, Linda Randle, Hazel and Cheryl Johnson, Martha Kindred,
Jerry Kellman, Mike Kruglik, and John Owens. The existing microfilm copy of the Daily Calumet omits the entire month of June 1986 as well as other scattered dates throughout 1984–1987.

  22. CCRC Invoice to CHD Chicago, 15 May 1986, Obama to Sharon [Jacobson], 20 May 1986, and Sharon Jacobson to Obama, 30 June 1986, Bernardin Papers; Obama to Phil Boerner, 2[9]? May 1986, Boerner Papers; Obama to Genevieve Cook, n.d. (ca. 3 June 1986), Cook Papers; DJG interviews with Sharon Jacobson, Phil Boerner, and Genevieve Cook.

  23. DJG interviews with Asif Agha, Sheila Jager, Michael Dees, Loretta Augustine-Herron, Yvonne Lloyd, Marlene Dillard, Maria Cerda, Eva Sturgies, Aletha Strong, Nadyne Griffin, George Galland, Mary Yu, Sharon Jacobson, and Ken Brucks; Obama, DFMF, p. 210; Bernd Jager, “Memories and Myths of Evil: A Reflection on the Fall from Paradise,” Collection du CIRP 1 (2007): 211–30, esp. 215–16; Christian Thiboutot, “Brief Biography of Bernd Jager,” Collection du CIRP 1 (2007): 288–90; Penny Hastings, “Sonoma County Artists Open Their Houses This Weekend,” San Francisco Chronicle, 12 October 2001.

  Developing Communities Project, “A Proposal to Expand Grass-Roots Organizing Around Employment and Education Issues in the Far South Side of Chicago,” n.d. (ca. early October 1986), MAWP; John Camper and Robert Davis, “Mayor’s Allies Push Aside City Parks Boss Kelly,” CT, 17 June 1986, p. 1; Chinta Strausberg, “Mayor Seizes Control of Park Board,” CD, 17 June 1986, p. 1; Ann Marie Lipinski and Camper, “Kelly Forces Mobilize to Resist Parks Coup,” CT, 19 June 1986, p. 1; Donald M. Schwartz, “Organization Invited to Air Parks Concerns,” CST, 3 July 1986, p. 11; Cheryl Devall, “Neglected Parks Get a Look-See,” CT, 3 July 1986, p. M11; Elaine M. Johnson to Jesse Madison, “Gately Stadium,” 3 July 1986, HWP L&I Box 5 Fld. 16; Tom McNamee, “Netsch Takes His Wine and Cheese to the Parks,” CST, 6 July 1986, p. 1; Camper, “Kelly Ally May Quit Parks Board,” CT, 10 July 1986, p. M10; “Status of Work Done on List of Requests Submitted by Developing Communities Project as of July 7th, 1986,” and “Presentation to the Board of Commissioners of the Chicago Park District,” 10 July 1986, Sturgies Papers; Camper, “Vrdolyak’s Park Joins Waiting List,” CT, 11 July 1986, p. 1; Barry Cronin, “Field House OK Delayed,” CST, 11 July 1986, p. 16; Jerry Schay, “Will Gately Swing Open?,” CT, 14 July 1986, p. B11; Camper, “Court Reaffirms Parks Takeover,” CT, 15 July 1986, p. 1; Schwartz, “Gately Stadium Resurfacing Set,” CST, 15 July 1986, p. 2; John Hoellen, “Athletic Directors Cheer Gately Resurface Plan,” CT, 16 July 1986, p. C5; Camper, “Vrdolyak’s Ward to Get Fieldhouse,” CT, 19 July 1986, p. M5; George Papajohn and Steve Neal, “Kelly Surrenders Parks Job,” CT, 21 July 1986, p. 1; Ann Marie Lipinski, “Rights Lawyer Named Parks Counsel,” CT, 9 August 1986, p. 5; Johnson to Ernest Barefield et al., “Gately Stadium,” 22 July 1986, HWP Legislative Series Box 5 Fld. 16; Abdul Alkalimat, “Mayor Washington’s Bid for Re-Election,” Black Scholar, November–December 1986, pp. 2–13, esp. 8–9; Basil Talbott Jr., “Jesse Madison’s Big Bout,” Chicago Magazine, November 1987, pp. 145, 184–96; David Moberg, “One Year Without Washington,” CR, 24 November 1988; Obama, DFMF, pp. 189, 226–27. See also Megan Pellegrini, “Eva Sturgies, UIC Cornea Service Patient,” n.d., www.uic.edu/com/eye/PatientCare/PatientSuccessStories/ and Noreen S. Ahmed-Ullah, “Historic Gately Stadium Re-Opens After Facelift,” CT, 14 October 2011.

