Rising Star

by David J. Garrow

  67. Greg Galluzzo 1987 planning diary (1988 pages), GGP; Patrick J. Keleher 1988 Pocket Day-Timers (18 January 1988), PJKP; Liz Sly, “Schools Seek Big Role for Parents,” CT, 8 January 1988, p. 2; Jack Houston, “Parents’ Panel Urged for Schools,” CT, 10 January 1988, p. 1; Karen M. Thomas, “Parents Vote for Local School Control,” CT, 21 January 1988, p. 1; Thomas, “Parents Make Push for Schools,” CT, 24 January 1988, p. 3; Thomas, “Reform Finds Common Ground,” CT, 5 February 1988, p. 7; Thomas, “Community Role Urged for Schools,” CT, 9 February 1988, p. 3; Obama to Phil and Karen Boerner, n.d. (sometime soon after 16 January 1988), Boerner Papers; Obama to Anne Hallett, 26 January 1988, enclosing “Developing Communities Project’s 1988 Proposal to the Wieboldt Foundation,” Wieboldt Papers; DJG interviews with Phil Boerner and Anne Hallett.

  68. Alvin Love in Kalari Girtley, “How Obama Got His Start,” HPH, 14 February 2007, p. 14, in Kovaleski, “In Organizing, Obama Led While Finding His Place,” NYT, 7 July 2008, in York, “The Organizer,” NR, 30 July 2008, in “They Met Obama When,” CT, 16 November 2008, p. 19, in Robert Beckford, “God Bless You Barack Obama?,” BBC 2, 25 January 2010, and in McClelland, Young Mr. Obama, p. 169; Robert McClory, “The Holy Terror of Saint Sabina’s,” CR, 16 November 1989; McClory, “Black and Catholic Are Joint Ventures at Chicago Parish,” NCR, 13 March 1998, p. 5; McClory, Radical Disciple, esp. p. 163; Obama in Angela Burt-Murray et al., “America’s Teachable Moment,” Essence, March 2010, pp. 121–26, at 125; Patrick T. Reardon, “Obama’s Chicago,” CT, 25 June 2008, p. T1; Maudlyne Ihejirika, “Old Obama Haunts Becoming Popular Tourist Attractions,” CST, 23 May 2009; DJG interviews with Alvin Love, Jeremiah Wright, Donita Powell Greene, Sokoni Karanja, Tommy West, Cathy Askew, Nadyne Griffin, Rosa Thomas, Loretta Augustine-Herron, Mike Pfleger, Sheila Jager, Asif Agha, Doug Glick, John Morillo, and Andrea Atkin.

  69. Casey Bukro, “Southeast Side Targeted for EPA Cleanup,” CT, 31 January 1988, p. 1; Robert Bergsvik, “O’Brien Locks Eyed for Landfill,” DC, 31 January 1988, pp. 1, 10; C. D. Matthews, “Environmentalists Are Fuming Over Proposed Landfill,” DC, 2 February 1988, pp. 1, 6; Bukro, “Southeast Siders See Some Green in Landfill Plans,” CT, 2 February 1988, p. 1; James A. Fitch to James E. Landing, 2 February 1988, Mayor’s Office Press Release, “City Reaffirms Landfill Moratorium Policy,” 8 February 1988, and United Neighborhood Organization of Southeast and Developing Communities Project to the People of the Southeast Side of Chicago, 8 February 1988, JLP Box 42 Flds. Fitch and Fitch Blue; Bergsvik, “Landfill Foes ‘Ambush’ Local Leaders,” and “New Landfill Proposal Told for O’Brien Locks,” DC, 9 February 1988, pp. 1, 7; Bukro, “80 Southeast Side Residents Reject Firm’s Offer on Landfill Use,” CT, 9 February 1988, p. 3; Bergsvik, “Leaders Disgaree on Landfill,” DC, 10 February 1988, pp. 1, 13; Bukro, “Sawyer Pushes Mandatory Recycling,” CT, 10 February 1988, p. 1; Vi Czachorski, “O’Brien Locks Proposal,” HN, 11 February 1988, p. 1; Bergsvik, “Vrdolyak Ripped by Pucinski,” DC, 11 February 1988, pp. 1, 6; Bergsvik, “Chamber Takes Stand Against O’Brien Landfill,” DC, 16 February 1988, pp. 1, 8; Marian Byrnes to Eugene Sawyer, 16 February 1988, JLP Box 40 Fld. CURE; Czachorski, “From the Editor’s Scratch Pad,” HN, 18 February 1988, pp. 1, 5; Bergsvik, “Groups Hope Protest Is Cure for Landfill ‘Doom,’” DC, 19 February 1988, pp. 1, 16; Bergsvik, “Fitch Finds Pitching Landfill Tough Job,” DC, 22 February 1988, pp. 1, 6; Fitch to Landing, 23 February 1988, JLP Box 42 Fld. Fitch; “CURE Holds Meeting,” HN, 25 February 1988, pp. 1, 5; “Fitch Cancels” and “CURE at City Hall,” HN, 3 March 1988, p. 1; Bergsvik, “Avalon Trails Residents Say No to Landfill,” DC, 6 March 1988, pp. 1, 14; Wilfredo Cruz, “UNO: Organizing at the Grass Roots,” Illinois Issues, April 1988, pp. 18–22; Tayler and Herbert, “Obama Forged Path as Chicago Community Organizer,” Newsday, 2 March 2008, p. A6; McClelland, Young Mr. Obama, p. 58; DJG interviews with Bruce Orenstein, Mary Ellen Montes, Ed Grossman, Johnnie Owens, Loretta Augustine-Herron, Bob Klonowski, Howard Stanback, Judy Byrd, and Mary Ryan.

