Alexander I: Tsar of War and Peace

by Alan Palmer

reinstated (1799), 1, 2

  Sveaborg: besieged, by Russians (1808), 1

  Sweden: threatened invasion from (1786), 1;

  in League of Armed Neutrality, 1;

  troops of, in 3rd Coalition plans, 1, 2;

  in talks between Napoleon and A, 1;

  refuses to stop trade with Britain, 1;

  Russia at war with, over Finland, 1, 2, 3;

  limited alliance between Russia and (1811), 1;

  Russian agreement with (1812), 1;

  enters war against France (1813), 1;

  in 4th Coalition, 1

  Switzerland: Suvorov’s army in, 1, 2;

  A and affairs of, 1;

  A in (1814), 1;

  question of future of, (at Chaumont), 1, (at Vienna) 2;

  A travels in (1815), 1

  Taganrog: A and Elizabeth winter at (1825), 1, 2;

  A’s illness and death at, 1

  Talleyrand-Périgord, C. M. de: French Foreign Minister, 1;

  in Vienna (1805), 1;

  and Haugwitz, 1;

  signs treaty with Oubril (not ratified), 1;

  prefers Austrian to Russian alliance, 1;

  summoned to Tilsit, 1, 2, 3;

  at Erfurt (as Grand Chamberlain);

  achieves understanding with A, 1;

  and Napoleon’s marriage, 1;

  and Speransky, 1, 2, 3n;

  asks A for money, 1;

  lets Allies know they can advance (1814), 1;

  offers hospitality to A, 1;

  and Bourbon restoration, 1, 2;

  and Wilhelmine of Sagan, 1;

  objects to status of France at Congress of Vienna, 1;

  interviews A on Saxony, 1, 2;

  concludes secret defensive alliance with Austria and Britain, 1;

  temporary head of Ministry (1815), 1

  Talma, François-Joseph, actor, 1, 2

  Talytzin, General, of Semeonovsky Guard, 1

  tariffs: high ptotectionist of 1797 relaxed by A, 1;

  changes in (1810) (Taxes on goods arriving overland, but not on goods arriving by sea), 1, 2;

  French puzzled by change in, 1;

  hints at modification of, to French advantage, 1, 2;

  A willing to modify, 1

  Tarnopol district (Galicia): annexed to Russia (1809), 1;

  Austria demands return of (1814), 1, 2,

  and obtains, 1

  Tatischev, Dmitri: Ambassador in Madrid, 1;

  Ambassador in Vienna, 1

  Tauride Palace, St Petersburg: Potemkin entertains Empress Catherine at, 1;

  A and Czartoryski at, 1;

  made cavalry bar racks by Tsar Paul, 1;

  A at 1;

  Empress Marie at, 1n

  taxation: by Speransky’s scheme, to be based on agricultural wealth, 1;

  by stamp duties, 1;

  mounting burden of, 1;

  see also tariffs

  Teplitz: Grand Duchess Catherine at, 1, 2;

  Allied headquarters at (1813), 1;

  Treaties of, 1

  Thomas à Kempis: Speransky translates, 1

  Thurn-Taxis, Princess de (sister of Queen Louise of Prussia), at Erfurt, 1

  Tiesenhausen, Countess: on A in Vilna, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;

  on A’s return to Vilna, 1

  Tilsit: A at (1807), 1;

  Napoleon at, 1;

  A and Napoleon meet at, 1,

  conduct conversations, 1,

  and conclude treaty and alliance, 1, 2n

  Tolstoy, Leo, on 1811 comet, 1

  Tormassov, General: commands 3rd Army (1812), 1, 2;

  advances on Minsk, 1;

  resents appointment of Wittgenstein (1813), 1

  Trianon Decrees, on blockade against British goods, 1

  Troppau Congress (1820), 1, 2;

  Preliminary Protocol of, 1

  Troschinsky, Dmitri, Procurator of the Senate, 1

  Tsarskoe Selo Palace, St Petersburg: Empress Catherine at, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;

  left empty by Tsar Paul, 1;

  school at, 1

  Tuala Arms Works, 1, 2, 3

  Turkey (Ottoman Empire); Empress Catherine’s victories over, 1;

  Tsar Paul associated with, against France, 1;

  peace between France and, 1;

  French activities in, 1;

  proposals for eventual partition of, 1, 2, 3, 4;

