The Friendly Orange Glow

by Brian Dear

  Other Interviews: Kay (2012, 2013, 2016).

  Published Sources

  Doug Engelbart Institute, “Doug’s 1968 Demo.” Retrieved 2014-09-16 from http://www.dougengelbart.org/​firsts/​dougs-1968-demo.html.

  Engelbart, D., and B. English. “A Research Center for Augmenting Human Intellect,” in Proceedings of the 1968 Fall Joint Computer Conference, Vol. 33. San Francisco, December 9, 1968, 395–410.

  Hiltzik, M. Dealers of Lightning: Xerox PARC and the Dawn of the Computer Age. San Francisco: HarperBusiness, 1999.

  Isaacson, W. Steve Jobs. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011.

  Kay, A. “An Early History of Smalltalk. HOPL-II.” The Second ACM SIGPLAN Conference on History of Programming Languages, Association for Computing Machinery, 1993, 69–95.

  ———. “The Reactive Engine.” PhD diss., University of Utah, 1969.

  Kay, A., and A. Goldberg. “Personal Dynamic Media.” Computer 10(3), 1977, 31–41.

  Johnstone. Never Mind.

  Smith, D. K., and R. C. Alexander. Fumbling the Future: How Xerox Invented, Then Ignored, the First Personal Computer. New York: William Morrow, 1988.

  Unpublished Sources

  Email correspondence with author: Bitzer, Donald (2003); Propst, F. (June 2003); Sproull, R. L. (2003).

  Other documents: Koning, P. Response posted in Cyber1 notesfile, 2016.

  10. Lessons Learned

  Interview Sources

  Author’s Interviews: R. C. Anderson (2002); Donald Bitzer (1986, 1987, 2003a, 2003b); Bloomfield (2010); J. S. Brown (1987); Burr (2002); Cohen (2013); Corielle (2013); Desmond (2003); Dugdale (2003); Eades (2013); Fillman (1997a, 1997b); Ghesquiere (1997); Goldberg (1987); Gooch (1997); Halvorsen (1997); Kibbey (2013); Knoke (2002); Peters (2017); Risken (2013); Russell (2003); Siegel (1997); S. Smith (1997); Steinberg (1997); Tenczar (1986, 1988, 2003); Yeager (2013a, 2013b).

  Published Sources

  “Alpert Named to New Posts.” DI, May 25, 1972, 11.

  Bitzer, D., and D. Skaperda. “PLATO IV—An Economically Viable Large-Scale Computer-Based Education System.” CERL Report X-5, UIUC, February 1969.

  Chabay, R., S. Dugdale, B. A. Seiler, B. Sherwood, and R. Pea. “PLATO@50: Online Education & Courseware: Lessons Learned, Insights Gleaned.” Panel at the PLATO@50 conference, Computer History Museum, Mountain View, CA, June 3, 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-19 from https://www.youtube.com/​watch?v=rdDwoUk4ojY.

  “Computers: No Longer a Classroom Novelty.” Chemical & Engineering News 47(25), 1969, 48–49.

  Davis, R. B. “What Classroom Role Should the PLATO Computer System Play?” AFIPS ’74 National Computer Conference and Exposition, Association for Computing Machinery, 1974, 169–73.

  Gilpin, M. O. PLATO at Graham Correctional Center: Starting an Innovative Classroom. CERL Report E-23, June 1982.

  National Clearinghouse for Criminal Justice Planning and Architecture. “PLATO: Computer-Based Education.” Transfer 11, November 1976, 1–4.

  O’Connor, P. “Opinions Vary on Report on Graduate College.” DI, 1972, July 14, 7.

  PLATO Corrections Project Staff. “Computer-Based Education Has Been Introduced in Three Illinois Prisons.” American Journal of Correction, January–February, 6, 7, 34–37.

  Pringle, R. “Center Encourages Scholarship.” DI, March 2, 1973, 19.

  Slattery, J. “PLATO: ‘Automated Page Turner’?” DI 102(20), October 10, 1972, 7.

  UIUC Office of Public Information. Press release regarding appointment of Daniel Alpert to Director of Center for Advanced Study, May 23, 1972. UIUC Archives.

  Unpublished Sources

  Email correspondence with author: Dugdale, S. (2003); Kibbey, D. (1997, 2013); Siegel, M. (1997, 2010, 2015); Yeager, R. (2013–2015).