  70. Dave Kehr, “‘Unbearable Lightness of Being’ Takes Heavy-Handed View,” CT, 5 February 1988; Vincent Canby, “Film ‘Lightness of Being,’” NYT, 5 February 1988; Pat Watters, Down to Now: Reflections on the Southern Civil Rights Movement (Pantheon, 1971), p. 381; DJG interviews with Sheila Jager, Mary Ellen Montes, Phil Mullins, Danny Solis, Bob Moriarty, and Bruce Orenstein.

  71. C. D. Matthews, “Wisconsin Steel Settlement Offered,” DC, 11 February 1988, p. 1; Cindy Richards, “$15 Mill. to Wis. Steel Workers,” CST, 11 February 1988; Matt O’Connor, “Mill Workers Settle with Wisconsin Steel,” CT, 11 February 1988, p. C1; Robert Bergsvik, “Ex-Wisconsin Steel Workers to Vote on Pact,” DC, 12 February 1988, pp. 1, 9; Richards, “Navistar Settlement Far Less—and Far More—Than Hoped,” CST, 12 February 1988; Timothy P. Vick, “Workers Accept Navistar Offer,” DC, 15 February 1988, pp. 1, 5; George Papajohn, “Sad Victory for Ex-Steel Workers,” CT, 15 February 1988, p. 1; Lynn Sweet, “Wis. Steel Workers Vote to OK Deal,” CST, 15 February 1988; R. C. Longworth, “System Foundered on Lies, Selfishness,” CT, 17 February 1988, p. B3; Susan Moran, “Mill a Fond Memory,” DC, 20 March 1988, p. 3; “Wisconsin Steel Accord to Be Discussed Sunday,” DC, 25 March 1988, p. 2; M. W. Newman, “Rusty Dreams,” CST, 27 March 1988; Bill Clements, “Emotion Runs High at Reunion,” DC, 28 March 1988, pp. 1, 3; John F. Wasik, “End of the Line at Wisconsin Steel,” Progressive, October 1988, p. 15; Thomas Geoghegan, Which Side Are You On? (Farrar, Straus, 1991), pp. 101, 104; Beatrice Lumpkin, Always Bring a Crowd (International Publishers, 1999), pp. 175, 196; DJG interviews with Bea Lumpkin and Tom Geoghegan.

  On South Works, see Larry Galica, “USX Nets Loss of $97 Million,” DC, 2 May 1987, p. A3, Galica, “Local USW Leaders Seek to Strike Down Proposed Pact,” DC, 7 July 1987, p. A3, and “After-Effects of Steel Shutdowns,” TNW, August–September 1989, p. 18. On Republic LTV, see Bergsvik, “Steelworkers Back Panayotovich,” DC, 25 February 1988, p. 3, Bergsvik, “United Steelworkers Union Locals Gear for Elections,” DC, 28 February 1988, p. 3, Bergsvik, “LTV Workers to Share Profit,” DC, 10 April 1988, p. 3, Bergsvik, “President Re-Elected in USW Local 1033,” DC, 24 April 1988, p. 18, “LTV Union OKs Pact, ESOP Management, Workers to Purchase Bar Division,” Gary Post-Tribune, 6 October 1989, “LTV Concludes Sale of Bar Division,” PR Newswire, 29 November 1989, and DJG interview with Maury Richards. South Works would close for good in April 1992. See Bill Granger, “Requiem for the Southeast Side,” CT, 12 April 1992, and Cara Jepsen, “Retooling South Works,” TNW, February–March 1995, pp. 16–20.