  Russia at war with (from 1806), 1, 2, 3;

  in talks between A and Napoleon, 1, 2;

  Napoleon proposes Franco-Russian conquest of, 1;

  peace talks opened with (1811), 1, 2;

  peace terms agreed with, 1, 2;

  Balkan risings against, 1, 2, 3, 4

  Tver: George of Oldenburg and Grand Duchess Catherine at, 1, 2;

  A visits, 1, 2, 3, 4

  Ulm, battle of (1805), 1, 2

  universities: foundation of, 1;

  purge of teachers in (1820), 1, 2

  Uvarov, General, friend of A, 1

  Valouiev, Catherine, friend of Roxane Stourdza, 1

  Vauban, Marshal, 1

  Vaughan, Dr, Warden of Merton College, Oxford, 1

  Verona Conference (1822), 1, 2

  Vertus, Plain of: military review and religious ceremony on (1815), 1

  Viazemsky, Prince: and Tsar Paul, 1;

  complains of “government from a post-chaise”, 1

  Vienna: Napoleon in (1805), 1, 2; (1809), 3;

  A visits (1818), 1

  Vienna Conference (1822), 1

  Vienna Congress (1814–15);

  prospect of, 1, 2, 3, 4;

  activities of, 1, 2;

  Final Act of, 1, 2

  Vilna: University of, 1;

  A in (1821), 1;

  abandoned to Napoleon, 1;

  Napoleon enters, 1;

  Kutuzov re-enters, 1;

  A in, 1

  Vincent, Baron, representative of Austria at Erfurt, 1

  Vistula: as boundary between Napoleon and Russia, 1, 2;

  A and French bases on, 1

  Vitebsk: abandoned to French (1812), 1;

  retaken, 1

  Vitrolles, Baron, Bourbon representative (1814), 1

  Volkonsky, Prince Peter, 1;

  with A at Olmütz, 1;

  aide-de-camp to A, 1, 2, 3, 4;

  aide-de-camp to Empress Elizabeth on journey to Taganrog, 1;

  at Taganrog, 1, 2, 3

  Voltaire, Empress Catherine and, 1, 2

  Vorontsov, Alexander, 1;

  Foreign Minister and State Chancellor, 1, 2;

  his health fails, 1, 2

  Vorontsov, Count Michael, Governor of “New Russia”, 1, 2, 3

  Vorontsov, Simon, 1;

  Ambassador in London, 1, 2;

  resents Novosiltsov’s mission, 1

  Vyazma, Napoleon takes (1812), 1

  Vyazmitinov, General, War Minister: dismissed (1807), 1

  Wagram, battle of (1809), 1

  Walewska, Marie, Napoleon’s Polish mistress, 1

  War Ministry of, 1

  Warsaw: as capital of “Southern Prussia”, 1, 2;

  French in, 1;

  Grand Duke Constantine commands Military Commission in, 1, 2, 3, 4;

  in Congress Poland under Russia, 1;

  A visits, (1815) 1,

  (1818) 1;

  Imperial Commissioner in, 1, 2;

  A attends sessions of Diet in, 1, 2, 3

  Warsaw, Grand Duchy of, set up by Napoleon, 1, 2;

  troops raised for Napoleon in, 1, 2, 3, 4;

  French refer to, as “Duchy of Poland”, 1;

  to be dissolved (by Reichenbach terms) 1,

  (by Teplitz Treaties) 1

  Waterloo, battle of (1815), 1, 2

  Weimar: A visits his sister, in (1805) 1,

  (1808) 1, 2

  Wellington, Duke of: in Spain, 1;

  at Congress of Vienna, 1;

  commands Anglo-Dutch force in Belgium (1815), 1, 2;

  and Bourbons, 1;

  receives
sword from A, 1;

  in Paris (1815), 1, 2;

  and Holy Alliance, 1;

  at Congress of Aix, 1;

  objects to intervention in Spain, 1;

  at A’s funeral, 1

  Westphalia, Jerome Bonaparte as King of, 1, 2

  Weyrother, General, Austrian chief-of-staff, 1;

  before Austerlitz, 1;