  Other Documents

  Esarey, J. C., letter to Dorothy Pondy, UIUC, November 14, 1977.

  PLATO Corrections Project, descriptive handout. UIUC CERL, May 1976.

  Siegel, M. “Computer-Based Education in Prison Schools.” Undated monograph, UIUC.

  ———. “Field trip to Menard.” CERL PCP memorandum to Don Bitzer, Frank Propst, Paul Tenczar, Bill Golden, November 22, 1976.

  ———. Letters to J. Clark Esarey, Superintendent, Department of Corrections, September 21, 1977; March 27, 1978; September 15, 1978; January 5, 1979; April 6, 1979.

  PART II The Fun They Had

  Epigraph

  Tempest, K. Hold Your Own. New York: Bloomsbury USA, 2015, 95.

  Springer, P. G. “PLATO’s Retreatists: The Sordid World of the Computer Addict.” High Times, January 1984, 44.

  Nelson, T. H. Computer Lib/Dream Machines. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Press, 1987, 13.

  11. Impeachment

  Interview Sources

  Author’s Interviews: Donald Bitzer (1996); Blomme (1986); B. and M. Fortner (1997); Golden (2003); R. Johnson (2003); J. and C. Kraatz (1997); Lamont (1997); Risser (2003); Sherwood and Chabay (1997); J. Sherwood (2003); Tenczar (1997); Umpleby (1997); Weber (2013).

  Published Sources

  Alternative Futures Project at the University of Illinois, Newsletter 1, January 1971. UIUC.

  Alternative Futures Project at the University of Illinois, Newsletter 2, January 1972. UIUC.

  Alternative Futures Project at the University of Illinois, Newsletter 3, March 1973. UIUC.

  “Citizen Involvement: Can We Develop the Full Peoplepower of Democracy?” New Ways, C. F. Kettering Foundation, Summer 1973.

  “Community Use of PLATO.” Prairie Dispatch 1(1), April 5, 1973, 7.

  “Electronic Electorate.” Engineering Outlook, UIUC College of Engineering, 14(1), September 1972.

  Lurie, L. The Impeachment of Richard Nixon. New York: Berkley, 1973.

  Osgood, C., and S. Umpleby. “A Computer-Based System for Exploration of Possible Futures for Mankind 2000: A Progress Report.” August 1967, UIUC.

  “PLATO: One Teaching Computer for Two Games.” Gaming Newsletter 1(3), September–October 1969, National Gaming Council.

  UIUC Public Information Office. Press release, March 28, 1969.

  ———. Press release, June 8, 1972.

  Umpleby, S. “The Alternative Futures Project at the University of Illinois.” Retrieved 2012-12-02 from https://www2.gwu.edu/​~umpleby/​afp.html.

  Wade, P. “City Agrees to Plug Pipe Near Boneyard.” NG, April 13, 2011. Retrieved June 19, 2012 from http://www.news-gazette.com/​news/​local/​2011-04-13/​city-agrees-plug-pipe-near-boneyard.html.

  ———. “Why Is It Called the Boneyard Creek?” NG, April 2011. Retrieved June 19, 2012 from http://www.news-gazette.com/​blogs/​voice-vote/​2011-04/​why-it-called-boneyard-creek.html.

  Unpublished Sources

  Email correspondence with author: Carter, G. (1997); Gilfillan, J. (May 2003); Robeson, Eric (2013); Pour, Ivan (April 2003); Woolley, D. (1997); Umpleby, S. (1997).

  Other Documents

  Andreessen, M. Twitter correspondence with author, January 21, 2014.

  PLATO Past notesfile, CERL PLATO system. Notes “afp” posted by carter/comm on March 9, 1977 with three responses, and “creek” posted by blomme/s on May 6, 1977 with twenty-four responses.

  Umpleby’s impeachment discussion in lesson “Discuss,” printouts, October 1973, UIUC Archives.

  12. The New Wave

  Interview Sources

  Author’s Interviews: Andersen (2003); Beddini (2014a, 2014b); Bereiter (2013); Bitzer, D. (1986, 1987, 1996, 1997, 2002); Blomme (1986, 2013); D. Brown (2010); Frankel (1997); Fuller (2004); Mike Johnson (2003); J. and C. Kraatz (1997); K. Mast (1997); P. Mast (1997); Rader (2001); Risser (2003); Woolley (1987, 1997).