  72. Neighborhood Schools Coalition, “The Neighborhood Schoolhouse That Works: Education Reform Proposal for the Chicago Public Schools,” February 1988, 29pp., Arthur L. Berman Papers Box 6 Fld. 6; Linda Lenz, “Big Increase Urged in School Personnel,” CST, 18 February 1988, p. 3; Constanza Montana, “Meeting on School Reform Halted,” CT, 19 February 1988, p. C3; “Parents Rebuffed at Hearing,” CST, 19 February 1988, p. 3; Karen M. Thomas, “Push Coming to Shove on School Reform,” CT, 21 February 1988, p. 1; Montana, “Educators Urge Shared School Decision-Making,” CT, 24 February 1988, p. 3; James Deanes, “The Need for Reform,” DC, 26 February 1988, p. 5; Patrick J. Keleher 1988 pocket Day-Timers (29 February 1988), PJKP; Jean Franczyk, “Parents Continue Push for Local School Control,” Chicago Reporter, March 1988, p. 2; Rudolph Unger and Steve Johnson, “City Principals Have Their Say,” CT, 11 March 1988; Thomas, “Reformers Reject Elected School Board,” CT, 15 March 1988, p. 1; Lenz, “Education Summit Groups Reject Elected School Bd.,” CST, 15 March 1988, p. 16; Thomas, “Parents the Key in School Plan,” CT, 22 March 1988, “New School Reform Effort in Roseland,” TNW, March–April 1988, p. 11; Mary O’Connell, “Groups Organize Legislative Push on School Reform,” and “School Reform: Don’t Lose the Golden Moment,” TNW, March–April 1988, pp. 7–8 and 22; Ben Joravsky, “Too Many Bosses,” Chicago Magazine, April 1988, pp. 104, 137–44; Joravsky, “The Chicago School Mess,” Illinois Issues, April 1988,
pp. 12–15; Paul M. Green, “SON/SOC: Organizing in White Ethnic Neighborhoods,” Illinois Issues, May 1988, pp. 24–28; O’Connell, School Reform Chicago Style, pp. 11–16; Kyle and Kantowicz, Kids First, pp. 212–15; Don Moore, “Earl Durham, a Long-Distance Runner,” 3 November 2007; DJG interviews with Danny Solis, Peter Martinez, Phil Mullins, Steve Perkins, Bill Ayers, Johnnie Owens, Dan Lee, Loretta Augustine-Herron, Yvonne Lloyd, Aletha Strong Gibson, Tyrone Partee, and John Webster. On Lourdes Monteagudo, see Isabel Wilkerson, “Schools Chief Learns About Politics,” NYT, 23 May 1990, and Leigh Behrens, “Lourdes Monteagudo,” CT, 2 September 1990.

  73. Obama, DFMF, p. 275–76, 289; Meg McSherry Breslin, “George Kelm, Advocate for Kids, Families,” CT, 19 December 1998; Owens in Smith, “Ascent of Mr. Charisma,” Sunday Times Magazine, 23 March 2008, in McClelland, Young Mr. Obama, pp. 59–60, and in Maraniss, BOTS, pp. 563–64; Auma Obama, And Then Life Happens, p. 189; DJG interviews with Jean Rudd, Ken Rolling, Lionel Bolin, Robert Bennett, and Johnnie Owens. Obama may have received a similar scholarship offer from NYU’s law school, and he almost certainly was admitted to Stanford. Richard A. Serrano and David G. Savage, “Obama’s Harvard Law School Days Marked by Bridge-Building,” LAT, 27 January 2007, and Harvard Law Revue, 20 April 1990, p. 8 n. 8: “Regret Often Turning Down Stanford (Winters, 1988–1990).”