  CHD, “Working for Justice . . . Restoring Human Dignity,” 23 June 1986, and “CHD Funded Projects 1985–1986,” Bernardin Papers; Madeline Talbott 1986 appointment book, IA 2001-111 Box 2 Fld. 26; “Self-Help for Poor Takes in $300,000,” CT, 24 June 1986, p. C4; “CHD Local Grants to Community Units Total Over $300,000,” CC, 27 June–4 July 1986, pp. 1, 26; Jim Masters, “Self-Help Groups Given Grants,” DC, 3 July 1986, p. A2; Obama Southwest Airlines ticket, Bernardin Papers.

  24. Ed Chambers, Organizing for Family and Congregation (Industrial Areas Foundation, March 1978), esp. pp. 4, 14, 18–19, 21, 32; Donald C. Reitzes and Dietrich C. Rietzes, “Alinsky’s Legacy: Current Applications and Extensions of His Principles and Strategies,” Research in Social Movements, Conflict and Change 6 (1984): 31–55; Gregory F. Augustine Pierce, Activism That Makes Sense: Congregations and Community Organization (ACTA Publications, 1984); “10-Day National Training, July 12 to 22, 1983,” and “IAF National Training July 1985,” IAFP Box 74 Fld. 902; IAF to CHD Committee, “Minority Organizers Training Program,” 12 July 1985, IAFP Box 162 Fld. 1686; IAF to CHD, “Minority Training Program,” 31 July 1986, IAFP Box 163 Fld. 1694; Patricia DeMaria (IAF) to Jim Jennings (CHD), 5 September 1986, IAFP 162-1689; Stephanie Chavez, “Activists Seek to Organize Church-Based Political Coalition,” LAT, 29 November 1987; “IAF 10-Day Training Schedule,” n.d. (ca. 1990–91), Gecan Papers; Mary Beth Rogers, Cold Anger (University of North Texas Press, 1990), pp. 180–82; Dolly Merritt, “Dancer Pirouettes Her Way to Famed New York School,” Baltimore Sun, 14 June 1992; Larry B. McNeil, “The Soft Arts of Organizing,” Social Policy 26 (Winter 1995): 16–22; Tonya Jameson, “Teenager Dances onto Bigger Stage,” Baltimore Sun, 18 November 1996; Holly Selby, “On Her Toes,” Baltimore Sun, 6 April 1997; Michael Gecan, Going Public: An Organizer’s Guide to Citizen Action (Beacon Press, 2002), esp. pp. 9, 19–20, 36; Edward T. Chambers with Michael A. Cowan, Roots for Radicals: Organizing for Power, Action, and Justice (Continuum, 2005), esp. pp. 21, 65, 84; Lonnie Parker O’Neal, “Alicia Graf, Rising to a Greater Height,” WP, 11 February 2006; Will Englund, “How Would Obama Govern?,” National Journal, 25 October 2008; Charlotte Allen, “From Little ACORNs, Big Scandals Grow,” Weekly Standard, 3–10 November 2008; Gecan, After America’s Midlife Crisis (MIT Press, 2009), p. 9; Ralph Benko, “Dear President Obama: You’re No Saul Alinsky,” Forbes.com, 16 January 2012; Arnie Graf, “Barack and Mitt, As I Knew Them,” NYDN, 28 September 2012; Rowenna Davis, “Arnie Graf: The Man Ed Miliband Asked to Rebuild Labour,” Guardian, 21 November 2012; Owens in Lisa Lerer, “Obama Decades-Old Shooting Scare Guides Anti-Poverty Plan,” Bloomberg, 19 February 2013; Mary Riddell, “Power to the People,” Telegraph, 1 August 2013; Jane Merrick, “Arnie Graf,” Independent, 10 November 2013; Heather Wood Rudulph, “Get That Life: How I Became a Professional Ballerina,” Cosmopolitan, 29 December 2014; Aaron Schutz and Mike Miller, eds., People Power (Vanderbilt University Press, 2015), pp. 201–14; DJG interviews with Johnnie Owens, Mike Gecan, Charles Payne, Arnie Graf, Greg Galluzzo, Peter Martinez, and Ken Rolling. Joseph Heathcott, “Urban Activism in a Downsizing World: Neighborhood Organizing in Postindustrial Chicago,” City & Community 4 (September 2005): 277–94, is an especially insightful analysis of Alinsky-style organizing, and Tom Streithorst, “In Search of Obama,” Prospect Magazine, 21 June 2012, is remarkably acute in its articulation of how Barack’s “appearance was different to his identity.”