  Published Sources

  “High Tech Heroes #3.” Mark Rustad interviewed by Sherwin Gooch, 1988. Retrieved 2013-01-25 from https://www.youtube.com/​watch?v=L1MlHzPCRPo.

  Unpublished Sources

  Email correspondence with author: Brown, D. (December 1996, June 2016); Green, D. (2001, 2002, 2013); Kopf,
D. (January 2002, April 2010); Midden, M. (December 1996); Rustad, M. (July 2014, June 2016); Sherwood, B. (1996, 1997); Woolley, D. (June 2016).

  13. The Big Board

  Interview Sources

  Author’s Interviews: Andersen (2003); Anonymous (1997); Banks (2002); Blomme (1986, 2013); Bloomfield (2010); Bowery (1987); Duncombe (1997); Galcher (1997); D. Green (2013); Harkrader (1997); J. Johnson (2002); McGinty (1997); Rutherford (2014); Warner (1997); White (1997); Woolley (1987).

  Published Sources

  Brandom, R. “ ‘Spacewar!’ The Story of the World’s First Digital Video Game.” Verge, February 4, 2013. Retrieved 2014-04-19 from http://www.theverge.com/​2013/​2/​4/​3949524/​the-story-of-the-worlds-first-digital-video-game.

  Unpublished Sources

  Email correspondence with author: Bloomfield, L. (2010); Green, D. (2001, 2002, 2010, 2013); Joyner, R. (2004); Moss, R. (2016); Shankman, B. (1997); Witz, E. (2017); Woolley, D. (2010); Zweig, D. (2004, 2012).

  14. The Killer App

  Interview Sources

  Author’s Interviews: Andersen (2003); D. Brown (2010); Eisenberg (2004); Galcher (1997); Gooch (1997); K. Mast (2003); B. Sherwood (1997); Tenczar (1987, 1988); Warner (1997); Woolley (1987, 1997); Yeager (2013a, 2013b); Zinn (2003).

  Published Sources

  Hafner. The WELL.

  Latzko-Toth, G. La co-construction d’un dispositif sociotechnique de communication: le cas de l’internet relay chat. PhD diss., Université du Québec à Montréal, 2010.

  “On the Internet, Nobody Knows You’re a Dog.” Wikipedia. Retrieved 2014-05-02 from https://en.wikipedia.org/​wiki/​On_the_Internet,_nobody_knows_you’re_a_dog.

  Rheingold, Virtual Community.

  Woolley, D. “Between PLATO and the Social Media Revolution.” 1983. Retrieved 2013-01-04 from http://just.thinkofit.com/​between-plato-and-the-social-media-revolution/.

  ———. “PLATO: The Emergence of Online Community,” 1994. Retrieved 1995-12-14 from http://thinkofit.com/​plato/​dwplato.htm.

  Unpublished Sources

  Email correspondence with author: Anonymous (1997); Banks, F. (2002); Brinati, T. (2003); Brown, C. (2004); Brown, D. (1996, 1997); Cole, C. (2003); Daleske, J. (2002); Hobbs, E. (2005); Lionel, S. (1997); Marley, R. (2002); McNeil, A. (2004); Ozzie, R. (1997, 2014–2016); Parnes, B. (2002); Parry, J. (2007); Reichmann, L. (2015); Woolley, D. (1996, 1997, 2014, 2016).

  15. Empire

  Interview Sources

  Author’s Interviews: D. and M. Bitzer (2002); Blackmore (1997); Bowery (1987); Brown (2010); Daleske (2002); B. and M. Fortner (1997); Fritz (1997); Galcher (1997); Golden (2003); Halvorsen (1997); Miller (1997); Munitz (2003); Rodby (2002); Shapira (1997, 1998); Warner (1997).

  Published Sources

  Daleske, J. “How Empire Came to Be.” Daleske.com personal website essay. Retrieved 2016-01-19 from http://daleske.com/​plato/​empire.php.

  “The Doomsday Machine (episode).” Wikia. Retrieved 2014-07-07 from http://memory-alpha.wikia.com/​wiki/​The_Doomsday_Machine_(episode).

  Kriz, M. “Mr. Spock: Nimoy Faces the Challenges of Theatre.” DI, May 9, 1974.

  Nimoy, L. I Am Spock. New York: Hyperion, 1995.