  74. Casey Bukro, “Waste Firm Dismisses 2 After Probe,” CT, 5 March 1988; Robert Bergsvik, “Protesters Demand Closing of Area Chemical Incinerator,” DC, 8 March 1988, pp. 1, 11; Juanita Bratcher, “S. Siders Want to CURE Toxic Waste Incinerator,” CD, 8 March 1988, pp. 1, 18, Jim Ritter, “Toxic Waste Furnace Gauge Off; Execs Fired,” CST, 8 March 1988, p. 45; “WM Violation at SCA,” and Jim Landing, “The Waste Assault on Hegewisch Continues,” HN, 10 March 1988, pp. 1, 6; Harlan Draeger, “S.E. Siders Block Sludge-Dumping Plan,” CST, 11 March 1988, p. 21; Howard Stanback to Solid Waste Advisory Committee, “O’Brien Locks,” 14 March 1988, JLP Box 42 Fld. Negotiations Fitch; Kathy O’Malley and Hanke Gratteau, “The Voting Booth,” CT, 3 February 1988; Vernon Jarrett, “Grumbling Not Enough,” CST, 21 February 1988, p. 13; Fran Spielman, “Pro-Sayer Blacks Face Test at Polls,” CST, 10 March 1988, p. 3; R. Bruce Dold, “Savage Faces Toughest Congressional Fight,” CT, 11 March 1988; Bergsvik, “A Local Newspaper Sells Out, but Is Anybody Reading?,” DC, 13 March 1988, p. 9; Ann Marie Lipinski and Jorge Caruso, “Sawyer Suffers Blow as 4 Allies Lose Ward Race,” CT, 16 March 1988, p. C1; Don Hayner and Ray Hanania, “4 Sawyer Allies Lose Committee Races,” CST, 16 March 1988, p. 3; James Warren, “East Day for Savage, Other Congressional Incumbents,” CT, 17 March 1988, p. 4; Jarrett, “‘Harold’s People’ Deliver the Message,” CST, 20 March 1988, p. 15; Tom Gorman, “Superior Organization Key to Trotter Victory,” HPH, 23 March 1988, pp. 1, 2; Gorman, “Braun Resigns; Trotter Takes His 25th District Seat Early,” HPH, 7 December 1988, p. 1; David K. Fremon, Chicago Politics Ward by Ward (Indiana University Press, 1988), pp. 358–64; Palmer’s June 2000 interview with Julieanna Richardson; DJG interviews with Alice Palmer and Donne Trotter.

  75. Shawnelle Richie, “Mayor Eugene Sawyer Briefing Notes,” 17 March 1988, and Sawyer, “Remarks,” Southeast Chicago Community Meeting, 17 March 1988, Sawyer Papers; “UNO/DCP Meeting Fact Sheet: The Land-Fill Issue in South-East and Far South Chicago” [17 March 1988], CURE, “Keep Your Eyes on the Prize! Hold On!” 17 March 1988, and Marian Byrnes to Father Dominic Carmon, 21 March 1988, all JLP Box 40 Fld. CURE; Robert Bergsvik, “Sawyer Promises Task Force on Area Landfill Expansion,” DC, 18 March 1988, pp. 1, 7; Casey Bukro, “Sawyer Backs Dumping Foes,” CT, 18 March 1988, p. C3; Tim Padgett and Deborah Nelson, “Sawyer Assures S.E. Side of Landfill Voice,” CST, 18 March 1988, p. 4; Bergsvik, “3rd Task Force the Charm in Landfill Fight,” DC, 20 March 1988, pp. 1, 14; Edward R. Vrdolyak to Eugene Sawyer, 22 March 1988, JLP Box 40 Fld. CURE; Vi Czachorski, “From the Editor’s Scratch Pad,” HN, 24 March 1988, pp. 1, 5; Bergsvik, “Vrdolyak Seeks Local Representation of Landfill Panel,” DC, 24 March 1988, p. 3; Bergsvik, “Chamber Rep Drops Out of Talks,” DC, 25 March 1988, p. 3; Bergsvik, “Expert Speaks Against Landfill,” DC, 30 March 1988, p. 3; Bergsvik, “Sawyer Names Landfill Panel,” DC, 31 March 1988, p. 3; Mike Wilkinson, “Deals, Dollars, and Dumps on the Southeast Side,” TNW, May–June 1988, pp. 3–5; Jonathan Kaufman, “Black Power Brokers Ready to Rise in Tandem with a New President,” WSJ, 6 November 2008; DJG interviews with Bruce Orenstein, Howard Stanback, Judy Byrd, Mary Ellen Montes, Loretta Augustine-Herron, Hazel Johnson, Phil Mullins, Dan Lee, George Schopp, Alma Avalos, Marlene Dillard, Margaret Bagby, Dominic Carmon, and Bob Klonowski.