  during battle, 1

  Wheeler, Daniel, farming member of Society of Friends: in Russia, 1

  Whitworth, Lord, British Ambassador in St Petersburg, 1, 2

  Wieland, C. M., A meets 1

  Wilkinson, John, of Society of Friends, 1

  William III of the Netherlands, 1n

  William, Prince of Orange, husband of Grand Duchess Anna, 1, 2

  William, Prince of Prussia, in march on Paris (1814), 1

  William of Württemberg, second husband of Grand Duchess Catherine, 1, 2, 3;

  becomes King, 1

  Wilmot, Martha, on A and the Empress Elizabeth, 1

  Wilson, General Sir Robert: attached to Russian army (1807), 1;

  sees fall of Smolensk (1812); carries message from Russian officers to A, 1;

  attached to Kutusov’s headquarters (1813), 1

  Winter Palace, St Petersburg: Empress Catherine at, 1, 2, 3;

  A and Elizabeth at, 1, 2;

  Tsar Paul at, 1, 2;

  A escapes from life at, 1;

  flood surrounds, 1

  Wintzingerode, General, Russian commander, 1, 2

  Wittgenstein, General, Russian commander, 1, 2;

  wins victory at Polotsk (1812), 1;

  at Vitebsk, 1, 2;

  on heels of French, 1, 2;

  approaches Oder, 1;

  meets stiffening resistance over Elbe, 1;

  commands mainly Prussian force (1813), 1, 2;

  in France, 1

  Wrankel, General: Prussian envoy to St Petersburg, 1;

  aide-de-camp to Frederick William, 1

  Württemberg: Napoleon and, 1;

  deserts Napoleon, 1

  Wylie, Dr James, 1n;

  physician to Tsar Paul, 1, 2;

  physician to A, 1, 2, 3,

  and to Empress Elizabeth, 1, 2;

  in Crimea, 1;

  and A’s last illness, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  Yashvil, Prince, and Tsar Paul, 1

  Yorck, General Hans von, Prussian commander: concludes convention of neutrality with Russia at Tauroggen, 1

  Ypsilanti, Prince Alexander, leads rising against Turks (1821), 1

  Zaionczek, General Joseph, Viceroy of Congress Poland, 1

  Zherebzova, Countess, sister of the Zubovs, 1

  Zubov, Nicholas, 1, 2, 3;

  involved in murder of Tsar Paul, 1

  Zubov, Platon, favourite of Empress Catherine, 1, 2, 3

  The six eldest children of Paul and Marie Feodorovna

  Catherine the Great by Lampi

  Mikhailovsky Palace in 1807

  Tsar Paul I shortly before his death. Engraving by Wolf

  Alexander from the painting by Monnier, 1806

  Empress Elizabeth in 1814

  Prince Adam Czartoryski after an engraving by Soliman

  Arakcheev as a young man

  Queen Louise of Prussia by Grassi in 1802

  Maria Naryshkin, Alexander’s mistress

  The meeting between Alexander and Napoleon on a raft at Tilsit in 1807 A contemporary English cartoon satirizing the new-found friendship between Russia and France

  Marshal Kutuzov

  Michael Speransky

  The historic letter from the Grand-Duchess Catherine to Alexander informing him of the loss of Moscow, see p. 246

  Letter from Alexander to the Grand-Duchess Catherine

  The Allied leaders in Hyde Park, 1814. Alexander is riding slightly ahead of the Prince Regent and the King of Prussia

  The Grand-Duchess Catherine Pavlovna. An engraving of 1814

  The Dowager Empress Marie Feodorovna. An engraving by T. Wright from a painting by George Dawe

  The Imperial villa on Kammionyi Island where the Tsar spent the anxious weeks after the burning of Moscow in 1812

  The river front of the Winter Palace in St Petersburg

  Baroness Julie von Krüdener

  Alexander in 1818. Engraving by V. Bromley from a drawing by Igleson

  Copyright

  This ebook edition first published in 2014

  by Faber and Faber Ltd

  Bloomsbury House

  74–77 Great Russell Street

  London WC1B 3DA

  All rights reserved

  © Alan Palmer, 1974

  The right of Alan Palmer to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with Section 77 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988

  This ebook is copyright material and must not be copied, reproduced, transferred, distributed, leased, licensed or publicly performed or used in any way except as specifically permitted in writing by the publishers, as allowed under the terms and conditions under which it was purchased or as strictly permitted by applicable copyright law. Any unauthorised distribution or use of this text may be a direct infringement of the author’s and publisher’s rights, and those responsible may be liable in law accordingly

  ISBN 978–0–571–30587–2