  ———. I Am Not Spock. Berkeley, CA: Celestial Arts, 1975.

  Viodova, B. “Roddenberry Raps.” DI, November 8, 1974.

  Woolley, D. “The Day I Met Leonard Nimoy.” Just Think of It blog post. Retrieved 2015-02-28 from http://just.thinkofit.com/​the-day-i-met-leonard-nimoy/.

  Unpublished Sources

  Email correspondence with author: Anonymous (1997); Bordelon, E. (1997); Brown, C. (2004); Churches, D. (2010); Clifford, P. (1997); Daleske (2002–2009); Frankel, D. (2002); Frye, G. (2001); Gilomen, B. (2002); Harbaugh, L. (2003); Kriz Hobson, M. (2010); Little, G. (2003); Midden, M. (2001); Rankaitis, S. (2003); Woolley, D. (1997).

  16. Into the Dungeon

  Interview Sources

  Author’s Interviews: Banks (2002); Blackmore (1997); Borton and Martz (1997); Daleske (1997); Duncombe (1997); Fritz (1997); Frye (1997, 2004); Galcher (1997); Glish (1997); Gooch (1997); Hagstrom (1997); Harkrader (1997); Jarecki (1997); J. Johnson (2002); Mark Johnson (2014); Kaven (2003); Lockard (1997, 2013); Maggs (1997); McGinty (1997); Miller (1997); Nordberg (1997); Paley (2003); Ozzie and Kawell (1997); Powers (2002); Roper (1997); Rutherford (2014); Shapira (1997, 1998); Sherwood and Chabay (1997); Sides (1997); Woolley (1997).

  Published Sources

  Barton, M. Dungeons and Desktops: The History of Computer Role-Playing Games. Wellesley, MA: A. K. Peters, 2008.

  Peterson, J. Playing at the World: A History of Simulating Wars, People, and Fantastic Adventures from Chess to Role-Playing Games. San Diego: Unreason Press, 2012, 608–26.

  Wright, W. “Lessons in Game Design.” Lecture given at CHM on November 20, 2003. Retrieved 2016-01-29 from https://www.youtube.com/​watch?v=CdgQyq3hEPo.

  ———. “Sculpting Possibility Space.” Accelerating Change podcast, November 7, 2004. Retrieved 2015-10-01 from http://web.archive.org/​web/​20130729231215id_/http://itc.conver­sations­network.org/​shows/​detail376.html.

  Unpublished Sources

  Email correspondence with author: Bartle, R. (2003); Boland, N. (2001); Logg, E. (2017); Pellett, D. (1997); Pellett, F. (1997); Rubin, O. (2017); Walczak, D. (2001); Wei, M. (2003, 2013); Whisenhunt, G. (1997); Wood, R. (1997); Witz, E. (1997, 2002, 2017); Zelchenko, P. (1997, 2002).

  17. The Zoo

  Interview Sources

  Author’s Interviews: Anonymous (1997); Avner (1986); Blackmore (1997); Blomme (2013); B. and M. Fortner (1997); Galcher (1997); Glish (1997); Golden (2003); Gooch (1997); Harkrader (1997); Johnson, J. (2002); Kaven (2003); Kibbey (2013); Matheny (1997); McGinty (1997); Paley (2003); Powers (2002, 2003); Shapira (1997); Woolley (1987).

  Published Sources

  Powers, R. Plowing the Dark. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2000, 1.

  Richard Powers—American Novelist. Official website for R. Powers. Retrieved 2014-01-16 from http://www.richardpowers.net/​.

  Wood, P. “Addiction! Late-Night Computer Craziness on Campus.” NG, December 13, 1986.

  Unpublished Sources

  Email correspondence with author: Anonymous (1997–2009); Clifford, P. (1997); Darling, D. (2006); Dewey, J. (2002); Esker, S. (2009); Gilomen, B. (2002); Giourdas, J. (2003); Harkrader (2010); Johnson, L. (2002); Krause, P. (2002); Kutzko, M. (2002); Leach, L. (2003); Manton, J. (1997, 2006); Paley, J. (2002); Powers (2002, 2003, 2010); Reichmann, L. (2015).