  76. Obama, DFMF, pp. 227, 290–91; Robert Matthews Johnson, The First Charity (Seven Locks Press, July 1988), p. 171; Emil Jones Jr., Illinois State Senate, 93rd General Assembly, 8 November 2004, pp. 11–13; Yvonne Lloyd in “A Rusty Toyota . . . ,” WP, 11 February 2007, p. B3; DJG interviews with Johnnie Owens, Loretta Augustine-Herron, Eddie Knox, Rick Williams, Dan Lee, Cathy Askew, Tommy West, Adrienne Jackson, Marlene Dillard, Alma Jones, Ernest Powell, Betty Garrett, Tyrone Partee, Alvin Love, Yvonne Lloyd, Margaret Bagby, Nadyne Griffin, Howard Stanback, Emil Jones Jr., Renee Brereton, and Linda Randle.

  77. Vi Czachorski, “From the Editor’s Scratchpad,” HN, 7 April 1988, p. 1; Robert Bergsvik, “Mayor’s Landfill Panel Ripped by Coalition,” DC, 7 April 1988, pp. 1, 9; Bergsvik, “Landfill Option Reopened,” DC, 8 April 1988, p. 3; “No More Landfills,” DC, 10 April 1988, p. 4; Bergsvik, “Dump Referendum Sought for SE Side Wards,” DC, 11 April 1988, p. 3; “Vote on Landfills,” DC, 13 April 1988, p. 4; Casey Bukro, “Dump Urged for Southeast Side,” CT, 15 April 1988, p. C4; Bergsvik, “Sawyer Aide Pushes Landfill Moratorium,” DC, 15 April 1988, pp. 1, 12; Bergsvik, “Paxton Files Second Lawsuit,” DC, 17 April 1988, p. 3; Phil Kadner, “Some People Treated Worse Than Garbage,” DC, 18 April 1988, p. 3; Mike Nolan, “Hegewisch Residents Urged to Speak Out on Landfills,” DC, 19 April 1988, p. 5; Czachorski, “Task Force Meets Again,” HN, 21 April 1988, pp. 1, 6; Bukro, “Illinois EPA Wants to Shut Southeast Side Incinerator,” CT, 22 April 1988; Bergsvik, “Delay Urged for Landfill Decision,” DC, 24 April 1988, p. 2; Nolan, “Landfill Expansion Battle May Go to Court,” DC, 26 April 1988, pp. 1, 5; “Landfill Meeting Changed,” DC, 27 April 1988, p. 7; John Jeter and Harlan Draeger, “Corps Report Outlines S. Side Wetlands Uses,” CST, 27 April 1988, p. 25; Czachorski, “From the Editor’s Scratchpad,” and “IEPA Requests Shutdown,” HN, 28 April 1988, p. 1; Czachorski, “From the Editor’s Scratch Pad,” HN, 5 May 1988, pp. 1, 5; Bergsvik, “Pollution Study Proposed,” DC, 5 May 1988, pp. 1, 12; Harlan Draeger, “Landfill Idea Sparks ‘War,’” CST, 5 May 1988, p. 32; Mark Brown, “Calumet Cleanup Panel Voted,” CST, 7 May 1988, p. 7; Draeger, “Trash Squeeze Heats Landfill Fight,” CST, 8 May 1988, p. 36; Bergsvik, “Cap Tops Landfill Activist List,” DC, 9 May 1988, pp. 1, 12; Czachorski, “A War Against O’Brien Locks,” HN, 12 May 1988, pp. 1, 5; Bergsvik, “Steel Firms Challenge Suit Against EPA,” DC, 15 May 1988, pp. 1, 18; John Gallagher, “Dolton to Say No to Landfill,” DC, 18 May 1988, pp. 1, 9; Bergsvik, “Sawyer Response Sought on Landfill,” DC, 19 May 1988, p. 14; “Our Petition Drive,” DC, 26 May 1988, p. 4; Wilkinson, “Deals, Dollars, and Dumps on the Southeast Side,” DJG interviews with Mary Ellen Montes, Howard Stanback, Bruce Orenstein, Loretta Augustine-Herron, Dominic Carmon, and Bob Klonowski.