  25. Obama airline ticket, Bernardin Papers; Harry Boyte, The Backyard Revolution: Understanding the New Citizen Movement (Temple University Press, 1980), pp. 49–51; Robert Fisher, Let the People Decide: Neighborhood Organizing in America (Twayne Publishers, 1984), pp. 48–49; Galica, “USW Loses Rail Mill Suit,” DC, 29 May 1986, p. A1; Maury Richards, “LTV Files Bankruptcy,” 1033 News & Views, July 1986; Matt O’Connor, “LTV Files for Bankruptcy,” CT, 18 July 1986, p. 1; Larry Galica, “LTV Files Bankruptcy Petition,” DC, 18 July 1986, p. A1; Brian Bremner, “Chi. Works’ Chances Dim as LTV Files Ch. 11,” CCB, 21 July 1986, p. 4; Galica, “Union to Fight LTV Benefit Cuts,” DC, 22 July 1986, p. A1; Galica, “Hospitals Will Treat LTV Retirees,” and C. D. Matthews, “Banks Are Cashing LTV Checks,” DC, 23 July 1986, pp. A1, A2; Galica, “Strike Threat Sparks South Works Idling,” and “Union, LTV Eye End to Insurance Problem,” DC, 24 July 1986, p. A1; Galica, “U.S. Steel Preparing for Strike,” and “Employees to Picket LTV,” DC, 25 July 1986, pp. A1, A2; Galica, “Protesters Arrested at LTV,” DC, 26 July 1986, p. A1; Galica, “Steel Struggles Make for Long, Hot Summer,” DC, 28 July 1986, p. A1; Galica, “Effects of USX Strike Would Be Hard to Feel,” DC, 28 July 1986, p. B3; Galica, “300 Picket LTV Plant,” DC
, 29 July 1986, p. A1; “LTV Strike Is Over,” DC, 31 July 1986, p. A1; Galica, “Union Charges USS With ‘Lockout,’” and “USW Celebrates LTV Victory,” DC, 1 August 1986, p. A1; Galica, “Wait Begins for USW,” and “Picket Line Spirits High,” DC, 2 August 1986, pp. A1, A8; Robert Greene (AP), “LTV Announces Layoffs in Chicago, Hammond, Youngstown,” 7 August 1986; Robert Mier to Harold Washington, “LTV Chicago Plant Layoffs,” 7 August 1986, HWP DS Box 8 Fld. 29; O’Connor, “New Blow to Chicago Steel Mills,” CT, 8 August 1986, p. 1; David Greising, “Steel Firm to Lay Off 1,650 Here,” CST, 8 August 1986, p. 1; Galica, “LTV Will Idle 1,650,” DC, 8 August 1986, p. A1; “S. Side Group Weighs Chi. Works Options,” CCB, 11 August 1986, p. 70; “Layoffs Far-Reaching,” DC, 11 August 1986, p. A2; Galica, “Pickets Block Tracks; Police Escort Train,” DC, 12 August 1986, p. A1; Galica, “Steelworkers Block Tracks,” DC, 14 August 1986, p. A1; Maria B. Cerda to Benjamin Reyes, “Letter to LTV Steelworkers from Mayor Washington,” and Harold Washington, “Dear LTV Worker,” 19 August 1986, HWP DS Box 5 Fld. 12; Galica, “Steel Woes Move to Acme,” DC, 22 August 1986, p. A3; Galica, “LTV Filing Hurts Small Business,” DC, 25 August 1986, p. A1; USWA Local 1033, Monthly Membership Meeting Minutes, USWA Local 1033 Papers, Box 18, esp. 30 September 1986, p. 4; Maury Richards, “A Day That Will Live in Infamy,” 1033 News & Views, September 1986, p. 1; Jane Slaughter, “Steelworkers Locked Out at USX,” Labor Notes, September 1986, pp. 1, 14–15; M. W. Newman, “Broken Hearts of Steel,” Chicago Magazine, September 1986, pp. 188, 191; Galica, “LTV Layoffs to Begin,” DC, 12 September 1986, p. A1; Lynn Emmerman, “Lives Built on Steel Rust with Idleness,” CT, 14 September 1986, p. T1; Brian Bremner, “LTV to Upgrade Indiana Harbor, Eyes Chi. Works Sale,” CCB, 15 September 1986, p. 1; Cerda to Reyes, “Update on LTV Activities,” 16 September 1986, HWP DS Box 5 Fld. 12; Galica, “‘Super Wednesday’ to Help Laid Off Workers,” DC, 17 September 1986, p. A3; Galica, “LTV Union Kicks Off ‘Super Wednesday,’” DC, 19 September 1986, p. A3; “LTV Bid for Concessions Rapped,” DC, 26 September 1986, p. A1; Galica, “Once Proud So. Works Faces Struggle to Avoid Knock-Out,” DC, 26 September 1986, p. A2; Galica, “So. Works Has Rich History,” DC, 27 September 1986, p. A2; Galica, “So. Works in Its Twilight,” DC, 29 September 1986, p. A2; Galica, “No End Seen in USX-USW Struggle,” DC, 15 October 1986, p. A3; Galica, “1986: The Year They Loved to Hate,” and “Labor Leader’s Loss Still Is Felt,” DC, 31 December 1986, p. A2; Gordon L. Clark, “Regulating the Restructuring of the U.S. Steel Industry: Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code and Pension Obligations,” Regional Studies 25 (April 1991): 135–53, esp. 138–39; James B. Lane, ed., “The Uncertainty of Everyday Life: A Social History of the Calumet Region During the 1980s,” Steel Shavings 38 (2007): 181–88; DJG interviews with Maury Richards and George Schopp.