  18. Red Sweater

  Interview Sources

  Author’s Interviews: Aspnes (1997); Banks (2002); Bereiter (1997); Daleske (2002); Duncombe (1997); J. D. Eisenberg (2004); B. and M. Fortner (1997); Friedman (2003); Frye (1997); Fuller (2004); Galcher (1997); Ghesquiere (1997); Gilpin (1977); Glish (1997); Jay Green (1997); Halvorsen (1997); Kaven (2003); K. Mast (2003); McGinty (1997); Parrello (2004); Shapira (1997); Sherwood and Chabay (1997); Siegel (1997a, 1997b); Warner (1997); White (1997), Woolley (1997).

  Published Sources

  Asteroff, J. F. “Paralanguage in Electronic Mail: A Case Study.” PhD diss., Teachers College, Columbia University, 1987.

  Watkins, F. L. “NewsReport Paper Printed into Computer.” DI, March 19, 1975, 18–20.

  Unpublished Sources

  Email correspondence with author: Anonymous (1997); Banks, F. (2002); Christenson, J. (2002); Fumento, D. (1997, 2010); Gold, S. (2005); Hobbs, E. (2005); Huben, M. (2003, 2005); Jones, D. W. (2006); Koning, P. (1997); Marley, R. (2002); McNeil, A. (2004); Midden, M. (October 2012); Parrello, B. (1996, 1997, 2002); Roper, B. (2010); Sebby, P. (1997); Simkin, R. (2003); Vojak, B. (2006); Ware, D. (2006); Weast, G. (2002, 2004); Winberg, D. (2005); Woolley, D. (1996, 1997); Zweig, D. (2004).

  Other Documents

  Groupe, Al. Printouts of NewsReport articles, undated.

  Parrello, B. Message posted to Discuss forum on PLATO, October 21, 1973. UIUC Archives.
/>   19. The Supreme Being and the Master of Reality

  Interview Sources

  Author’s Interviews: Aspnes (1997); Daleske (2002); Eisenberg (2004); B. and M. Fortner (1997); Frye (1997); Galcher (1997); Gooch (1997); Graper (1997); Green (1997); Harkrader (1997); Kaven (2003); Lynch (1997); Parrello (1997); Roper (1997); Shapira (1998); White (1997); Woolley (1997).

  Published Sources

  Grapenotes website. Retrieved 1997-09-10 from http://www.grapenotes.com.

  Turkle, S. Life on the Screen. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997.

  ———. The Second Self. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984.

  Unpublished Sources

  Email correspondence with author: Graper, D. (1996, 1997); Lynch (1997); Neuman, M. (1997); Parrello, B. (1997); Schwartz, R. (2005); Wacaser, T. (2007); Warfield, A. (2003); Widitz, R. (1997).

  20. Climbing the Ziggurat

  Interview Sources

  Author’s Interviews: Anonymous (1997); Bloomfield (2003); Donald Bitzer (1997); D. and M. Bitzer (2002); B. and M. Fortner (1997); Golden (2003); D. Green (2013); Harkrader (1997); E. Jarecki (2003), H. and G. Jarecki (2002); McGinty (1997); Ozzie and Kawell (1997); J. Paley (2003); Powers (2002); Rader (2001); Risken (2013); Shapira (1997, 1998); Woolley (1997); Yeager (2013a, 2013b).

  Published Sources

  Wolfe. The Right Stuff, 18–19.

  Unpublished Sources

  Email correspondence with author: Green, D. (2001, 2010, 2013); Jarecki, G. (2002); Jarecki, H. (2002); Johnson, L. (2002); Lipper, A. (1996, 1997, 2002, 2003); Lipper, G. (1996, 1997); Redman, B. (1997); Soussan, D. (2005).

  21. Coming of Age

  Interview Sources

  Author’s Interviews: Anonymous (1997); Blackmore (1997); Bowery (1987); Corielle (2013); Daleske (1997); Duncombe (1997); Frye (1997); Fuller (2004); Galcher (1997); Golden (2003); D. Green (2013); Harkrader (1997); J. Johnson (2002); Kaven (2003); Kirkpatrick (1986); B. Maggs (1997); Matheny (1997); McGinty (1997); Nelson (1987); Ozzie and Kawell (1997); Sides (1997); Woolley (1997).

  Other interviews: Bitzer (1975).

  Published Sources

  Barnett, D. C. “A Suicide Prevention Incident Involving Use of the Computer.” Professional Psychology 13(4), August 1982, 565–70.