  78. Greg Galluzzo 1987 planning diary, GGP; Galluzzo to Mariita Conley, 2 December 1987, Gamaliel Papers; Woods Fund Report for the Year 1987, pp. 3, 23; Obama, “Why Organize?,” Illinois Issues, August–September 1988, pp. 40–42; Woods Fund Report for the Year 1989, p. 23; Wayne Klatt, untitled review, Illinois Historical Journal 84 (Autumn 1991): 211–12; Obama, DFMF, pp. 104, 115; David Moberg, “Obama’s Third Way,” NHI Shelterforce #149, Spring 2007; Obama in Ariel Sabar, “For Obama, Bipartisan Aims, Party-Line Votes,” CSM, 17 April 2008, p. 1; Jeffrey Goldberg, “Obama on Zionism and Hamas,” TheAtlantic.com, 12 May 2008; Obama in Ryan Lizza, “Ma
king It: How Chicago Shaped Obama,” New Yorker, 21 July 2008; Obama on “Barack Obama Revealed,” CNN, 20 August 2008; Wolffe, Renegade, p. 64; Obama Remarks to Campaign Staff, Chicago, 7 November 2012; DJG interviews with Greg Galluzzo, Mary Gonzales, David Kindler, Kevin Jokisch, Mike Kruglik, Jean Rudd, Fred Simari, Sheila Jager, and Ted Aranda. See also Greg Galluzzo, “Community Organizing Through Faith-Based Networks,” and Mike Kruglik, “Faith-Based Organizing and Core Values,” in M. Paloma Pavel, ed., Breakthrough Communities (MIT Press, 2009), pp. 231–33 and 234–35, and Wade Rathke, “Greg Galluzzo of Gamaliel Begins to Look Back,” Social Policy, Spring 2011, pp. 55–56. On Mike Kruglik and SSAC’s focus on housing rehabilitation, see David Greising, “Housing Re-Starts,” CST, 5 October 1988, p. 48.

  79. Lawrence Bommer, “‘Ma Rainey’ Sings Again in City Premiere,” CT, 8 January 1988; Richard Christiansen, “‘Ma Rainey’ Bursts Out in a Vivid Spectacle,” CT, 14 January 1988; Christiansen, “Pegasus’ ‘Ma Rainey’ Packs Both Power, Pity,” CT, 28 February 1988; Jay Pridmore, “Spertus Exhibit Centers on Impact of the Eichmann Trial,” CT, 8 April 1988, p. 56; Ann Marie Lipinski and Dean Baquet, “Sawyer Aide’s Ethnic Slurs Stir Uproar,” CT, 1 May 1988; Andrew Herrmann and Phillip J. O’Connor, “Mayor Aide’s Ouster Sought,” and “Excerpts from Lectures by Cokely,” CST, 1 May 1988; Cheryl Devall, “Sawyer Stands by Aide Who Made Ethnic Slurs,” CT, 2 May 1988; Philip Franchine and Tim Gerber, “Mayor Rejects Calls to Punish Aide for Racial, Religious Slurs,” CST, 2 May 1988; Lipinski and Devall, “Cokely’s ‘Sorry’ Fails to End Fury,” Devall, “Pressure Builds to Fire Mayoral Aide,” and “Mayor Sawyer’s Strange Tolerance,” CT, 3 May 1988; Lynn Sweet and Ray Hanania, “Mayoral Aide Issues Apology as Furor Grows,” CST, 3 May 1988; Lipinski and Devall, “Cokely Apology Fails to End Fury,” Lipinski and James Strong, “Sawyer, Top Aides Huddle on Cokely,” and Bruce Dold, “Why Mayor Treads Lightly on Cokely,” CT, 4 May 1988; Sweet and Hanania, “Sawyer Hedges on Cokely,” CST, 4 May 1988; Sweet and Hanania, “Cokely Decision Due Today,” and Vernon Jarrett, “A Primer on Buffoonery,” CST, 5 May 1988; Lipinski and Baquet, “Sawyer Fires Cokely,” and David McCracken, “Spertus Exhibit a Different Look at Tradition,” CT, 6 May 1988; Sweet, “Cokely Is Fired,” CST, 6 May 1988; Doug Cassel, “Is Tim Evans for Real?,” CR, 16 March 1989; Obama, DFMF, p. 211; DJG interviews with Sheila Jager and Asif Agha. On Davis’s background, see his 2010 interview with Terence Sims.